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Topic Maps and the Ontological World Topic Maps and the Ontological World Dr. H. Holger Rath Director Research & Development empolis GmbH [email protected] – http://www.empolis.com Roadmap n Act I: Introduction n Scene I: What are Topic Maps? n Scene II: How do TMs work? n Scene III: The Family of TM Standards n Scene IV: TMs and Related Paradigms Roadmap cont‘d n Act II: Allegro n Scene V: Ontologies, Schemas, Templates n Scene VI: Class hierarchies n Scene VII: Inferencing n Scene VIII: Consistency constraints n Scene IX: Topic Map Query Language (TMQL) n Epilogue: Conclusions Act I: Introduction Scene I: What are Topic Maps? An overview ... The Sound-bites n “GPS of the information universe” n “A new paradigm for organizing, maintaining, and navigating information” n “The bridge between Information Management and Knowledge Management” Topic Maps are ... n Standardized: n An ISO standard describing knowledge structures, electronic indices, classification schemes, ... n Web enabled: n XML Topic Maps (XTM) are ready to use n Designed to: n manage the info glut n build valuable information networks above any kind of resources / data objects n enable the structuring of unstructured information The 3rd Prophecy By Tim Berners-Lee (father of the Internet) 2003 1997 3. Revolution 2. Revolution 1991 Semantic 1. Revolution Universal Unified HTTP:// XML TopicMaps?! Topic Maps – A Promising Technology n Metadata n Topic Map data is not part of the info assets n Search n Search in more precise topics and not in full text n Linking n TMs are well-organized link networks n Knowledge structures n TMs are a base technology for knowledge representation Scene II: How do TMs Work? Brief intro ... Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Topics Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Occurrences Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Different topic classes Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Different occurrences classes Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Multiple Topic Names Example: Back-of-the-Book Index Don Giovanni .................. 56 Leipzig .................... 35,90 Lohengrin ..................... 49 Mozart, W.A. .................. 11 Mozart festival, see also Würzburg Wagner, R. .................... 22 Vienna ..................... 11,42 Würzburg ...................... 77 Association Topic Map Concepts Authorship Interview Composership Assoc. classes Publishing Selling Associations Grisham MR. M. Random House DVDs C. Santana BOL.com Subject Subject The FirmSubject Subject Subject Subject Topics Subject Maria Subject Occurrence links Resources TV Content Book Content Music content More Concepts Publisher Person Online shop Media Topic classes Thriller Band Song Grisham MR. M. Random House DVDs Sanatana BOL.com The Firm Maria Article Biography Latest bestseller Occurrence Latest hit classes TV Content Book Content Music content More Concepts Literature Person Novel Super classes Journalist Author Thriller Grisham MR. M. Random House DVDs Sanatana BOL.com The Firm Maria TV Content Book Content Music content Association Concepts Marriage Association class Association instance Wife Priest Husband Assoc. roles Tina Father John Jim Role playing topics More Concepts The Firm (English) Die Firma (Deutsch) Scopes Grisham MR. M. Random House DVDs Sanatana BOL.com Maria TV Content Book Content Music content More Concepts http://www.topicmaps.org/PSI/authors.html#john-grisham Identity John Grisham Grisham MR. M. Random House DVDs Sanatana BOL.com The Firm Maria TV Content Book Content Music content Summary: Topic Map Concepts n Topic (reified subject) n Occurrence n Association, association role n Topic class, occurrence class, and association class n Class-instance n Super-subclass n Scope and scoping topic n Identity and subject indicator Scene III: The Family of Topic Map Standards ISO/IEC 13250, Data Model, Conceptual Model, TMQL, TMCL Family of TM Standards n ISO/IEC 13250:2000 n ISO standard defining general concepts and interchange syntax (SGML/HyTime + XML/Xlink) n TM Data Model n ISO project n The foundation of the TM paradigm n Independent of any particular (storage/interchange) syntax n TM Conceptual Model n ISO project n Defines mapping between particular syntax (SGML and XML) and TM Data Model Family of TM Standards cont‘d n TMQL – TM Query Language n ISO project n ‘SQL’ for TMs n Standardized creation/modification of TMs stored in TM Management Systems n TMCL – TM Constraint Language n ISO project n Framework for the definition of ontologies / schemas for vertical or domain specific applications n Support for semantic validation Scene IV: Topic Maps and Related Paradigms Semantic Networks, RDF Topic Maps and Semantic Networks n Pros of Semantic Networks: n Inheritance of node properties n Inferencing n Partitioning n Formal notation n Pros of TMs: n Occurrences n Rich associations (n-ary, roles) n Subject Identity n Merging n Standardized notation Topic Maps and RDF n TM / RDF – Similarities n Structured, complex metadata n Based on graphs n Standardized notations n Knowledge representation, ontologies n Help power the Semantic Web idea n TMs on top of RDF ó RDF on top of TMs Topic Maps and RDF cont‘d n TM / RDF – Differences TM RDF topic-centric resource-centric pre-defined semantics simple data structure n-ary associations with role directed binary relations players (instead of direction) distinguishes between addressable and non- – addressable subjects merging – real products, projects, use ‘toys’ (as of today) Act II: Allegro TMs and knowledge representation Quine‘s Criterion What is there? Quine‘s Criterion Everything! Scene V: Ontologies, Schemas, Templates The Starting Point … TM Ontology n John F. Sowa: “Ontology defines the kinds of things that exist in the application domain.” or “A classification of the types and subtypes of concepts and relations necessary to describe everything in the application domain.” “Real” TM is in is in takes place in Austin U.S.A. Texas Knowledge Tech. 2001 Info pool Ontology TM Topic classes Occurrence classes Association classes city country is in map article state takes place in video city call f. papers conference Others: Assoc. roles, scoping topics Ontology TM Topic classes Occurrence classes Association classes city country is in map article state takes place in video city These are all TheseTopics!Topics! arecall f. all papers conference Others: Assoc. roles, scoping topics Solution n Terms TM Ontology, TM Constraint, TM Template, and TM Schema were coined by ISO committee n Cover all TM constructs which have a declarative meaning: n All classes and scoping topics n Classification (see later) n Constraints (see later) => ISO initiative TM Constraint Language (TMCL) Scene VI: Class Hierarchies Building blocks are part of XTM Requirements SPECIES MAMMAL is instance of is subtype of HUMAN is instance of Graham Topic instance Requirements cont‘d MAMMAL is instance of Graham Topic instance Requirements cont‘d SPECIES MAMMAL is NOT an instance of is instance of Graham Topic instance Examples n Topic classes: Object ® piece of art ® painting, sculpture, novel, poem, opera Person ® artist ® painter, sculptor, writer, poet, composer Examples cont’d n Association classes: Object “fostered by” person ® piece of art “created by” artist ® opera “composed by” composer Scene VII: Inferencing Deducing knowledge … Association Properties n Assoc: geo_object is in geo_object n Properties: transitive, anti-reflexive, and anti- symmetric n Facts in TM: Bavaria is in Germany Würzburg is in Bavaria Munich is in Bavaria n Derived knowledge: Würzburg is in Germany Germany is not in Bavaria Inference Rules n Class hierarchies and transitivity allow deduction of knowledge not explicitly coded in TM n But TM might contains more knowledge which could be derived n Inference rules define – as part of the ontology – how to derive further knowledge Example If $topic1 is sibling of $topic2 and $topic1 is male then $topic1 is
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