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Revision Der Euglossa Cordata-Gruppe Und Untersuchungen Zur Funktionsmorphologie Und Faunistik Der Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

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Revision Der Euglossa Cordata-Gruppe Und Untersuchungen Zur Funktionsmorphologie Und Faunistik Der Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae) ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at Revision der Euglossa cordata-Gruppe und Untersuchungen zur Funktionsmorphologie und Faunistik der Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Benjamin BEMBÉ ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at Abb: Euglossa amazonica beim Duftstoffsammeln auf Gongora aff. cruciformis in Villa Tunari, Bolivien, November 2002. 2 ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at 3 ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at 4 ©Entomofauna,a,, AnsfeldenAn Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at Entomofauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Supplement 14, 146 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 15. Mai 2007 Revision der Euglossa cordata-Gruppe und Untersuchungen zur Funktionsmorphologie und Faunistik der Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Benjamin BEMBÉ Summary The genus Euglossa currently contains 106 extant species in 5 subgenera and 12 species groups. The present work provides a detailed overview of the subgenus Euglossa (Euglossa). New keys are offered for the identification of ((: to the subgenera of Euglossa, the species groups in Euglossa (Euglossa), and for the first time to the species in the Euglossa cordata group. The species in the Euglossa cordata group are studied and taxonomically revised using light- as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and based on type material and collections holdings from various geographic regions. Instead of the previously 5 ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at recognized 21 species, the group is reduced to now 15 species. Five names, Eg. azureoviridis, Eg. cyanaspis, Eg. gaianii, Eg. ultima, and Eg. violaceifrons, are relegated to junior synonymy. Eg. erythrochlora becomes a subspecies of Eg. hemichlora. For Eg. tridentata, characters of the genitalia place it in the Euglossa cybelia group. The species so far carried under the name Eg. "azureoviridis" (auct.) has never been validly named. It is here described under the name Eg. milenae nov.sp. In addition, Eg. avicula, formerly separately valid in the Eg. purpurea group, is synonymised with Eg. heterosticta. Consequently, the following species and subspecies are here recognised as valid in the Euglossa cordata group: Eg. chlorina DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. cordata (LINNAEUS, 1758); Eg. deceptrix MOURE, 1968; Eg. despecta MOURE, 1968; Eg. fimbriata REBÊLO & MOURE, 1995; Eg. hemichlora hemichlora COCKERELL, 1917; Eg. hemichlora erythrochlora MOURE, 1968; Eg. jamaicensis MOURE, 1968; Eg. leucotricha REBÊLO & MOURE, 1995; Eg. liopoda DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. melanotricha MOURE, 1967; Eg. milenae nov.sp.; Eg. modestior DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. platymera DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. securigera DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. variabilis FRIESE, 1899. Species descriptions in the present work are supplemented with all available information on flower visiting and fragrance baits. The known distribution data are summarised and illustrated with maps. For the Euglossa cordata group, a cladistic analysis is performed, resulting in a hypothetical phylogenetic tree. The analysis includes Eg. mixta from the Euglossa analis group as an outgroup. In a section on functional morphology, an overview of the fragrance-collecting behavior of male Euglossini is given. These animals collect fragrant substances (e.g. fragrant flower oils) from exogenous sources and accumulate them in their hind tibiae which are modified for this purpose. The subsequent fate of this material has been unknown. Here, a new hypothesis is presented that male orchid bees are capable of actively spraying off the stored fragrances. The fragrances are hypothesized to be transferred to the mid tibial tufts, which are then held such that when the hind wings are vibrated, the jugal combs hit the tibial tufts and spray off the fragrances. To test this hypothesis, the morphology of mid tibial tufts and hind wing jugal combs is examined on male Euglossini from all known genera. By physically manipulating rehydrated and thus remobilized specimens, the functional link between the two morphological structures can be established, including the generation of aerosol clouds. It is postulated that during the so-called "ventilating" behavior at their courtship sites the animals spray fragrances. This hypothesis is discussed with respect to previously published observations and assumptions. A section on faunistics in the present work covers two geographic areas from where very little or no information on Euglossini was previously available. The first surrounds the biological research station Panguana in the lowland rainforest of Peru (Departamento Huánuco). Using synthetic fragrances, Euglossini have been baited there by staff members and collaborators of the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), and by R. Dressler. The associated collection currently comprises 32 species. This suggests that the fauna of Euglossini in the only 2 km2 of primary forest around Panguana is very species-rich, especially relative to other areas investigated. In addition, the material has allowed the SEM documentation of important morphological characters for the rare species Euglossa rugilabris. The second, very intensively studied area lies between the eastern edge of the Andes and the lowland rainforest at Villa Tunari, Departamento Cochabamba, Bolivia. In the years 1999-2002, Euglossini were collected there at fragrance bait traps and at orchid flowers in the so-called "Orchidarium Villa Tunari". The associated collection comprises 38 6 ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at species. In addition, numerous observations could be made on pollination biology and fragrance preferences of many Euglossini species. A discussion section compares results from the two study areas. Next to a collection from Tambopata National Park, Madre de Dios, Peru (DRESSLER 1985), these constitute the only faunistic data on Euglossine bees from that zoogeographic Region. Zusammenfassung Die Gattung Euglossa umfasst derzeit ca. 106 rezente Arten, die in fünf Untergattungen und 12 Artengruppen eingeteilt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein detaillierter Überblick über die Untergattung Euglossa (Euglossa) gegeben. Es werden neue Bestimmungsschlüssel für die (( der Untergattungen von Euglossa, der Artengruppen von Euglossa (Euglossa) und erstmals für die Euglossa cordata-Gruppe gegeben. Die Arten der Euglossa cordata-Gruppe wurden anhand des Typenmaterials und umfangreichen Sammlungsmaterials aus unterschiedlichen geographischen Regionen licht- und rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und taxonomisch revidiert. Die bisher 21 Namen umfassende Gruppe wurde auf 15 Arten reduziert. Fünf Namen, Eg. azureoviridis, Eg. cyanaspis, Eg. gaianii, Eg. ultima und Eg. violaceifrons, wurden als Synonyme erkannt. Eg. erythrochlora stellte sich als Unterart von Eg. hemichlora heraus. Bei Eg. tridentata wurde anhand der Genitalmerkmale erkannt, dass sie der Euglossa cybelia-Gruppe angehört. Für die von zahlreichen Autoren irrtümlich unter dem Namen Eg. azureoviridis geführte Art ist bisher kein gültiger Name aufgestellt worden, daher wird sie hier als milenae nov.sp. neu beschrieben. Weiterhin wurde Eg. avicula aus der Eg. purpurea-Gruppe mit Eg. heterosticta synonymisiert. Für die Euglossa cordata-Gruppe wurden folgende Arten und Unterarten als gültig anerkannt: Eg. chlorina DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. cordata (LINNAEUS, 1758); Eg. deceptrix MOURE, 1968; Eg. despecta MOURE, 1968; Eg. fimbriata REBÊLO & MOURE, 1995; Eg. hemichlora hemichlora COCKERELL, 1917; Eg. hemichlora erythrochlora MOURE, 1968; Eg. jamaicensis MOURE, 1968; Eg. leucotricha REBÊLO & MOURE, 1995; Eg. liopoda DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. melanotricha MOURE, 1967; Eg. milenae nov.sp.; Eg. modestior DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. platymera DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. securigera DRESSLER, 1982; Eg. variabilis FRIESE, 1899. Den Artbeschreibungen wurden alle verfügbaren Angaben über Blütenbesuch und Duftstoffköder beigefügt. Sämtliche Daten über die Verbreitung wurden anhand von Verbreitungskarten zusammengefasst und anschaulich gemacht. Für die Euglossa cordata-Gruppe wurde eine kladistische Analyse durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse in einem hypothetischen Baum dargestellt. Als Vertreter der Außengruppe wurde Eg. mixta aus der Euglossa analis-Gruppe in die Analyse mit einbezogen. Im funktionsmorphologischen Teil der Arbeit wird ein Überblick über das Duftsammelverhalten der männlichen Euglossini gegeben. Die Tiere sammeln Duftstoffe (z. B. Blütendüfte) an exogenen Quellen und speichern sie in ihren zu diesem Zweck modifizierten Tibien der Hinterbeine. Was weiter mit den gesammelten Substanzen geschieht, ist bisher nicht bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine neue Hypothese aufgestellt, nach welcher Prachtbienenmännchen die Fähigkeit besitzen, die gespeicherten Duftstoffe aktiv zu versprühen. Danach werden die Substanzen auf die Tibialbürsten der Mittelbeine gebracht. Diese werden dann so gehalten, dass bei vibrierenden Hinterflügeln die Jugalkämme über die Tibialbürsten streifen und die 7 ©Entomofauna, Ansfelden Austria, bestellen unter www.biologiezentrum.at Substanzen versprühen. Um diese Hypothese zu testen, wurden an männlichen Euglossini aller bekannten Gattungen die Tibialbürsten der Mitteltibien und die Jugalkämme der Hinterflügel morphologisch untersucht. Durch Versuche an angefeuchtetem und dadurch beweglich gemachtem Sammlungsmaterial wurden beide Strukturen in einen funktionsmorphologischen Zusammenhang gebracht. Auf diese Weise konnten im Experiment
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