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Asean Resistance to Sovereignty Violation

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“An original argument, based on vanguard state theory… A very original and superb piece of scholarship.” Andrew Tan, Macquarie University ASEAN RESISTANCE TO SOVEREIGNTY VIOLATION RESISTANCE ASEAN ASEAN RESISTANCE TO SOVEREIGNTY Laura Southgate is a Lecturer Examining how the Association of VIOLATION in Politics and International Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has Relations at Aston University. responded to external threats over the past 50 years, this book provides a compelling account of regional state actions and foreign policy in the INTERESTS, BALANCING face of potential sovereignty violation. The author draws on a large amount AND THE ROLE OF THE LAURA SOUTHGATE LAURA of previously unanalysed material, VANGUARD STATE including declassified government documents and WikiLeaks cables, to examine four key cases since 1975. Taking into account state interests and the role of external powers, LAURA SOUTHGATE the author develops the ‘vanguard state theory’ to explain ASEAN state responses to sovereignty violation, which, it is argued, has universal applicability and explanatory power. ISBN 978-1-5292-0220-5 BRISTOL @bristoluniversitypress www.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk 9 781529 202205 ASEAN RESISTANCE TO SOVEREIGNTY VIOLATION Interests, balancing and the role of the vanguard state Laura Southgate First published in Great Britain in 2019 by Bristol University Press North America office: University of Bristol Policy Press 1-9 Old Park Hill c/o The University of Chicago Press Bristol 1427 East 60th Street BS2 8BB Chicago, IL 60637, USA UK t: +1 773 702 7700 t: +44 (0)117 954 5940 f: +1 773-702-9756 [email protected] [email protected] www.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk www.press.uchicago.edu © Bristol University Press 2019 The digital pdf version of this title is available Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/cc-by-nc/4.0) which permits adaptation, alteration, reproduction and distribution for non-commercial use, without further permission provided the original work is attributed. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested 978-1-5292-0220-5 hardback 978-1-5292-0221-2 ePdf 978-1-5292-0222-9 ePub 978-1-5292-0223-6 Mobi The right of Laura Southgate to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Bristol University Press. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the author and not of the University of Bristol or Bristol University Press. The University of Bristol and Bristol University Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. Bristol University Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design by blu inc, Bristol Front cover image: iStock Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Bristol University Press uses environmentally responsible print partners Contents Abbreviations v Acknowledgements ix Introduction: ASEAN and the Vanguard State xi 1 Interests and Vanguard State Theory 1 2 The Indonesian Invasion of East Timor 25 3 The Third Indochina War 71 4 The East Timor Humanitarian Crisis 117 5 The South China Sea Dispute 163 6 The Future of ASEAN Sovereignty? 213 References 233 Index 263 iii Abbreviations ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) ADF Australian Defence Force AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area APCET Asia-Pacific Coalition for East Timor APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Apodeti Associação Popular Democrática Timorense (Timorese Popular Democratic Association) APT ASEAN Plus Three ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASA Association of Southeast Asia ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BAKIN Badan Koordinasi Intelijens Negara (State Intelligence Coordinating Body) BP British Petroleum CCP Chinese Communist Party CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CGI Consultative Group on Indonesia COC Code of Conduct Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CPK Communist Party of Kampuchea CPT Communist Party of Thailand CRS Congressional Research Service CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DFA Department of Foreign Affairs DOC Declaration of Conduct EAS East Asia Summit EDCA Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement EMU Economic and Monetary Union EU European Union FALINTIL Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste (National Liberation Armed Forces of East Timor) v ASEAN RESISTANCE TO SOVEREIGNTY VIOLATION FON Freedom of Navigation FRETILIN Frente Revolucionária do Timor Leste Independente (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) FRG Federal Republic of Germany FUNSK Front Uni National pour le Salut du Kampuchéa (Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation) GOM Government of Malaysia GOS Government of Singapore GRUNK Gouvernement Royal d’union Nationale du Kampuchéa (The Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea) IMET International Military Education and Training IMF International Monetary Fund INTERFET International Force for East Timor ISF International Stabilisation Force JCET Joint Combined Exchange Training JIM Jakarta Informal Meeting JIM II Second Jakarta Informal Meeting JMSU Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking Kopassus Komando Pasukhan Khusus (Special Forces Command) KOTA Klibur Oan Timur Aswain (Sons of the Mountain Warriors) KPNLF Khmer People’s National Liberation Front MDT Mutual Defence Treaty MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration PKF Peacekeeping Force PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia (Communist Party Indonesia) PLA People’s Liberation Army PLAN People’s Liberation Army Navy PN Philippines’ Navy PRC People’s Republic of China PRG Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam PULO Patani United Liberation Organisation R2P Responsibility to Protect RAAF Royal Australian Air Force vi ABBREVIATIONS RAN Royal Australian Navy RTG Royal Thai Government SEAC Southeast Asia Command SEANET Southeast Asian Human Rights Network SEANWFZ Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone SEATO Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation SNC Supreme National Council SOM Senior Officials Meeting SRV Soviet Republic of Vietnam TAC Treaty of Amity and Cooperation TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia (The Indonesian National Armed Forces) TPP Trans-Pacific Partnership UDT União Democrática Timorense (Timorese Democratic Union) UMNO United Malays National Organisation UN United Nations UNAMET United Nations Mission in East Timor UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNMISET United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor UNSC United Nations Security Council UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor US United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ZOPFAN Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAcknowledgements Acknowledgements Primary thanks for this work go to Dr Nicholas Khoo, who is responsible for first sparking my interest in the Southeast Asian region over a decade ago. His extensive knowledge, excellent guidance and constructive feedback allowed this project to come into fruition. I would also like to thank the University of Otago, New Zealand for doctoral scholarship funding which allowed me to pursue this project, and the university politics department for providing a welcoming and stimulating academic environment in which to conduct my PhD. Professor Robert Patman’s role as informal mentor during this period was critical, and his advice continues to prove invaluable as I embark upon my career. I am deeply indebted to the many friends who have offered words of encouragement and support when needed most. Particular mention goes to colleagues at the Centre for International Security and Resilience at Cranfield University, and the Politics and International Relations department at Aston University. I would also like to express my thanks to Bristol University Press editor Stephen Wenham, for recognising this project’s worth and pushing it forward through the production process. Feedback from PhD examiners and book reviewers has proved vital, and the finished product is better for their constructive comments and suggestions. This book wouldn’t have been possible without the love and support of my partner Nik, who travelled to the other side of the world and back to join me on my PhD journey. This would mean little if not for him. The book is dedicated in loving memory of my parents. Content from Chapters 1, 3 and 5 is originally published in Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, Vol 2 No 2, and Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, Vol 3 No 2, and appears here with thanks and permission of © SAGE Publications India Private Limited, New Delhi. ix Interest convergence ASEAN vanguard state resistance [ASEAN vanguard state + external actor]
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