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April 2019 Navigating the Structure of Research on Goals

Masafumi Nakamura, David Pendlebury, Joshua Schnell, and Martin Szomszor Contents Author Biographies Masafumi Nakamura is Senior Manager, Joshua Schnell is a Senior Advisor at Solution Consulting at the Web of Science the Institute for Scientific Information. Group in Japan. He has experience in He has experience in science planning research analytics to support universities and assessment, the evaluation of to develop their research strategy. research and development programs, 1 9 and science and technology policy. David Pendlebury is Head of Research Prior to joining ISI, he worked in research Introduction National Analysis at the Institute for Scientific administration and was a Science & Information (ISI). Since 1983 he has used Technology Policy Graduate Fellow at research focus Web of Science data to study the structure the US National Academies of Sciences. and dynamics of research. He worked 2 for many years with ISI founder Eugene Dr. Martin Szomszor is Head of Research Garfield and co-developed ISI’s Essential Analytics at the Institute for Scientific United Nations’ 10 Science Indicators with Henry Small. Information. He joined from Digital Science, where, as Chief Data Scientist Sustainable Regional he applied his extensive knowledge of machine learning, data integration and Development Goals collaboration visualization techniques to found the Global Research Identifier Database. He was named a 2015 top-50 UK Information Age data leader for his work in creating 4 11-12 the REF2015 impact case studies database for the Higher Education Methodology Policy focus Funding Council for England (HEFCE).

5 13 SDG topic map National activity and focus: About the Global Research About the Web of Science Group Report series from the Institute 6-7 for Scientific Information (ISI) The Web of Science Group organizes the world’s research information to enable SDG thematic map Global Research Reports from ISI is a academia, corporations, publishers and new publication series to discuss and governments to accelerate the pace of 14 demonstrate the application of data about research. It is powered by Web of Science the research process to management issues – the world’s largest publisher-neutral 8 Discussion in research assessment, research policy and citation index and research intelligence the development of the global research platform for research, discovery, access and Select observations base. ISI is the ‘university’ of the Web of assessment. Its many well-known brands Science Group: it maintains the knowledge also include Converis, EndNote, Kopernio, from the SDG 15 corpus upon which Web of Science Publons, InCites, ScholarOne and the and related information and analytical Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). topic map Bibliography content, products and services are built. It disseminates that knowledge internally The Web of Science Group is a through reports and recommendations Clarivate Analytics company. and externally through events, conferences and papers and it carries out research to www.webofsciencegroup.com extend and improve the knowledge base. @webofscience

2 Introduction

The United Nations’ Sustainable Our analysis is only an overview, but it Development Goals (SDGs) represent a confirms a redirection of research towards powerful, shared aspiration for a better the UN’s shared goals and it describes the "Realize that future and a critical agenda for focus of research around particular areas coordinated investment and concerted as it is based on papers directly pertaining effort. They were adopted by the UN to SDGs, i.e. research articles with a title, General Assembly in September 2015 (A/ abstract or keywords that explicitly contain everything RES/70/1). Progress may be tracked the phrase, “sustainable development through 232 identifiable indicators goal(s).” It is important to distinguish this spread across 17 main goals. Their kind of analysis from those that are based connects to achievement will require significant work on thematic elements of specific goals, from national and regional governments e.g. searching for all research relating to to draw on existing resources and urban environments (SDG #11). There is everything else." knowledge. Many also require research no one-to-one relationship between the and innovation across a wide range of UN’s 17 SDGs and the topics identified disciplines, drawing on established through our search. In some cases, science and new endeavours. clusters of thematically related papers Leonardo da Vinci can be linked to several SDGs while in Our report aims to provide a top-down other cases they provide a more detailed view of global research activity, drawing on or distinct aspect of a single SDG. the knowledge-based resources of the Web of Science citation index and the analytical In summary, this report provides a competency of the Institute for Scientific literature-based analysis of research related Information (ISI) to provide a unique to the SDGs. It describes the methodology background view for SDG policy makers. used, lists the major topics uncovered, surveys research themes of particular focus Policy makers have unique analytic needs for nations producing at least a moderate and often need to react or act quickly. It is output of SDG-related papers, and tallies not always possible to spend any significant regional patterns of collaboration in SDG time to collect, clean and analyse data, and research. Of central interest is the thematic then to understand and interpret the results. map of SDG research (Figure 1, found on This report has been prepared with the pages 6 and 7), which reveals clusters of policy maker in mind as the approach used associated papers and the relation of these minimizes time and resources required to clusters to one another. Following the map, go from policy question to answer: first we identify some features that emerge from by drawing evidence from an existing the visualization and are of likely interest data source (Web of Science) and using to policy makers. Two policy-related established methodologies (bibliographic clusters are highlighted: Water Supply and coupling), then by combining reliability of Sanitation and Health and Healthcare of the findings with accessibility of results. Indigenous Peoples. Finally, the activity of the United Kingdom in SDG research The Web of Science indexes the contents receives special attention, including of more than 20,000 scholarly journals and a ranking of clusters in which the UK conference proceedings across all fields of produces the greatest number of papers science, social sciences, and humanities. and the greatest share of its SDG papers. The Web of Science is used daily by It is our intention that these policy-relevant researchers as a portal into the world of treatments serve to stimulate further high quality research. It is also widely interest in the application of such thematic used by policy analysts to evaluate the maps for evidence-based decision making. academic impact of research. The network of publications and citations reveals a map of the research landscape in which its territories can be described in detail. Here, we apply a specific perspective to capture global research that touches on the UN SDGs, especially recent research activity. 1 United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals – transforming our world Goal 5. Goal 12. Achieve gender equality and Ensure empower all women and girls and production patterns

Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, September 25 2015.

In In 2015 world leaders adopted an Goal 6. Goal 13. ambitious agenda, with seventeen Ensure availability and sustainable Take urgent action to combat Sustainable Development Goals at management of water and sanitation for all climate change and its impacts its heart – to wipe out poverty, fight inequality and tackle climate change. This global shared plan aims to transform the world in fifteen years and, crucially, to build lives of dignity for all. It has been hailed as, "…a universal, integrated and Goal 1. Goal 7. Goal 14. transformative vision for a better world." End poverty in all its forms everywhere Ensure access to affordable, reliable, Conserve and sustainably use the sustainable and modern energy for all oceans, seas and marine resources One might expect that our search, narrowly for sustainable development focused on papers specifically mentioning “sustainable development goal(s)” and their citing papers, would be less reliable than a more comprehensive data extraction Goal 2. Goal 8. that sought to collect all relevant papers End hunger, achieve Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable for each of the 17 SDGs. A comprehensive and improved nutrition and economic growth, full and productive Goal 15. search is challenging, however, because promote employment and decent work for all Protect, restore and promote of the of the SDGs, especially sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, in terms of precision and boundaries sustainably manage forests, combat for each goal. Our search specificity desertification, and halt and reverse land addresses the problem of determining degradation and halt loss relevance. If a paper’s authors explicitly link it to SDGs, we are on firmer ground Goal 3. Goal 9. than if we created our own search profile Ensure healthy lives and promote Build resilient infrastructure, and then judged SDG relevance. Our well-being for all at all ages promote inclusive and sustainable search leads to a summary of significant industrialization and foster innovation contemporary topics in SDG research Goal 16. rather than a catalogue of SDG-related Promote peaceful and inclusive papers. The thematic map (pages 6-7) societies for sustainable development, actually captures more dimensions of SDG provide access to justice for all and research, especially in the domain of health Goal 4. build effective, accountable and and healthcare, than several previous Ensure inclusive and equitable quality Goal 10. inclusive institutions at all levels studies that analyzed a larger corpus of education and promote lifelong Reduce inequality within publications on science. learning opportunities for all and among countries

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation Goal 11. and revitalize the global partnership Make cities and human settlements for sustainable development inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

2 3 Methodology

We searched for the phrase “Sustainable we infer citing documents are related The entire collection – core and citing the papers in each cluster was used to Development Goal(s)” in the title, to and concern the topic of SDGs. The papers – numbers about 10,300 unique associate each cluster with a descriptive abstract, or keywords of all indexed annual count reveals a trajectory from documents. The cited references for label, as summarized in Table 1 where documents in the Web of Science fewer than 100 papers per year before each paper were analysed to create the number of papers (both core and and found some 2,800 relevant ‘core’ 2010 rising through 2016, the year after a similarity index via the references citing) are shown for each of the major documents. The ‘core’ collection was the publication of the 17 SDGs, to over shared between any two papers. This clusters. Multiple labels are associated expanded by adding publications that 500 core papers and a wider dataset of analysis, called bibliographic coupling, with a cluster in cases where clear sub- cited one or more of the core documents: around 4,000 citing papers in 2018. reveals the cognitive distance between components can be identified. Readers documents so that similar documents can look ahead to Figure 1 (centre-spread can be grouped into clusters with on pages 6 and 7) to see how these common themes. Visual inspection of can be visualised on a research map. Table 1 Summary of major thematic clusters on SDG research, labels, and the number of core and citing papers in each

CORE CITING CLUSTER LABEL SIZE % CORE PAPERS PAPERS

1 Maternal, Newborn, and Child Morbidity and Mortality 1445 407 1038 28.2% 11 Ecosystems Services and Adaptations for Sustainability 1312 253 1059 19.3% Global, Regional, and National Health Surveys; 10 Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis; Substance 819 131 688 16.0% Abuse and Longevity 15 Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Climate Change 700 131 569 18.7% 8 Sustainable Agriculture and Transgenic Crops 696 134 562 19.3% 5 Sustainability Definitions, Indicators, and Assessments 593 99 494 16.7% Green Supply Chains and Management; Manufacturing/Remanufacturing Systems; Cost 6 535 66 469 12.3% Analysis and Optimization Models for and SDG topic map 18 Nutrition and Childhood Development 460 83 377 18.0% 3 Water Supply and Sanitation 409 137 272 33.5% (Solar, Wind), Production and The data were mapped in two dimensions An important difference between this 13 401 41 360 10.2% Storage for visual accessibility, positioning similar analysis, focusing on papers explicitly 16 Household Fuel Use and Emissions 334 41 293 12.3% papers and related clusters in proximity dealing with the UN’s SDGs, and other 9 Economic Indicators and Models of Sustainability 329 61 268 18.5% whereas dissimilar papers and clusters scientometric studies on sustainability 14 Neglected Tropical Diseases 314 36 278 11.5% are far apart. The map, Figure 1 on the science in general, is the prominence of following pages, shows major research health and healthcare research, under- 2 Community Mental Health 241 50 191 20.7% clusters around Sustainability Definitions, represented in previous analyses. Our 20 Urban Sustainability 217 23 194 10.6% Indicators and Assessments and around map reveals that the extent of health 0 Poverty and Inequality 174 98 76 56.3% Economic Indicators and Models of and healthcare research related to Resource Depletion, Peak Minerals, and Sustainable Sustainability. The analysis identifies some SDGs is nearly as great as the volume of 39 116 11 105 9.5% Mining; Demand for Mineral and Metal Resources clusters aligned closely with a particular research on the environment, agriculture, 29 Physical Activity and Health 88 4 84 4.5% SDG, but others focused on research and other aspects of sustainability. 36 Health and Healthcare of Indigenous Peoples 87 5 82 5.7% topics. Some SDGs, such as inclusion or 31 Ecotourism; Fair Trade Products and Consumption 83 10 73 12.0% justice (SDGs #4, #16), do not seem overtly represented but their agenda is implicit 42 Food Waste and Biorenewables 66 12 54 18.2% in some of the identified clusters, such 12 Infectious Diseases and Immunization 64 1 63 1.6% as cluster 0 - Poverty and Inequality. 17 Antimicrobial Resistance 54 7 47 13.0% Education, Interprofessional Teaching, Volunteer 19 51 9 42 17.6% Services 35 Childhood Cancer Incidence 45 3 42 6.7% 4 Remote Sensing of Urban and Other Settlements 34 5 29 14.7% 52 Electrolysis for Energy Production, Fuel Cells 25 0 25 0.0%

4 5 Figure 1 Thematic map of research on Sustainable Development Goals

Clusters of papers (nodes, colored by cluster) are connected by a multitude of filamentous pathways (edges, where they share references). The distance between clusters is inversely proportional to the strength of bibliographic coupling (the relative frequency of shared references, hence research relatedness). Clusters (as calculated using Louvain modularity) are shown using colours with labels added to the major cluster that describe the common publication themes (with cluster identifiers given in parenthesis)

The map appears to have two major domains: the area on the right mainly concerns health and healthcare; whilst that on the left side deals with the environment, agriculture and sustainability science. Detailed inspection of links between clusters reveals the nature of an association. The back cover of this report shows how a paper from The Lancet’s Commission on and Health bridges between the two map domains. Strong connections may confirm or test policy assumptions while weak connections may point to potential development work.

6 7 Select observations from National research focus the SDG topic map Table 2 reveals national areas of relative number of papers in this cluster was the research priority with respect to the topical , with 149, but that represented Some observations selected with Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health. clusters identified for those nations with only 4.7% of its total SDG paper output (3,157). information for policy makers One may ask why this specialty appears 100 or more SDG-related papers across all Policy makers can apply this analysis of SDG in mind show the insights made on the periphery and not integrated clusters. For example, the nations with the research activity and focus to understand possible through mapping and within the large mass of research on largest share of their SDG-related output current work in priority areas, or to detect an analysis of the research literature. health and healthcare (see page 12). assigned to Household fuel use and emissions absence of research that, if pursued, may be were India, Austria, and Ghana. India useful to achieving one or more SDGs and • Clusters that exhibit more than • It is not always the largest institutions that produced 466 papers across the entire set delivering social betterment. Such objective twice the average rate of increase in set the agenda and pace in a specialty of SDG papers, 41 of which appeared in this evidence improves policy making by publications during 2015-2018 include: area. Author addresses on the papers in cluster, which amounts to 8.8% of its SDG providing an independent view of a nation’s among larger areas, Global, Regional, each cluster identify leading institutions output. The nation that produced the largest SDG activities without of expert bias. and National Health Surveys and for a research theme. For example, the Nutrition and Childhood Development; key players in Ecosystems Services and among smaller areas, Physical and Adaptations for Sustainability are Table 2 Country Focus by SDG Cluster Activity and Health and Health and University, University of Healthcare of Indigenous Peoples. London, Wageningen University and CLUSTER LABEL FIRST % SECOND % THIRD % Research, Australian National University, • Clusters that exhibit slow growth and . 0 Poverty and Inequality Nigeria 2.7 UK 2.4 2.4 Maternal, Newborn, and Child in publications during 2015-2018 1 Tanzania 39.8 Uganda 39.6 Ghana 38.3 compared to previous years are • Research is driven by people. The Morbidity and Morality Sustainability Definitions, Indicators, researchers whose publications were most 2 Community Mental Health Uganda 7.2 South Korea 6.7 5.1 and Assessments, Ecotourism and dispersed across clusters include: Eric J. 3 Water Supply and Sanitation Nepal 15.4 South Korea 10.3 Ghana 8.4 Fair Trade, and Waste Management, Lambin, geographer and environmental Remote Sensing of Urban and Other 4 Austria 1.9 1.4 Iran 1.3 Recycling, and Green Supply Chains. scientist (Stanford University and Settlements Sustainability Definitions, Indicators, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5 Portugal 14.0 Poland 9.9 Turkey 9.3 • Clusters with papers only from 2015- 2018 Highly Cited Researcher in Social and Assessments Waste Management and Recycling, 2018 include Infectious Diseases and Sciences); Jürg Utzinger, epidemiologist 6 Iran 15.2 12.6 South Korea 12.4 Green Supply Chains Immunization and Childhood Cancer (University of Basel and Swiss Tropical Sustainable Agriculture and 8 Austria 20.0 16.5 Italy 14.9 Incidence. The first appears across the and Public Health Institute); and Zulfiqar Transgenic Crops territory intermediate to Health Surveys Bhutta, paediatrician (University of Toronto Economic Indicators and Models of 9 China 8.8 Turkey 8.6 Austria 7.9 and Childhood Development, suggesting and Aga Khan University, 2018 Highly Sustainability its importance to implementation of SDG Cited Researcher in Clinical Medicine). Health Surveys, Tuberculosis, 10 Poland 28.8 Nigeria 27.5 Ethiopia 25.4 #3 (Ensuring healthy lives). The second Such transdisciplinary knowledge Substance Abuse, Longevity Ecosystems Services and follows the 2017 release of the 3rd edition and experience may be particularly 11 29.2 Indonesia 26.3 Netherlands 25.5 of WHO’s International Classification of valuable in formulating or implementing Adaptations for Sustainability Childhood Cancer, which is intended policy initiatives that cut across several 12 Infectious Diseases and Immunization Bangladesh 3.2 Thailand 3.0 Singapore 2.7 Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind), New “to drive childhood cancer research and areas. Others, such as Peter Jay Hotez, 13 Turkey 27.2 Malaysia 11.5 8.4 policy”, in direct response to the UN SDGs. paediatrician (Baylor College of Medicine) Production and Storage Zealand exhibit a concentrated depth of focus 14 Neglected Tropical Diseases Switzerland 7.0 Tanzania 6.5 Singapore 6.3 Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and • Interdisciplinarity often signals a potential and expertise in a single cluster, in this 15 Denmark 14.1 France 13.5 Finland 13.2 for knowledge innovation as concepts or case Neglected Tropic Diseases. Climate Change methods from one area find application 16 Household Fuel Use and Emissions India 8.8 Austria 7.9 Ghana 6.4 in another. For example, the CRISPR/ • Between 0.5 and 0.9% of papers from 17 Antimicrobial Resistance Tanzania 1.6 Sweden 1.5 Denmark 1.5 Cas 9 gene-editing technique links Ethiopia, Nepal, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, 18 Nutrition and Childhood Development Bangladesh 12.0 Pakistan 11.4 Ethiopia 8.9 research on transgenic crops and on and Uganda dealt with SDGs, and they Education, Interprofessional 19 Uganda 1.8 Germany 1.3 Taiwan 0.9 vector-borne nematode diseases. Among were relatively the most productive Teaching, Volunteer Services the most interdisciplinary clusters on nations for the period surveyed. Larger, 20 Urban Sustainability Poland 6.3 Singapore 4.5 China 3.5 SDGs in terms of diversity of content are richer nations publish the greatest 29 Physical Activity and Health Belgium 3.3 Thailand 3.0 2.6 Sustainable Agriculture and Transgenic number of papers on SDGs (USA, UK, 31 Ecotourism, Free Trade Belgium 2.5 Malaysia 2.3 New Zealand 2.1 Crops, Physical Activity and Health, , China, , in rank order) and Ecotourism and Fair Trade. but the USA was last among the top 35 Childhood Cancer Incidence Poland 4.5 Portugal 4.1 France 2.6 Health and Healthcare of Indigenous New 50 for SDG output as a percentage 36 9.4 Norway 3.5 Australia 3.3 • The map also prompts questions for further of publications. The most prominent Peoples Zealand Mineral Resources and Sustainable consideration. Health and Healthcare of wealthier nations when indexing SDGs as 39 Australia 2.4 Finland 1.8 China 1.7 Mining Indigenous Peoples appears as a separate a percentage of output were Switzerland, 42 Food Waste and Biorenewables South Korea 3.4 Belgium 3.3 Thailand 3.0 domain at the upper right, connected Australia, New Zealand, the Nordic Electrolysis for Energy Production, 52 Poland 1.8 Thailand 1.0 Turkey 0.7 8 to Community Mental Health and to nations, The Netherlands and Austria. Fuel Cells 9 Regional collaboration Policy focus

Europe’s centrality in output. Africa, the Arab States, and Latin Water Supply and realms of environment, agricultural and SDG research America are, by contrast, small participants Sanitation: a central sustainability science, on the left, and despite the fact that SDGs are key concerns health and healthcare on the right (Figure in these regions. Owing to geography, concern linking 3). Detailed inspection of individual Sustainable development is a global culture, and incentives such as EU funding Environment and Health papers linked along pathways between concern and collaborative undertaking. schemes, European nations typically exhibit these major areas, or any two clusters While research collaborations often form higher levels of bilateral and multilateral United Nations SDG Goal 6: Ensure within them, reveals the nature of the naturally – from the ground up – through international collaboration than other availability and association. In terms of major clusters, shared interests and associations of nations and regions. It is no surprise then of water and sanitation for all it is logical that Neglected Tropical individual researchers, joint work can also that the highest level of collaboration Diseases is closely linked to Water be fashioned, funded, and encouraged within the SDG papers surveyed here was Professor Zafar Adeel, of Simon Fraser Supply and Sanitation since a major through government agencies and -with-Europe (dark purple cell). University, has noted that “achievement of cause of disease in developing nations private funders – a top down process And while was often the all water-related Sustainable Development is contact with water-borne parasites enabled through policy making. largest player in many research areas, it Goals (SDGs) and underlying targets is and lack of dependably potable water. was Europe – not North America – that crucial to the success of the entire suite To understand global collaborations was the second most frequent collaborator of SDGs pertaining to universal health, The SDG map includes strong and weak better, the SDG literature was analysed with the & Pacific region. Africa, the food security, gender equality, sustainable connections both of which, it should based on an author’s national affiliation. Arab States, and Latin America found consumption, resilient urbanization, and be emphasized, are of interest to policy Figure 2 is a pair-wise matrix showing more frequent co-authorships with Europe conservation of marine resources and makers – the former to confirm or test the number of SDG papers authored than with North America, and all three terrestrial ecosystems” (Adeel 2017). assumptions and the latter to suggest by researchers in countries within fielded more publications with Europe It is no surprise, then, that this central commonalities that, if exploited, may have each regional pair represented by the and North America than with themselves. concern is found in the middle of the map potential in helping to achieve SDGs. intersection of the row and column. Bilateral regional collaboration was least of SDGs, positioned between the large frequent between Latin America and This analysis shows that European nations the Arab States. Policy makers might dominate SDGs research, with North find inspiration from this observation America and the Asia & Pacific region to identify common concerns that contributing less, but roughly similar would generate more joint projects.

Figure 2 Regional Collaboration Matrix for SDG core and citing papers

Latin America 275 408 179 434 237 63

North America 408 1329 656 1446 1089 114

Africa 179 656 262 863 432 90

Europe 434 1446 863 2602 1300 169

Asia & Pacic 237 1089 432 1300 1623 108

Arab States 63 114 90 169 108 41

Africa Europe

10 Arab States Figure 3 The Water Supply and Sanitation cluster links the two broader clusters for Environment and Health. 11 Latin AmericaNorth America Asia & Pacic Policy focus National activity and focus: United Kingdom Health and Healthcare of Is this specialty so unique and insular that Indigenous Peoples: a it warrants a position on the periphery? Should it not be more closely integrated Table 3 ranks the SDG clusters in which Policy makers can use this evidence to priority or on the periphery? within the large mass of research on health the United Kingdom contributed the demonstrate their country’s research and healthcare? A key nation for the greatest number of papers (either core strengths and to understand the existing United Nations SDG Goal 3: topic, in Table 2, is also on the periphery papers or citing papers). As expected, policy frameworks and infrastructure Ensure healthy lives and promote (geographically) and it is noteworthy that different clusters are of different sizes (see undergirding these research areas. For well-being for all at all ages New Zealand has focussed on policy first column). The second column reveals example, the UK is home to long-standing integration between its ‘Western’ and the percent of papers in each cluster from centres of research excellence in NTDs, When used to support policy-making, Pacific research priorities. The picture UK authors and their institutions. The third including the London School of Hygiene the topology of the map provides unique is otherwise concerning and suggests column provides the percent of SDG- & Tropical Medicine and the Liverpool insights for further consideration. At something of a ‘step-child’ status elsewhere. related papers from UK authors (n = 2,230) School of Tropical Medicine, as well the upper right, the cluster Health and that belong to each cluster. Cluster #14, as and the Healthcare of Indigenous Peoples appears A recent review (Harfield et al. 2018) Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), shows University of Oxford. Among funding as a separate domain, albeit connected observes however that,“the evolution of a concentration of UK content, either in acknowledgements on papers in the cluster strongly to Community Mental Health indigenous primary health care services terms of percent of UK papers on SDGs on NTDs, some UK funders are prominent: and to Maternal, Newborn, and Child arose from mainstream health services that are focused in this area or the UK’s US NIH with 73 mentions, Gates Foundation Health as well as Nutrition and Childhood being unable to adequately meet the share of papers in this cluster. Almost one- 39, Wellcome Trust 26, Diabetes UK 17, Development and Global, Regional, and needs of indigenous communities and third of papers on NTDs (31.2%) are of UK European Research Council 12, US NSF 10, National Health Surveys. The most-cited indigenous peoples often being excluded origin. This number can be compared with WHO 9, Brazil’s FAPESP 9, European Union paper within Health and Healthcare of and marginalised from mainstream health the UK’s share of papers in the sciences 8, Australia’s NHMRC 8, and UK MRC 7. Indigenous Peoples is a pioneering report services. Part of the solution has been and social sciences indexed in the Web published in The Lancet (Anderson et al. to establish indigenous specific primary of Science, 2015-2018, which is 7.9%. 2016) that surveyed 28 Indigenous and tribal health care services, for and managed by Thus, the UK research activity on NTDs is groups spanning 23 countries, representing indigenous peoples.” Because the map nearly four times the expected amount. more than half of the world's Indigenous (Figure 4) accurately portrays this topic as a peoples. The study found poorer health separate specialty area sufficiently distinct outcomes for this compared from traditional public health care, it can be to their non-Indigenous counterparts. understood by policy makers as both reliable and relevant to informing decision making. Table 3 UK focus in SDG research topics

UK PAPERS UK SHARE OF SHARE OF ALL CLUSTER LABEL (N = 2,230) PAPERS IN TOPIC UK SDG PAPERS

Maternal, Newborn, and Child Morbidity and 1 395 27.3 17.7 Mortality (n = 1,445)

Ecosystems Services and Adaptations for 11 338 25.8 15.2 Sustainability (n = 1,312) Health Surveys, Tuberculosis, Substance Abuse, 10 263 32.1 11.8 Longevity (n = 819) Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Climate Change 15 184 26.3 8.3 (n = 700) Sustainable Agriculture and Transgenic Crops 8 132 19.0 5.9 (n = 696) Nutrition and Childhood Development 18 109 23.7 4.9 (n = 460) 14 Neglected Tropical Diseases (n = 314) 98 31.2 4.4 3 Water Supply and Sanitation (n = 409) 96 23.5 4.3 Sustainability Definitions, Indicators, and 5 90 15.2 4.0 Assessments (n = 593) 2 Community Mental Health (n = 241) 88 36.7 3.9 16 Household Fuel Use and Emissions (n = 334) 58 17.4 2.6 Waste Management and Recycling, Green 6 58 10.8 2.6 Supply Chains (n = 535)

12 Figure 4 Health and Healthcare of Indigenous Peoples 13 Discussion Bibliography

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can use the map as a common basis for Harfield, S.G., Davy, C., McArthur, A., Munn, Z., Schoolman, E.D., Guest, J.S., Bush, K.F., Bell, A.R. Brown, A., Brown, N. (2018). Characteristics of (2012). How interdisciplinary is sustainability research? Indigenous primary health care service delivery Analyzing the structure of an emerging scientific field. discussing research planning. By sharing the models: a systematic scoping review. Globalization Sustainability Science, 7(1), 67-80. and Health, 2018, 14, no. 12. same ‘arena,’ researchers and policy makers Tang, M., Liao, H.C., Wan, Z.I., Herrera-Viedma, E., Hassan, S.U., Haddawy, P., Zhu, J. (2014). A Rosen, M.A. (2018). Ten years of Sustainability (2009 can conduct discussions while properly bibliometric study of the world's research activity to 2018): a bibliometric overview. Sustainability, in sustainable development and its sub-areas using 10(5), no. 1655. scientific literature. Scientometrics, 99(2), 549-579. considering the distance among them." United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the Gordon, C. (2018). Commentary on ‘A renewed 2030 agenda for sustainable development. http:// focus on water security within the 2030 agenda for www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ Masatsura Igami and Ayaka Saka, “Decreasing diversity in Japanese science, sustainable development.’ Sustainability Science, RES/70/1&Lang=E 13(3), 895-896. evidence from in-depth analyses of science maps,” Scientometrics, 106, 401, 2016. Yarime, M., Takeda, Y., Kajikawa, Y. (2010). Towards Igami, M., Saka, A. (2016). Decreasing diversity in institutional analysis of sustainability science: a Japanese science, evidence from in-depth analyses quantitative examination of the patterns of research of science maps. Scientometrics, 106(1), 383-403. collaboration. Sustainability Science, 5(1), 115-125.

Sustainability science and the UN’s when mapped, reveals much of interest Kajikawa, Y., Ohno, J., Takeda, Y., Matsushima, Zhu, J., Hua, W.J. (2017). Visualizing the knowledge Sustainable Development Goals could and of consequence for policy makers. K., Komiyama, H. (2007). Creating an academic domain of sustainable development research serve as the quintessential example of landscape of sustainability science: an analysis of the between 1987 and 2015: a bibliometric analysis. a multifaceted issue with complex and The policy treatments throughout this citation network. Sustainability Science, 2(2), 221-231. Scientometrics, 110(2), 893-914. interdependent aspects that nearly report provide exemplars of the value Kajikawa, Y. (2008). Research core and framework of defy a comprehensive and coherent that mapping the research landscape sustainability science. Sustainability Science, 3(2), summarization. Yet the complex web of holds for evidence-based decision 215-239. relationships and dependencies that the making. And with research papers as Kajikawa, Y., Tacoa, F., Yamaguchi, K. (2014). theme of sustainability presents can be the source material for constructing Sustainability science: the changing landscape of captured, investigated, and visualized the map from which these treatments sustainability research. Sustainability Science, 9(4), through research papers that address are developed, the map provides the 431-438. specific problems and refer to each other. ‘common basis for discussing research These references, importantly provided by planning’ that Igami and Saka suggest experts, offer us with shape and substance, is needed for researchers and policy- texture and colour. The citation network, makers to find common ground.

14 15 The graphic below shows how a key paper from The Lancet’s Commission on Pollution and Health bridges the two major research domains shown in the main map in this report: health and healthcare, and the environment, agriculture and sustainability itself. WS332186036 Landrigan, P. J., et al., “The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health,” The Lancet, 391(10119): 462–512, February 3, 2018

"Academicians and researchers have a special role in advocating for evidence-based strategies and research to help address the aspirational, yet attainable Sustainable Development Goals. This report is an important benchmark in this process."

Professor Zulfiqar Bhutta, University of Toronto and Aga Khan University, and 2018 Highly Cited Researcher in Clinical Medicine

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