Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor
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Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor Final Report on Ghana Scoping Study November 2011 The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program | The World Bank ESMAP Mission The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical assistance trust fund program administered by the World Bank and assists low‐ and middle‐income countries to increase know‐how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth. Copyright © November 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction And Development / THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H Street, NW | Washington DC 20433 | USA White Paper for | Energy Sector Management Assistance Program | The World Bank Prepared by | The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex | Lodhi Road | New Delhi ‐ 110 003 | INDIA Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP’s work to the development community. Some sources cited in this report may be informal documents not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors for the countries they represent, or to ESMAP. The World Bank and ESMAP do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of acceptance of such boundaries. The text of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission to reproduce portions for resale or commercial purposes should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address below. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and normally gives permission promptly. The ESMAP Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Energy Center of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology would like to thank its project sponsors, the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the Cities Alliance, The World Bank for their support for this project. The research team appreciates the efforts of Prof. Abeeku Brew‐ Hammond, the director of The Energy Center of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) for his support throughout the project and that of Ms Yvette Bossman of the ESMED – EAfUP, The World Bank who joined us in the initial kick‐off meeting with the stakeholders and in the training of the enumerators and the reconnaissance survey of the slums. The project team also acknowledges the immense contribution of Dr. Seth Ohemeng‐Dapaah, a statistician on the Millennium Village Project and project team member who provided training for the project team and the enumerators in CSPro and further helped with the data analyses. The research team will also like to acknowledge People’s Dialogue Ghana, the local NGO that made it possible for the project team to work in the slums and the people of Akwatia Line, Old Fadama and Amui Dzor for their roles in making this study a success. Finally, the project team appreciates the relentless efforts put in by, Mr. Godwin Rajiv, Miss. Judith Dery, Mr. Gideon Ebo Tetteh and Mr. Andy Bonaventure Nyamekye, the data entry team and Mr. Francis Kemausuor who assisted in the initial stages with the review of policy documents for the study. Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor | Page iii PROJECT TEAM Prof. Abeeku Brew Hammond Prof. Fred Ohene Akuffo Dr Rudith King Mr. Ato Quansah Dr. Seth Ohemeng Dapaah Mr. Owusu Amponsah (who replaced Mr. Francis Diedong) Mr. Dominic Eshun Mr. Alex Antobere Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor | Page iv CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................................ iii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... ix 1 | INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Background 1 Research Questions 1 Objectives of the Scoping Study 2 Scope of the Study 3 Methodology 3 Brief Background to the Study Slums 7 Organisation of the Report 9 2 | LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 10 Urbanisation and Slums in Ghana 10 Distribution of Slums in Ghana 13 Energy Access and Productive Uses in Slums 16 Energy Access Policies, Programmes and Projects for Slum Dwellers 19 CSOs in Ghanaian Slums 22 Summary of Literature and Lessons Learned 23 3 | HOUSEHOLDS AND ENTERPRISES ENERGY SUPPLY AND UTILISATION ..................................................... 25 Household Characteristics 25 Occupational Status of Household Heads 28 Household Income and Expenditure Levels 29 Energy Supply and Utilisation by Households in the Slums 32 4 | ENERGY SUPPLY AND UTILISATION BY ENTERPRISES IN THE SLUMS ........................................................ 42 Characteristics of the Enterprises 42 Beneficiaries of the Services of the Enterprises in the Slums 44 Reasons for Establishing in the Slums and Start‐up Capital 44 Enterprise Energy Supply and Utilisation 46 Problems/Challenges Associated with Supply and Use of Current Energy 51 Preferred Energy Types and Reasons for Preference 52 Factors Affecting the Deployment of Modern Energy Forms 53 Prospects for the Adoption of Modern Energy Forms 53 5 | SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION ....................................................... 54 Summary of Findings 54 Recommendations 58 Conclusion 61 Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor | Page v References ............................................................................................................................................................. 63 Annex 1 | Explanations of Estimations ................................................................................................................. 66 Annex 2 | Kick‐Off Meeting Proceedings .............................................................................................................. 71 LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES, AND TABLES Figure 2.1 |Historical evolution of rural‐urban population distribution .............................................................. 11 Figure 2.2 | Percentage of households using electricity, by locality and standard of living quintile .................. 17 Figure 3.1 | Educational levels of household heads, by community ................................................................... 27 Figure 3.2 | Proportion of households with Access to electricity by slum .......................................................... 32 Figure 4.1 | Sources of capital for enterprise establishment .............................................................................. 45 Figure 4.2 | Reasons for non‐registration of enterprises .................................................................................... 46 Plate 2.1 |Water heating for commercial bathhouse business at Old Fadama in Accra ..................................... 18 Plate 3.1| A traditional rim stove ......................................................................................................................... 39 Plate 3.2 | A metallic cooking stove ..................................................................................................................... 39 Plate 3.3 | A three‐stone stove used by households in the slum ........................................................................ 39 Plate 4.1 | Housing structures are very closely packed ....................................................................................... 43 Plate 4.2 | Smoke from firewood engulfs the working area ................................................................................ 48 Plate 4.3 |Processing of groundnut using local roasters ..................................................................................... 49 Plate 4.4 | Firewood is used to heat water for use in commercial bath houses ................................................. 49 Plate 4.5 | Smoking of fish and meat are done in the open ................................................................................ 50 Plate 4.6 | Firewood Stove for Fish Smoking ....................................................................................................... 51 Plate 4.7 | A home‐based enterprise ................................................................................................................... 51 Table 2.1 |Urban Population and Growth Rates, By Region ...............................................................................