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Geology.Gsapubs.Org on September 16, 2013 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on September 16, 2013 Geology Development of tectonic cyclothems in rift, pull-apart, and foreland basins: Sedimentary response to episodic tectonism Terence C. Blair and William L. Bilodeau Geology 1988;16;517-520 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0517:DOTCIR>2.3.CO;2 Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geology Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to the article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. Notes Geological Society of America Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on September 16, 2013 Development of tectonic cyclothems in rift, pull-apart, and foreland basins: Sedimentary response to episodic tectonism Terence C. Blair Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 William L Bilodeau 971 Cook Street, Denver, Colorado 80206 ABSTRACT deposition is initiated. We propose, on the basis The thickest part of asymmetric rift, pull-apart, and foreland basin fills commonly consists of several lines of reasoning, that the opposite of large-scale (hundreds to thousands of metres thick), tectonically generated cyclothems of interpretation is the most likely. fine-grained marine, lacustrine, or longitudinal fluvial deposits and coarse-grained transverse braid-plain or alluvial-fan deposits. The appearance of coarse clastics in these basin fills is COARSE-GRAINED DEPOSITS AS typically noted as the time of tectonically rejuvenated source-area uplift, based on the concep- INDICATORS OF RENEWED tual tie between relief and coarse grain size, and on the application of the Davis theory of TECTONIC ACTIVITY landform development. We propose the opposite interpretation: that the commencement of The conceptual tie between coarse-grained fine-grained sedimentation above coarse-grained deposits in a tectonic cyclothem is the best sedimentation and tectonic activity is derived indicator of renewed tectonic activity. This reinterpretation is more consistent with (1) modern from the observed relation between gravel depo- examples, (2) the consideration of source-area and sedimentary-basin geomorphology, (3) the sition and relief recognized by Playfair (1802, disparity between the reaction rates of the various environments to subsidence, (4) the dispar- p. 381-382): ity between the rates of tectonic uplift and erosion, and (5) the controls on clastic-wedge progradation. In our model, extensive coarse-grained clastic-wedge progradation is an indica- It is a fact very generally observed that when tor of tectonically quiescent phases. the valleys among primitive mountains open into large plains, the gravel of those plains con- sists of stones, evidently derived from the INTRODUCTION m.y.; Table 1) is 6 to 650 times longer than mountains. The nearer any spot is to the Rift, pull-apart, and foreland basin-fill se- orbital-related climatic cycles, which have peri- mountains, the larger are the gravel stones. quences are typically asymmetric in cross- odicities of 23 to 400 ka (Parrish and Barron, The reason for this gradation is evident, the section geometry normal to their active margin 1986). A eustatic origin is ruled out because farther the stones have travelled, and the more rubbing they have endured, the smaller they (Fig. 1). This asymmetry results from the locali- many cyclothems consist entirely of continental grow . .. and the greater the quantity of that zation of tectonic activity, maximum subsidence, deposits (Table 1). Although climatic change, fine detritus.... and sedimentation along one basin margin. eustasy, and autocyclic mechanisms may locally Asymmetry in foreland basins is due to tectonic cause ambiguity (Beerbower, 1964), the tem- The correlation of a period of renewed downflexure under the superimposed load of poral and spatial scales of these cyclothems and coarse-grained sedimentation in a basin with an stacked thrust sheets (Beaumont, 1981), whereas their restriction to the tectonically active basin episode of tectonic uplift dates back at least to asymmetry in rifts and pull-apart basins is the margin are consistent with a pulsatory tectonic Barrell (1917), and is based on the idea of the result of the development of half-graben struc- origin. rejuvenation of relief, a concept derived from tures. Half-grabens in rifts form due to block We present here a unifying conceptual model the application of the "geographical cycle of rotations along listric and planar-normal faults for the development of large-scale tectonic cy- landforms" theory of Davis (1899, p. 481-499): in zones of lithospheric attenuation (Wernicke clothems in these diverse basin types. The onset and Burchfiel, 1982), and form in pull-apart ba- of tectonic episodes in the basins is typically All the varied forms of the lands are dependent sins due to the downward component of motion noted as the time when a phase of coarse-clastic upon . structure, process, and time. In the induced during strike-slip movements by exten- sional or compressional deformation along curv- ing or en echelon fault segments (Mann et al., 1983). 77T5 The thickest part of all three basin-fill types commonly consists of large-scale (hundreds to FsJr:: thousands of metres thick), stacked cyclothems Figure 1. Schematic cross composed of relatively fine-grained marine, la- sections perpendicular to custrine, or longitudinal fluvial deposits and active margins of pull- apart (A), rift (B), and fore- coarser grained (conglomeratic) transverse land (C) basins. Large-dot braid-plain or alluvial-fan deposits (Fig. 1; Table pattern depicts braid-plain 1). The origin of these cyclothems almost invari- and alluvial-fan deposits; ably is attributed to pulsating active tectonic epi- small-dot pattern depicts sodes separated by relatively quiescent periods. fine-grained fluvial, lacus- trine, and marine deposits. Cyclic climatic change is precluded because the Upper scale is for A and B; known duration of these cyclothems (2.4 to 15 lower scale is for C. GEOLOGY, v. 16, p. 517-520, June 1988 517 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on September 16, 2013 beginning, when the forces of deformation and it and its corollaries have been rigorously and and that during alternate periods of similar dura- uplift determine the structure and attitude of successfully tested at the spatial and temporal tion, transverse braid plains or alluvial fans oc- the region, the form of its surface is in sym- scale of the tectonic cyclothems. curred there. A consequence of the traditional pathy with its internal arrangement, and its height depends on the amount of uplift it has association of fan or braid-piain sedimentation suffered.... [E]ven the most resistant [rocks] FINE-GRAINED DEPOSITS AS to the period of active tectonic subsidence along yield under attack to the atmosphere, and their INDICATORS OF RENEWED the margin is the need for their displacement by waste creeps and washes downhill as long as TECTONIC ACTIVITY marine, lacustrine, or low-gradient fluvial sedi- any hills remain; hence all forms, however mentation during periods of tectonic quiescence. high and however resistant, must be laid low, We propose that the onset of deposition of the and thus destructive process gains rank equal finer grained part of a tectonic cyclothem is a This interpretation requires basin alluviation, or to that of structure in determining the shape of more consistent and more logical indicator of a long-term rise in lake or sea level of hundreds a land-mass.... Like land-forms, the agencies the onset of renewed tectonic activity in rifts, of metres to deposit hundreds of metres of fine- that work upon them change their behaviour grained sediment above the fans or braid plains, and their appearance with the passage of time. pull-apart basins, and forelands, on the basis of A young land-form has young streams of tor- (1) the consideration of the major changes in which constitute the highest depositional topog- rential activity, while an old form would have basin and source-area geomorphology dictated raphy in the sedimentary basin. This scenario is old streams of deliberate or feeble current.... by the cyclothems; (2) modem examples; (3) the geomorphologically inconsistent, because lakes, [Load] rapidly increases in quantity and disparity between the rate of response to tectonic oceans, and low-gradient fluvial environments coarseness during youth.... [A]fter full matur- are maintained for long periods of time in the ity, load continually decreases in quantity and subsidence of the environments that produce the in coarseness of texture; and, during old age, fine-grained units vs. those that produce the topographically lowest parts of the sedimentary the small load that is carried must be of very coarse-grained units; (4) the disparity between basin. The inversion of the depositional topog- fine texture.... A land-mass, uplifted to a raphy indicated by the stratigraphic change in a the rates of tectonic uplift and erosion; and greater altitude than it had before, is at once tectonic cyclothem from fan or braid-plain dep- more intensely attacked by the denuding proc- (5) the unlikely event that a rapidly and widely osition to lacustrine, marine, or low-gradient esses in the new cycle thus initiated...
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