Walter LEGGE : Hebamme Der Musik(5)

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Walter LEGGE : Hebamme Der Musik(5) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Walter LEGGE : Hebamme der Musik(5) Wenn ich meine Programme von den Vierziger bis Anfang der Sechziger Jahre durchsehe, bin ich stolz, London ein Goldenes Zeitalter musikalischer Aufführungen geschenkt zu haben… ein Zeitalter, das möglicherweise nie übertroffen werden wird. Zugegeben: Ich führte das Philharmonia Orchestra als Diktator, aber als wohlwollender Diktator. Demokratie hat einfach keinen Platz in den Künsten, sie ist absolut kontraproduktiv, wenn nicht tödlich. Auch Komittees sind in der Kunst absolut nutzlos. Entscheidend sind Leute wie Karajan, Klemperer, Giulini, sind meine Kollegen bei der Decca wie John Culshaw oder ich. Denn wir wissen nicht nur, wie man die besten künstlerischen Resultate erzielt, sondern auch, wie man das Publikum gewinnt, und die ganze Sache mit sorgfältig ausgewählten Mitarbeitern über die Bühne gehen lässt. So lautet das Credo eines Mannes, der Jahrzehnte lang als Papst der Plattenproduzenten herrschte. In seiner Regie und Verantwortung entstanden rund dreitausendfünfhundert Aufnahmen, von denen viele bis heute zu den Besten gehören, die je gemacht wurden, und die seit Jahrzehnten ihren Rang als Katalog-Klassiker behaupten: auf dem Gebiet der Oper ebenso wie im orchestralen Bereich, in der Kammermusik und dem Lied. Walter Legge hat sich mit seinem absoluten Streben nach Perfektion mehr als einmal unbeliebt gemacht - seine Autorität, seine Kompetenz und sein Urteilsvermögen wurden hingegen nur in Ausnahmefällen angefochten. 3 Und den Anspruch, den er Zeit seines Lebens verfolgte, hat er weit über Soll erfüllt: Die Platten, die in seiner Regie bis zu seinem Rückzug 1964 entstanden, sollten Maßstäbe setzen nicht nur für ihre Zeit, sondern auch für die Zukunft. Das haben sie bis auf den heutigen Tag getan – obwohl ein halbes Jahrhundert seit ihrer Entstehung vergangen ist. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CD EMI 5 75462 2 Disc,2 track 10(schnelle Blende) bei 4‘05 ________________________________________________________________ Der Tanz des Koschtschei – einer Figur der russischen Mythologie – aus Igor Strawinskys Feuervogel – Suite mit dem von Walter Legge gegründeten Londoner Philharmonia Orchester unter der Leitung von Carlo Maria Giulini. Aufgenommen im Oktober 1956. Klemperer, Karajan und Giulini, das waren die festen Säulen, die Garanten, man könnte auch sagen: Die Zugpferde, die sozusagen aus dem Stand das Ende 1945 gegründete Philharmonia Orchestra binnen weniger Jahre zu einem der weltweit führenden Klangkörper machten, vornehmlich für Schallplatten – Einspielungen in der Londoner Kingsway Hall, oder den Studios in der Abbey Road. An der rasanten Entwicklung des Orchesters waren noch eine ganze Reihe weiterer hochkarätiger Pultmaestri beteiligt. Denn Walter Legge bestand lediglich darauf, dass SEIN Orchester STIL haben sollte – aber nicht EINEN Stil, der von einem einzigen Dirigenten geprägt wurde. Es sollten und konnten durchaus unterschiedliche Künstlerpersönlichkeiten sein, 4 die diesem Orchester ihren Stempel aufdrückten….Bedingung war nur: sie mussten in der allerersten Liga spielen und Walter Legges Leidenschaft, nein, Besessenheit im Streben nach Perfektion teilen. Denn dessen erklärtes Ziel lautete: Ich möchte mit den hervorragendsten Interpreten Platten machen, die für die Zuhörer zuhause genau so klingen, wie auf dem besten Platz eines akustisch perfekten Saals. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CD EMI 5 75462 2 Disc 1 track 11 & 15 4‘00 ________________________________________________________________ Marsch und Galopp aus der Orchestersuite Jeux d’enfants von George Bizet mit dem Philharmonia Orchestra. Am Pult Carlo Maria Giulini. Es konnte nur eine Frage der Zeit sein, bis Walter Legge in den Nachkriegsjahren auf seinen Reisen durch Europa, unermüdlich auf der Jagd nach musikalischen Ausnahme-Talenten, auf Giulini traf, ein Mann, der über reiche Erfahrungen als Orchestermusiker, nämlich als Bratscher im römischen Orchester der Accademia di Santa Cecilia verfügte. Hier hatte er u.a. unter Dirigenten wie Richard Strauss, Felix von Weingartner, Bruno Walter, Otto Klemperer, Wilhelm Furtwängler und Erich Kleiber gespielt. Sobald er als Antifaschist und Pazifist nach 1944 aus dem Untergrund auftauchen konnte, trat er als Dirigent zunächst in Rom in Erscheinung, 5 gründete dann in Mailand das Orchester des staatlichen Rundfunks, der RAI. Hier wurden Victor de Sabata und Arturo Toscanini auf ihn aufmerksam und verpflichten ihn an die Scala. Wie der Zufall so spielt, ging an eben diesem Haus auch Walter Legge ein und aus, seit er nach äußerst komplizierten und langwierigen Verhandlungen im Sommer 1952 La Divina: im Klartext Maria Callas mit einem Exklusiv – Vertrag an sein Haus gebunden, und damit auch das Recht erworben hatte, sowohl Live – Mitschnitte als auch Studio – Produktionen des Scala-Ensembles im Hause EMI zu veröffentlichen, deren Musikchef er de facto war. Mit dem triumphierenden Ausruf Callas – finalmente mia übernahm Walter Legge von nun an die Karriere – Steuerung der Sängerin, wohlgemerkt mit künstlerischen Mitteln, und nicht, wie heute an der Tagesordnung, mit heißluftbetriebener Reklamemaschinerie und gigantischem Marketingapparat. ______________________________________________________________ CD EMI 5 66450 2 Disc 1, track 10 & 11 7‘10 ________________________________________________________________ Sempre libera – das Finale des 1. Aktes von Giuseppe Verdis La Traviata. Mit Maria Callas, Giuseppe di Stefano und dem Orchester der Mailänder Scala geleitet von Carlo Maria Giulini. Ein Aufführungsmitschnitt vom 28. Mai 1955, sicher ein Höhepunkt in Giulinis früher Karriere, eine Aufnahme, die 6 Theatergeschichte geschrieben hat, und mit der sich die verbleibende Zeit dieser Musikstunde kurzweilig füllen ließe. Machen wir aber heute nicht, sondern beschäftigen uns mit der Frage, was Walter Legge und Carlo Maria Giulini zusammengeführt hat und verband. Warum der Papst der Schallplattenproduzenten dem noch nicht wirklich arrivierten, nicht etablierten Jungmaestro bald große Aufgaben anvertraute, und ihm eine langjährige Zusammenarbeit anbot. Ich denke, die Erklärung liegt auf der Hand. Beide erkannten von der ersten Begegnung an, dass sie einen Absolutheitsanspruch: eine Vision von Vollkommenheit teilten. Giulini hat in diesem Zusammenhang den Vorwurf, er kultiviere nur ein schmales Repertoire immer elegant und stichhaltig zurückgewiesen: Ich dirigiere ein Stück nur, wenn ich fühle, dass es Teil meines Lebens ist. Wenn ich nicht völlig verliebt bin in ein Werk, nicht völlig davon überzeugt, gehe ich damit nicht aufs Podium. Und außerdem: wenn man mit Partituren von Genies arbeitet: Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler oder Verdi – glauben Sie nicht auch, dass man dafür Zeit braucht ? Mit den Noten und Vortragsbezeichnungen ist doch nichts erschöpfend erklärt. Wir müssen versuchen, aus diesen Angaben zu begreifen, was diese großen Menschen wirklich haben sagen wollen. Und dafür braucht man, so meine ich Zeit. Ich wenigstens brauche sie. 7 Aus diesem Grund hat sich Giulini auch früh entschlossen, dem Musiktheater den Rücken zu kehren, spätestens mit Eintritt des Jet – Set – Zeitalters, das die Opernhäuser in einen Taubenschlag verwandelte, und nur noch in Ausnahmefällen künstlerisch akzeptable Ergebnisse hervorbrachte… Seither widmete sich der gläubige Katholik fast ausschließlich den großen Chorwerken und Meisterwerken der Symphonik. Gönnte sich die Ruhe und Zurückgezogenheit, konzentrierte sich auf die emotionale Energie, die er glaubte, diesen Werken schuldig zu sein. Sein dirigentisches Credo hat er einmal mit entwaffnender Offenheit formuliert: Irgendjemand muss ja dirigieren. Und in diesem Fall bin ich es. Auch wenn ich genau weiß, was ich will, und wie die Musiker zu spielen haben, möchte ich, dass die Musik durch Überzeugung entsteht – und nicht auf Befehl. Ich brauche Liebe, Liebe zur Musik. Für viele Mitglieder des Philharmonia Chorus und des Philharmonia Orchestra Bedeuteten Giulinis Aufführungen von Verdis Requiem und der Quattro pezzi sacri den Höhepunkt ihres musikalischen Lebens. ________________________________________________________________ CD EMI 5 56250 2 Disc 2 track 6 ab 9’35 = 6‘05 _____________________________________________________________ Die finale Sequenz des Te Deum von Giuseppe Verdi mit dem Philharmonia Chor und Orchester unter der Leitung von Carlo Maria Giulini. 8 Er hat zwar mit dem Taktstock gearbeitet, erinnert sich ein prominenter Musiker des Orchesters, vor allem aber wirkte die pure Kraft seiner Gegenwart. Es gab kaum deutlich konturierte Schläge, vielmehr war alles Aura. Sein Mienenspiel war sehr ausdrucksvoll, aber er schnitt nie Grimassen. Was er wollte, schien er gänzlich durch Charisma zu erreichen. Frei von Theatralik und Exaltiertheit, vielmehr geprägt von echter Anteilnahme. Giulini war vermutlich der erste Orchesterleiter von Weltrang, der sich in der Gesellschaft von Orchestermitgliedern, ohne sich zu verstellen, inter pares – unter gleichen – empfand, und der jedes diktatorische Dirigentengehabe kategorisch ablehnte. Ihm war in erster Linie an lebendigem, beseelten Musizieren gelegen: Gleichzeitig, denn sonst wäre er mit den Intentionen Walter Legges langfristig nie klargekommen, versuchte er immer dem selbstgestellten Anspruch zu genügen, in seinen Schallplattenaufnahmen auch den
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