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Lucyna Kostuch Do Animals Have a Homeland
H U M a N I M A L I A 9:1 Lucyna Kostuch Do animals have a homeland? Ancient Greeks on the cultural identity of animals The role of animals in ancient Greek culture has been discussed in a variety of contexts, — the relation between human and animal, the moral status of animals, animals in the works of naturalists, animals in tragedy, animals in art, zooarchaeological research. 1 In the literature of ancient Greece, animals are used to represent all things that do not belong to civil society or to the Greek community: slaves, women, and foreign peoples (barbaroi ). Symbolically, animals are often placed outside the country. 2 However, a close reading of texts by Greek authors leads to the conclusion that this is just one side of the coin. The Greeks attributed regional identity to animals, defined by the local geography, and by the history of a region enclosed by borders. At the same time, the world of animals seemed to be ethnically diversified, for the Hellenes coined the terms “Hellenic animal,” belonging to the Greek culture, and “barbaric animal,” belonging to a foreign culture. In this way, Greek animals became an inalienable part of the Hellenic “national” legacy. The Greeks imagined the human world and the world of animals as a world of common borders — there were “familiar” and “unfamiliar” animals at all levels of spatial division. This article, based primarily on literary sources, aims to answer the following questions: How did the ancient Greeks associate animals with space, geography, and their own settlements? Did they attribute nationality and territory to animals? Did they think animals missed their homelands? Could a foreign animal experience a process of cultural integration, namely Hellenization? Animals and Greek civilization . -
A Literary Sources
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82860-4 — The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest 2nd Edition Index More Information Index A Literary sources Livy XXVI.24.7–15: 77 (a); XXIX.12.11–16: 80; XXXI.44.2–9: 11 Aeschines III.132–4: 82; XXXIII.38: 195; XXXVII.40–1: Appian, Syrian Wars 52–5, 57–8, 62–3: 203; XXXVIII.34: 87; 57 XXXIX.24.1–4: 89; XLI.20: 209 (b); ‘Aristeas to Philocrates’ I.9–11 and XLII.29–30.7: 92; XLII.51: 94; 261 V.35–40: XLV.29.3–30 and 32.1–7: 96 15 [Aristotle] Oeconomica II.2.33: I Maccabees 1.1–9: 24; 1.10–25 and 5 7 Arrian, Alexander I.17: ; II.14: ; 41–56: 217; 15.1–9: 221 8 9 III.1.5–2.2: (a); III.3–4: ; II Maccabees 3.1–3: 216 12 13 IV.10.5–12.5: ; V.28–29.1: ; Memnon, FGrH 434 F 11 §§5.7–11: 159 14 20 V1.27.3–5: ; VII.1.1–4: ; Menander, The Sicyonian lines 3–15: 104 17 18 VII.4.4–5: ; VII.8–9 and 11: Menecles of Barca FGrHist 270F9:322 26 Arrian, FGrH 156 F 1, §§1–8: (a); F 9, Pausanias I.7: 254; I.9.4: 254; I.9.5–10: 30 §§34–8: 56; I.25.3–6: 28; VII.16.7–17.1: Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae V.201b–f, 100 258 43 202f–203e: ; VI.253b–f: Plutarch, Agis 5–6.1 and 7.5–8: 69 23 Augustine, City of God 4.4: Alexander 10.6–11: 3 (a); 15: 4 (a); Demetrius of Phalerum, FGrH 228 F 39: 26.3–10: 8 (b); 68.3: cf. -
Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8Th Century B.C.-6Th Century A.D.)
Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses IX Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACTS Edited by Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Last Update: 21/04/2017. Izmir, May 2017 Websites: https://independent.academia.edu/TheLydiaSymposium https://www.researchgate.net/profile/The_Lydia_Symposium 1 This symposium has been dedicated to Roberto Gusmani (1935-2009) and Peter Herrmann (1927-2002) due to their pioneering works on the archaeology and history of ancient Lydia. Fig. 1: Map of Lydia and neighbouring areas in western Asia Minor (S. Patacı, 2017). 2 Table of contents Ergün Laflı, An introduction to Lydian studies: Editorial remarks to the abstract booklet of the Lydia Symposium....................................................................................................................................................8-9. Nihal Akıllı, Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar………………………………10. Sedat Akkurnaz, New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia………………………..11. Gülseren Alkış Yazıcı, Some remarks on the ancient religions of Lydia……………………………….12. Elif Alten, Revolt of Achaeus against Antiochus III the Great and the siege of Sardis, based on classical textual, epigraphic and numismatic evidence………………………………………………………………....13. Gaetano Arena, Heleis: A chief doctor in Roman Lydia…….……………………………………....14. Ilias N. Arnaoutoglou, Κοινὸν, συμβίωσις: Associations in Hellenistic and Roman Lydia……….……..15. Eirini Artemi, The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to A.D. 449, the “Robber Synod”.……………………………………………………………………….………...16. Natalia S. Astashova, Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum…………………………………….17-18. Ayşegül Aykurt, Minoan presence in western Anatolia……………………………………………...19. -
For a Falcon
New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves CRESCENT BOOKS NEW YORK New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Translated by Richard Aldington and Delano Ames and revised by a panel of editorial advisers from the Larousse Mvthologie Generate edited by Felix Guirand and first published in France by Auge, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, the Librairie Larousse, Paris This 1987 edition published by Crescent Books, distributed by: Crown Publishers, Inc., 225 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10003 Copyright 1959 The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited New edition 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-517-00404-6 Printed in Yugoslavia Scan begun 20 November 2001 Ended (at this point Goddess knows when) LaRousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves Perseus and Medusa With Athene's assistance, the hero has just slain the Gorgon Medusa with a bronze harpe, or curved sword given him by Hermes and now, seated on the back of Pegasus who has just sprung from her bleeding neck and holding her decapitated head in his right hand, he turns watch her two sisters who are persuing him in fury. Beneath him kneels the headless body of the Gorgon with her arms and golden wings outstretched. From her neck emerges Chrysor, father of the monster Geryon. Perseus later presented the Gorgon's head to Athene who placed it on Her shield. -
THE ENDURING GODDESS: Artemis and Mary, Mother of Jesus”
“THE ENDURING GODDESS: Artemis and Mary, Mother of Jesus” Carla Ionescu A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMANITIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO May 2016 © Carla Ionescu, 2016 ii Abstract: Tradition states that the most popular Olympian deities are Apollo, Athena, Zeus and Dionysius. These divinities played key roles in the communal, political and ritual development of the Greco-Roman world. This work suggests that this deeply entrenched scholarly tradition is fissured with misunderstandings of Greek and Ephesian popular culture, and provides evidence that clearly suggests Artemis is the most prevalent and influential goddess of the Mediterranean, with roots embedded in the community and culture of this area that can be traced further back in time than even the arrival of the Greeks. In fact, Artemis’ reign is so fundamental to the cultural identity of her worshippers that even when facing the onslaught of early Christianity, she could not be deposed. Instead, she survived the conquering of this new religion under the guise of Mary, Mother of Jesus. Using methods of narrative analysis, as well as review of archeological findings, this work demonstrates that the customs devoted to the worship of Artemis were fundamental to the civic identity of her followers, particularly in the city of Ephesus in which Artemis reigned not only as Queen of Heaven, but also as Mother, Healer and Saviour. Reverence for her was as so deeply entrenched in the community of this city, that after her temple was destroyed, and Christian churches were built on top of her sacred places, her citizens brought forward the only female character in the new ruling religion of Christianity, the Virgin Mary, and re-named her Theotokos, Mother of God, within its city walls. -
̱ Ͷͷͷ ̱ Ancient and Current Toponomy of Asia Minor
ISSN 2239-978X Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 4 No.4 ISSN 2240-0524 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy June 2014 Ancient and Current Toponomy of Asia Minor Asst. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Arslan Selcuk University Beyúehir Ali Akkanat Faculty of Tourism [email protected] Doi:10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p455 Abstract Strabo, the geographer, was born (64/63-23? AD) in Amesia in Asia Minor. Today Amasia is called as Amasya in Anatolia. His book, the Geography, is an important ancient source for the toponomy of Anatolia. He described some parts of Asia Minor in his books XII to XIV. Historical conditions have changed since he wrote his book. As Anatolia is a very important peninsula like a cultural bridge between Europe and Asia, many ethnic groups of people have settled here or affected the culture of the region. At least Strabo’s Asia Minor has become Anatolia or Anadolu in Turkish. In addition to these, thousands of settlements were renamed in 1950 and 1960s. The programme for renaming the settlements also changed original Turkish names. Despite of all the changes in the history and the toponomy of Asia Minor-Anatolia, names of some settlements have survived and are still in use with little or no change in sound. In this paper, the toponomy of Strabo’s work and the toponomy of current Anatolia are compared and the unchanged or little changed place names are studied. Keywords: Asia Minor, Anatolia, Ancient Geography, Place Names. 1. Introduction Strabo the geographer was a native of Anatolia and a Greek citizen from Amasia in Pontus region. -
Theoretical Approach for the So-Called Mycenaean Migration in Turkey*
THEORETICAL APPROACH FOR THE SO-CALLED MYCENAEAN MIGRATION IN TURKEY* VELİ KÖSE** The natural and human-made habitat east of the Aegean Sea always cap- tured the attention of the inhabitants of the Greek mainland. As a direct or in- direct result, migrations to Asia Minor took place in various periods, movements about which our knowledge is based mainly on written sources. The first migra- tion, which remains the most exotic and highly debated, is assigned to the transi- tion period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and was related to the Mycenae- an collapse, which was followed by the so-called Dar k Age of the Mediterranean region. Advancing theoretical and practical approaches in archaeology have in- creasingly called into question this concept of a ‘Dark Age’, gradually and slowly illuminating the previously presumed gloom. It seems that the ‘Dark Age’ was not as dark as traditionally thought. The reasons offered by scholars for the collapse of the Mycenaean palatial hegemony in Greece and in the ‘middle Mediterranean’ vary1 and remain uncer- tain today, especially since the theory of a 'Doric Invasion'2 is no longer accepted by many scholars. The most exotic and appealing explanation for the Mycenaean collapse is, no doubt, the one involving the ‘Sea People’. This hypothesis is con- nected to some preserved Egyptian and Hittite inscriptions in which ‘Sea People’ * This paper is dedicated to Armağan Erkanal, to whom I owe my gratitude for her efforts, which allowed me the privilege of working at Hacettepe University. ** Doç. Dr., Hacettepe University, Department of Archaeology, Ankara / TURKEY, velikose@ hacettepe.edu.tr 1 Bryan Feuer, Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002 (Revised Edition), McFarl- nad & Company Inc. -
The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol. 1 of 6) by Charles Rollin This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol. 1 of 6) Author: Charles Rollin Release Date: April 11, 2009 [Ebook 28558] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE EGYPTIANS, CARTHAGINIANS, ASSYRIANS, BABYLONIANS, MEDES AND PER- SIANS, MACEDONIANS AND GRECIANS (VOL. 1 OF 6)*** The Ancient History Of The Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians By Charles Rollin Late Principal of the University of Paris Professor of Eloquence in The Royal College And Member of the Royal Academy Of Inscriptions and Belles Letters Translated From The French In Six Volumes Vol. I. New Edition Illustrated With Maps and Other Engravings London Printed for Longman And Co., J. M. Richardson, Hamilton And Co., Hatchard And Son, Simpkin And Co., Rivingtons, Whittaker And Co., Allen And Co., Nisbet And Co., J. Bain, T. And W. Boone, E. Hodgson, T. Bumpus, Smith, Elder, And Co., J. Capes, L. Booth, Bigg And Son, Houlston And Co., H. Washbourne, Bickets And Bush, Waller And Son, Cambridge, Wilson And Sons, York, G. -
Lost Geography: the Geographical Fragments of Daës of Colonae, Democles of Phygela and Dionysius of Chalcis1
Lost Geography: The Geographical Fragments of Daës of Colonae, Democles of Phygela and Dionysius of Chalcis1 Daniela Dueck Introduction Greek and Roman sources do not offer a clear definition of gewgrafiva, and it was never even an independent scholarly discipline.2 Geographical themes appeared in almost every literary genre and works devoted to geographical issues were written in prose or verse, discussed the world as a whole or a region within it or dealt with either concepts or calculations. Scientists, mathematicians, astronomers, historians, philosophers, poets and travellers — all could produce written records discussing geographical issues. The following collection includes fragments containing geographical data by authors of varied identity and intellectual orientation. It has long been recognized, even if not declared outright, that the Geography of Strabo is an encyclopedic compilation. It is neither arranged thematically nor does it include an organized catalogue, as opposed, for instance, to the Historia Naturalis of Pliny the Elder.3 However, it is definitely a collection of numerous items of information on a wide range of topics pertaining to the entire world known at the time (first century BCE). Strabo himself sets the standards for good geographical writing: its author must have acquired a broad range of learning (polumaqiva), and his proposed audience must have had an encyclopedic training (ejgkuvklio" ajgwghv) (1.1.12; 1.1.22). The Geography is therefore a work that warrants being called encyclopedic because it includes copious and diversified data. The encyclopedic nature of the compilation, as well as its variety, are reflected in many modern studies that do not deal specifically with Strabo, yet often cite his work on very specific points. -
Birds in the Ancient World from a to Z
BIRDS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD FROM A TO Z Why did Aristotle claim that male Herons’ eyes bleed during mating? Do Cranes winter near the source of the Nile? Was Lesbia’s pet really a House Sparrow? Ornithology was born in ancient Greece, when Aristotle and other writers studied and sought to identify birds. Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z gathers together the information available from classical sources, listing all the names that ancient Greeks gave their birds and all their descriptions and analyses. Arnott identifies (where achievable) as many of them as possible in the light of modern ornithological studies. The ancient Greek bird names are transliterated into English script, and all that the classical writers said about birds is presented in English. This book is accordingly the first complete discussion of classical bird names that will be accessible to readers without ancient Greek. The only previous study in English on the same scale was published over seventy years ago and required a knowledge of Greek and Latin. Since then there has been an enormous expansion in ornithological studies which has vastly increased our knowledge of birds, enabling us to evaluate (and explain) ancient Greek writings about birds with more confidence. With an exhaustive bibliography (partly classical scholarship and partly ornithological) added to encourage further study Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z is the definitive study of birds in the Greek and Roman world. W.Geoffrey Arnott is former Professor of Greek at the University of Leeds and Fellow of the British Academy. -
Reevaluating the Lydia Earthquake of 17 AD
Valparaiso University ValpoScholar Undergraduate Honors Papers Spring 2020 "The Greatest in Human Memory": Reevaluating the Lydia Earthquake of 17 A.D. Maxwell John Shiller Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/undergrad_capstones Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History Commons This Departmental Honors Paper/Project is brought to you for free and open access by ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. “THE GREATEST IN HUMAN MEMORY”: REEVALUATING THE LYDIA EARTHQUAKE OF 17 A.D. by Maxwell John Shiller Honors Work in History For Hist-498 Advised by Allannah Karas College of Arts and Sciences Valparaiso University Spring 2020 Honor Code: I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others’ use of unauthorized aid. Copyright © 2020 by Maxwell Shiller This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Shiller 1 Acknowledgements I am grateful for a number of people for their support in writing this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Allannah Karas for three years of teaching, mentorship, and patience over my undergraduate Classics career and overseeing the construction of this project, particularly with her help in crafting correct and precise translations. I would also like to thank the History Department, especially the two members of the project committee, Dr. Colleen Seguin and Dr. Ronald K. Rittgers, as well as Dr. Kevin Ostoyich for initially approving the project proposal. -
On the Possible Previous Links of the Dark Age
Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Bahar 2003 Sayı 10 ON THE POSSIBLE PREVIOUS LINKS OF THE DARK AGE AIOLIAN COLONISTS WITH THEIR NEWLY COLONISED TERRITORIES Muzaffer DEMĐR * ÖZET Bu çalışmada Truva Savaşları’ndan (ca.M.Ö.1230-1180) hemen sonraki Karanlık Çağın başlangıcında Hellas anakarasından gelerek ilk aşamada Lesbos ve Anadolu’daki Güney Aiolis, Mysia ve daha sonraları Troad topraklarında koloni şehirleri kuran Aiollerin bu bölgelerle M.Ö.14 yüzyıldan Truva Savaşlarının sonuna kadar olan dönemdeki muhtemel atasal ve siyasî bağlantıları antik edebi metinlerin detaylı analizi ve bir dereceye kadar arkeolojik veriler ışığında ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Konuyla ilgili elimizdeki kaynakların mitolojik döneme ait olması bizleri mitolojinin tarihinin yazılamayacağı düşüncesine sevk etmemelidir. Bu dönemdeki olaylar içindeki muhtemel gerçeklere eldeki kaynaklar mantıklı bir şekilde kavranılarak bir dereceye kadar erişilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Kolonizasyon, Güney Aiolis, Lesbos, Mysia, Macar, Tantalus, Pelops, Ahhiyawa. ABSTRACT In this study, by making use of the detailed analysis of ancient literary sources and taking into account some relevant archaeological materials, we strive to enlighten the possible previous ancestral and political connections of the Dark Age Aiolian colonists, from 14 th century BC till the end of Trojan Wars, with their newly colonised territories after the Trojan Wars, first in Lesbos, Southern Aiolis and Mysia and later on in Troad in Asia Minor. Although the sources relevant to this era are mythological or legendary, this should not tempt us to believe that a history of mythology can not be written. Some possible realities within these myths could possibly be sorted out as a result of reasonable perceptions by means of the detailed analysis of the available ancient sources.