6 CBSE

Question Bank SOCIAL SCIENCE Teacher’s Manual

FULL MARKS PVT LTD Educational Publishers 4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi-110002 CONTENTS PART-A: HISTORY (OUR PASTS-I) 1. What, Where, How and When? 3 2. On the Trail of the Earliest People 5 3. From Gathering to Growing Food 9 4. In the Earliest Cities 12 5. What Books and Burials Tell Us 15 6. Kingdoms, Kings and an Early 18 7. New Questions and Ideas 21 8. , the Emperor Who Gave up War 26 9. Vital Villages, Thriving Towns 29 10. Traders, Kings and Pilgrims 33 11. New Empires and Kingdoms 37 12. Buildings, Paintings and Books 41 l Worksheets 1 to 12 45–57

PART-B: GEOGRAPHY (THE EARTH: OUR HABITAT) 1. The Earth In The Solar System 58 2. Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes 61 3. Motions of the Earth 65 4. Maps 69 5. Major Domains of the Earth 71 6. Major Landforms of the Earth 77 7. Our Country — 82 8. India: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife 86 l Worksheets 1 to 8 91–100

PART-C: CIVICS (SOCIAL & POLTICAL LIFE-I) 1. Understanding Diversity 101 2. Diversity and Discrimination 104 3. What is Government? 108 4. Key Elements of a Democratic Government 111 5. Panchayati Raj 114 6. Rural Administration 118 7. Urban Administration 121 8. Rural Livelihoods 124 9. Urban Livelihoods 127 l Worksheets 1 to 9 131–140

(ii) Part-A: History (Our Pasts-I) Chapter What, Where, How and When? 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. Skilled gatherers were people 1. detectives 2. instruction who gathered their food. 3. 4. fish 2. Because although it is smaller 5. Inscriptions 6. movements than a continent, it is very large, and is separated from Rapid-Fire Questions the rest of Asia by seas, hills 1. Prakrit 2. Inscriptions and mountains. 3. The Iranians and the Greeks 3. Hills, mountains and seas. 4. The Rigveda 4. We use a script. 5. We use a language. 5. 6. Magadha 6. About 2500 years ago. 7. The north of the Vindhyas 7. The name Bharata was used 8. Livelihood for a group of people who Puzzle Time lived in north-west. 8. They are scholars who study 1. Palm leaf 2. Rigveda the past. 3. Kandahar 4. Magadha 9. Inscriptions are writings on 5. Christianity 6. Ganga relatively hard surfaces such 7. Tributary 8. Herders as stone or metal. 10. Palm leaves. 9. Sheep 10. Monastery SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 3. hard 1. (b) rice 4. manuscripts; archaeology 2. (d) temples 5. Caravans 6. adventure 3. (a) palm leaves 7. Domino 8. languages 4. (d) all of the above True/False 5. (b) Before Christ 1. True 2. True 3. False 6. (b) they were formed of 4. False hills, mountains and seas Very Short Answer Type Questions Match the following 1. Water was easily available. (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) 2. They collected roots, fruits (iv)—(d) (v)—(b) and other forest produce for Fill in the Blanks their food. 1. birch 2. Prakrit 3. Wheat and barley.

3 4. Sheep, goats and cattle. 4. Merchants travelled with 5. Rice was first grown in the caravans or ships, carrying north of the Vindhyas. valuable goods from place 6. The Indus and its tributaries. to place. Religious teachers 7. On the banks of river Ganga walked from village to village, and its tributaries. town to town, stopping to 8. Magadha offer instruction and advice 9. In temples and monasteries. on the way. 10. Prakrit means languages used 5. Manuscripts are called so by ordinary people. because they were written by hand. 11. Sanskrit and Tamil. When people had to write a 12. So that people could see, real book in ancient time, they cut and obey them. palm leaves into pages and 13. To find tools, weapons, pots, tied them together to make pans, ornaments and coins. books. 14. To find out what people ate in the past. Long Answer Type Questions 15. Manu means hand and script 1. (i) How ancient people means letter or sign. wrote and what material. Short Answer Type Questions (ii) What religious practices and beliefs were followed. 1. Travelling in different parts of (iii) How ordinary people a place gives ancient people lived. an opportunity to meet new (iv) What the people ate. people and converse with 2. We have used the word ‘pasts’ them. This led to the sharing in plural to draw attention of ideas between people. to the fact that the past was 2. People travel today for many different for different groups of people. For example, the reasons. Three of them are: lives of herders or farmers i ( ) To study were different from those of (ii) To get employment kings and queens, the lives (iii) To get medical check up. of merchants were different 3. Two of the words we often from those of craftspersons, use for our country are India and so on. and Bharat. The word India 3. The books in the past dealt comes from the Indus, called with all kinds of subjects– Sindhu in Sanskrit and the religious beliefs and practices, name Bharat was used for a the lives of kings, medicine and science. group of people who lived in I would like to read about the the north-west. lives of the kings.

4 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Chapter On the Trail of the Earliest 2 People

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (i) Hunting animals 1. food 2. animal (ii) Gathering fruits, roots 3. seasonal 4. Vindhyas nuts, etc. 5. stone 6. Hunsgi 2. Gathering plant produce. True/False 3. To collect plant produce, 1. False 2. True 3. False hunter-gatherers needed to 4. False 5. True 6. True find out which plants or parts 7. False 8. True of plants were edible. 4. Perennial rivers and lakes Rapid-Fire Questions never get dry in any season. 1. Palaeolithic sites They have water throughout 2. (i) Stone on stone (ii) Pressure the year. flaking 5. Seasonal rivers get dry during 3. (i) Hallur (ii) Chirand winter and summer. 4. Stone, wood and bone 6. Early people travelled on foot. 5. Inamgaon 7. Stone, wood and bone. 6. Middle Stone Age 8. Bhimbetka is located in Puzzle Time present-day Madhya Pradesh. 9. Places where stone was found 1. Kurnool 2. Microliths and where people made tools 3. Hallur 4. Barley are known as factory sites. 5. Hides 6. Caves 10. Wheat, barley and rice. 7. Fishing 8. Bone SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) 1. (a) grasslands developed Fill in the Blanks 2. (c) both (i) and (ii) 1. stone 2. water 3. (b) tiny 3. fire 4. caves 4. (a) 12,000 years ago 5. 12,000 6. limestone 5. (d) Kurnool caves 7. Hunsgi (b) leather 6. True/False Match the following 1. True 2. False 3. False (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) 4. True 5. True

Teacher’s Manual n 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions for this reason. In fact, there 1. Tools made of stone lasted are many people who migrate long. to cities for getting higher 2. Spears and arrows. education, for establishing 3. Early people used wood for business, for entertainment, making huts and tools. etc. 4. Usually we find blocks of 2. There were two methods for stone, tools that were made making stone tools: and perhaps discarded (i) Stone on stone method: because they were not perfect, In this method, the pebble and chips of waste stone left from which the tool was behind at these sites. to be made was held in 5. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar one hand and another Pradesh (Southern). stone, which was used as 6. Animals move from place a hammer was held in the to place in search of smaller other hand. The second prey or in search of grass and stone was used to strike leaves. off flakes from the first, 7. The movements of animals till the required shape forced hunter-gatherers to was obtained. follow them. (ii) Pressure flaking: In this 8. Hunting animals and catching method, the core (pebble) fish and birds. was placed on a firm 9. The rock paintings are drawn surface. The hammer with great accuracy and skill. stone was used on a piece 10. Early man used fire to cook of bone or stone that was meat and to scare away placed on the core, to animals. They also used it as remove flakes that could a source of light. be shaped into tools. 11. We use knives for cutting 3. Archaeologists have found fruits. They are made of iron sites at places like Bhimbetka, and woods. Hunsgi, Kurnool caves, etc. These sites make it clear that Short Answer Type Questions hunter-gatherers lived there. 1. Hunter-gatherers travelled Hunter-gatherers lived in from place to place to satisfy many more places. Many sites their basic needs i.e. food and were located near sources water. Even today people of water, such as rivers and travel for this reason. We see lakes. Availability of good migration on a large scale. quality stone was also a major People living in rural areas or point that hunter-gatherers small towns and cities move to kept in mind while choosing urban or big towns and cities a place to live in. in search of better livelihood. 4. Three ways in which hunter- But not all people today travel gatherers used fire:

6 n Question Bank Social Science-VI (i) As a source of light. 7. (i) Habitation site: (ii) To cook meat. Habitation sites were (iii) To scare away wild places where hunter- animals. gatherers lived. Nowadays we don’t use fire as (ii) Factory site: Factory sites a source of light. We also don’t were places where stone use it to scare away animals. was found and where Instead we use fire today people made tools. to cook food and to keep (iii) Habitation-cum-factory ourselves warm in winters. site: Habitation-cum- 5. (i) Many of the caves in factory sites were places which early people where people lived for lived have paintings on longer spells of time. the walls. Some of the 8. Hunter-gatherers were best examples are from involved in several activities Madhya Pradesh and in order to manage their southern Uttar Pradesh. food. They hunted wild These paintings show animals, caught birds and wild animals, drawn with fish, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks great accuracy and skill. and eggs. Thus, gathering (ii) Hunsgi is in present day a variety of plant produce . A number was an important means of early Palaeolithic of obtaining food for these sites were found there. people. At some sites, a large 9. Three activities associated number of tools, used with the earliest people were: for all sorts of activities, (i) Hunting wild animals were found. These were (ii) Gathering plant produce probably habitation-cum- (iii) Making stone tools factory sites. Limestone (iv) Painting on cave walls was found in abundance (Any three) which was used in 10. Three features of the making tools. Mesolithic period are: 6. Water has always been a major (i) This period, also known attraction for people. That’s as Middle Stone Age, why they established their began about 12,000 years settlements close to rivers. But ago and lasted for about not all rivers are perennial. 10,000 years ago. There are many rivers which (ii) This period witnessed are seasonal. People living on major environmental their banks would have had to changes. go in search of water during (iii) Stone tools found the dry seasons i.e. winter and during this period are summer. generally tiny, and are

Teacher’s Manual n 7 called microliths. These 2. Archaeologists have given microliths were probably lengthy names for different stuck on the handles of periods. They call the earliest bone or wood to make period the Palaeolithic which tools such as saws and comes from two Greek words, sickles. ‘palaeo’, meaning old, and Long Answer Type Questions ‘lithos’, meaning stone. The name points to the importance 1. (i) Around 12,000 years of finds of stone tools. The ago, major environmental Palaeolithic period extends changes occurred in from 2 million years ago to the world, with a shift about 12,000 years ago. to relatively warm Then comes the Mesolithic conditions. period which is also known as (ii) In many areas, this led Middle Stone Age. This period to the development of began about 12,000 years ago grasslands which in turn till about 10,000 years ago. led to an increase in the This periods witnessed major number of those animals climatic changes. Stone tools that survived on grass. found during this period are (iii) Hunter-gatherers started tiny, and are called microliths. following such animals Tools such as saws and sickles and in due course of time were used. they learnt their food The next stage began about habits and their breeding 10,000 years ago and is called seasons. This encouraged the Neolithic period. Tools found during this period are them to herd and rear polished, so as to give a fine these animals. cutting edge. (iv) Several grain bearing 3. The world witnessed major grasses, including wheat, climatic changes around barley and rice grew 12,000 years ago. This was naturally in different a time when several grain parts of the subcontinent. bearing grasses, including (v) Changing environment wheat, barley and rice grew also encouraged people naturally in different parts to grow plants on their of the subcontinent. Men, own. In this way they women and children probably became farmers. They collected these grains as food began looking plants so and learnt where they grew, that they (plants) could and when they ripened. This may have encouraged them to grow and the seeds could think about growing plants on ripen. their own.

8 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 4.

Chapter From Gathering to Growing 3 Food FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 7. In present-day Kashmir. 1. Tending animals. 8. In Burzahom in present-day 2. About 10,000 years ago. Kashmir. 3. Places where dead persons are 9. They were used for storing buried. things. 4. To convert animals to domestic 10. Mortars and pestles. use. Fill in the Blanks 5. Dog and sheep. 1. farming 2. food 6. Unlike wild animals, 3. climatic 4. barley domesticated animals were 5. Catal Huyuk relatively gentle.

Teacher’s Manual n 9 True/False Puzzle Time 1. True 2. True 3. False Across 4. False 5. False 1. Hunting 2. Rapid-Fire Questions 3. Bore 4. Jadeite 1. Tribes 2. Mortars and Pestles Down 3. Cotton 4. Earthen Pots 1. Pit-houses 2. Grain 5. Cooking hearths 3. Sheep 4. Dog SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions ground, with steps leading 1. (d) elephant into them. 2. (c) 12,000 years ago 5. It suggests that, depending on the weather, people could 3. (b) Uttar Pradesh cook food either indoor or 4. (d) all of the above outdoors. 5. (d) Mehrgarh 6. Some men in tribal societies 6. (d) all of the above. were made leaders. They Match the following may be old and experienced, (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) young, brave warriors or priests. (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) 7. Seeing traces of pit-houses in Fill in the Blanks Burzahom archaeologists infer that they may have provided 1. tribes 2. store shelter to early people in cold 3. wheat 4. pig weather. 5. experience 6. Mehrgarh 8. They made large clay pots or True/False wove baskets, or dug pits into 1. False 2. True 3. False the ground to store grain. 4. True Short Answer Type Questions 1. Mehrgarh is located in a fertile Very Short Answer Type Questions plain, near the Bolan Pass. 1. Children in tribal society Archaeologists excavated looked after plants by driving this site and found evidence away animals and birds that of many kinds of animal might eat them. They also bones from the earliest levels. looked after small flocks. These included bones of wild 2. The early people used pots for animals like deer and pig. In storing grain. later levels, they found more 3. These tools were polished bones of sheep and goat. In having a fine cutting edge. still later levels, they found 4. Pit-houses were dug into the cattle bones. This suggests that

10 n Question Bank Social Science-VI people in Mehrgarh started that the archaeologists have with hunting and in the later found at Mehrgarh make it stage, herding became more clear that the dead person important for them. was buried with goats, which 2. (i) Hunter-gatherers kept were probably meant to serve on moving from one as food in the next world. place to another whereas 4. We can give its answer in farmers and herders had negative. In fact, there were to stay at the same place many areas where men and for longer spells of time women still involved in to take care of their crops hunting and gathering food. and animals. Elsewhere people adopted (ii) Hunter-gatherers lived in farming and herding. At some natural caves if needed places people tried to combine whereas farmers and these activities. They preferred herders built huts and to do different things during pit-houses to live in. different seasons. (iii) Since hunter-gatherers 5. The Neolithic tools are didn’t know the art different from the earlier of cultivation, they Palaeolithic tools. These tools depended on the meat were polished with a fine of wild animals and cutting edge. The mortars plant produce which and pestles were used for they gathered while grinding grain and other plant produce. moving here and there. Farmers/herders, on the Long Answer Type Questions other hand, grew crops 1. Archaeologists have found and reared animals many evidences of settled respectively for their life. They have found traces of livelihood. huts or houses at some sites, 3. On excavation at Mehrgarh, such as Burzahom in present archaeologists found the day Kashmir. People built pit- evidence of many things houses, which they dug into which included bones of the ground, with steps leading wild and tamed animals into them. These might have like deer, pigs, sheep, goats provided shelter in the cold and cattle, remains of square weather. or rectangular houses and • The finds of cooking burials. The study of the hearths both inside and remains of houses make it outside the huts, also clear that each house had four suggest that people had or more compartments, some started living a settled life. of which may have been used • Archaeologists have also for storage. The burial sites found stone tools from

Teacher’s Manual n 11 many sites which further did most of the agricultural act as a proof of early man’s work, including preparing settled life. the ground, sowing seeds, • Traces of many kinds of looking after the growing earthen pots also prove the plants and harvesting grain. same fact. Besides, people Men led large herds of animals also wove cloth, using in search of pasture. Children different kinds of materials looked after small flocks. like cotton. They also looked after plants, 2. Groups of families related driving away animals and to one another form a tribe. birds that might eat them. The people belonging to tribe However, there were certain followed many occupations tasks which were performed such as hunting, gathering, by both men and women, for farming, herding and fishing. example, cleaning of animals We find a distinct labour and milking, making pots, division among them. Women baskets, tools and huts, etc.

Chapter In the Earliest Cities 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. Scribes were people who 1. east 2. 4700 know how to write. 3. terracotta 4. black 5. Khadir Beyt 2. An engraved piece of metal used to stamp a design. True/False 3. A specialist is a person who 1. False 2. True 3. False is trained to do only one kind 4. False 5. True of work, for example, cutting Rapid-Fire Questions stone. 1. Great Bath 2. Dholavira 4. Because old buildings often 3. Lothal have a story to tell. 4. The rivers dried up 5. Kalibangan and Lothal. 5. Cotton 6. Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Puzzle Time 7. They built fire altars where 1. Specialist 2. Faience sacrifices may have been 3. Scribes 4. Lothal performed. 5. Dockyard SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. (a) two parts 1. (b) sheep, goat, buffalo 3. (a) bronze

12 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 4. (c) clay 8. There were people called rulers 5. (a) 7000 years ago who planned the construction 6. (c) Rajasthan of special buildings in the city. 7. (c) Mohenjodaro 9. The rulers sent people to 8. (c) plough distant lands to get metal, Match the following precious stones and other things that they wanted. (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 10. Beads and weights. (iv)—(b) Short Answer Type Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. People in the city of Harappa 1. 1400 2. Seals carried on three major 3. chert 4. finished professions— 5. wells 6. Khadir Beyt • Rulers — They planned 7. Lothal 8. mummies the construction of special 9. rulers buildings. True/False • Scribes — They prepared seals and wrote on other 1. True 2. False 3. True materials. 4. False 5. True 6. False • Craftspersons — They 7. False 8. False 9. True made all kinds of things 10. False 11. False either in their own homes Very Short Answer Type Questions or in special workshops. 2. The raw materials that the 1. The engineers found the site Harappans used were copper, of Harappa in present-day tin, gold, silver and precious Pakistan. stones. These raw materials 2. Harappan cities developed had to be brought from distant around 4700 years ago. places, for example, 3. Very often, old buildings are • Copper — Present-day pulled down to make way for Rajasthan and Oman in new construction. West Asia 4. Harappan cities were • Tin — Present-day Afghan- divided into two or more istan and Iran. parts. Usually the part to the • Gold — Present-day Kar- west was smaller but higher. nataka. Archaeologists describe this • Precious stones—Present as the citadel. day Gujarat, Iran and 5. Barley, wheat, rice, sesame, Afghanistan. mustard, etc. 3. Three features of the city of 6. Mohenjodaro. Dholavira— 7. • Many of the Harappan • Dholavira was located on cities had covered drains. Khadir Beyt in the Rann • Most houses in the cities of Kutch, where there was had a separate bathing area. fresh water and fertile soil.

Teacher’s Manual n 13 • The city was divided made of terrocotta and into three parts, and each faience. These were used to part was surrounded with spin thread. massive stone walls, with 8. The bricks were laid in an entrances through gateways. interlocking pattern. • There was also a large 9. Archaeologists have found open area in the settlement actual pieces of cloth attached where public ceremonies to the lid of a silver vase could be held. and some copper objects at 4. The countryside people Mohenjodaro. They have also (farmers & herders) were found spindle whorls, made of involved in various activities— terracotta and faience. These • They grew crops and reared were used to spin thread. animals. • They supplied food to Long Answer Type Questions craftspersons, scribes and 1. Metals, writing, the wheel rulers in the cities. and the plough played an • They grew wheat, barley, important role in the life of pulses, peas, rice, sesame, the Harappans. linseed and mustard. • They used metals like copper, 5. About eighty years ago, bronze, gold, silver etc. for archaeologists found the site different purposes. Copper of Harappa and realised that and bronze were used to this was one of the oldest make tools, weapons, cities in the subcontinent. ornaments and vessels. As this was the first city to Gold and silver were also be discovered, all other sites used to make ornaments from where similar buildings and vessels. and other things were found • There were scribes who were described as Harappan. knew how to write. They 6. The Harappan cities had helped prepare the seals covered drains. They were and perhaps wrote on other land out in straight lines. materials. Each drain had a gentle slope • The Harappans used the so that water could flow wheel in carts and pottery- through it. As the drains were making. covered, inspection holes • The plough was used to dig were provided at intervals to the earth for turning the clean them. soil and planting seeds. 7. Cotton was probably grown 2. • Houses in the city of at Mehrgarh from about 7000 Harappa were either one years ago. Actual pieces of or two storeyed high, cloth were found attached with rooms built around to the lid of a silver vase a courtyard. Most houses and some copper objects at had a separate bathing Mohenjodaro. Archaeologists area and some had wells to have found spindle whorls, supply water.

14 n Question Bank Social Science-VI • Drains were covered in mystery. In fact, scholars are many of the cities. They not sure why this happened. were laid out in straight Therefore they make guesses. lines. Each drain had a Some of them suggest that gentle slope so that water there was deforestation. This could flow through it. Very could have happened because often, drains in houses fuel was required for baking were connected to those bricks, and for smelting on the streets and smaller copper ores. Besides, grazing drains led into bigger by large herds of cattle, sheep ones. As the drains were and goat may have destroyed covered, inspection holes the green cover. Some others were provided at intervals suggest that the rivers dried to clean them. up. Some scholars’ opinion • Streets were also well is just opposite. They suggest planned. They were wide that some areas got flooded and straight. There was and caused the end of the proper arrangement for civilisation. light in all the streets. Scholars are not sure which 3. The decline of Harappan reasons acted as an agent of civilisation is no less than a destruction. Chapter What Books and Burials Tell Us 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. One of the oldest books in the 1. False 2. True 3. True world. 4. False 5. True 2. Yes. Rapid-Fire Questions 3. By sages or rishis. 1. Megaliths 2. Sukta 4. Agni, Indra and Soma. 3. a warrior god 5. The people who composed 4. Soma is a plant from which a hymns. special drink was prepared. 6. They were opponents of Aryas 5. Sages 6. Vishwamitra and did not perform sacrifices. 7. Food and water. 7. Beas and Sutlej. Puzzle Time Fill in the Blanks 1. Inamgaon 2. Megalith 1. vish 2. vish 3. Rigveda 4. Agni 3. big stones 4. Ghod 5. Hymn

Teacher’s Manual n 15 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 9. In China, writings were done 1. (d) Brahmagiri on animal bones which are called oracle bones. They were 2. (b) Bhima called so because they were 3. (a) physician used to predict the future. 4. (a) Austro-Asiatic family Short Answer Type Questions 5. (b) farming and animal 1. Archaeologists have found rearing more objects in one grave Match the following than in another. At Brahmagiri burial site they have found (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) one skeleton buried with (iv)—(d) (v)—(b) 33 gold beads, two stone Fill in the Blanks beads, four copper bangles and one conch shell. Other 1. work 2. burial skeletons have only a few 3. surface; underground pots. These finds suggest that 4. status 5. medicine there was some difference in True/False status amongst the people who were buried. Some were 1. True 2. True 3. False rich, others poor, some chiefs, 4. False 5. False 6. True other followers. Very Short Answer Type Questions 2. Those who make skeletal studies, take help from the 1. People discussed matters of size of the skeleton. If its size war and peace at assemblies. is small, they become sure that 2. There are four Vedas — the skeleton is of a child. But the Rigveda, Samaveda, they find no major differences Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. in the bones of a girl and boy. 3. Ghee, grain and animals. In the same way, it is also 4. One was the word jana and the difficult to make out whether other was vish. a skeleton was that of a man or 5. Aryas called their opponents a woman. Sometimes, people Dasas or Dasyus. decide on the basis of what is 6. Digging pits in the earth and found with the skeleton. For transporting stones. instance, if a skeleton is found 7. They think that objects found with jewellery, it is sometimes with a skeleton probably thought to be that of a woman. belonged to the dead person. However, there are problems 8. These indicate that people, with this. Often, men also perhaps belonging to the wore ornaments. same family, were buried in A better way of figuring out the same place though not at the sex of skeleton is to look the same time.

16 n Question Bank Social Science-VI at the bone structure. The hip (v) in terms of the communities or the pelvic area of women they belong to is generally larger to enable Some of the words to describe child bearing. people in the Rigvedic times 3. Archaeologists have found are —priests, brahmins, rajas, some megaliths containing jana, vish, etc. more than one skeleton. These 6. (i) It is a page from a manuscript indicate that people perhaps of the Rigveda. belonging to the same family, (ii) It was found in Kashmir. were buried in the same (iii) It is now preserved in a library in Pune, place though not at the same Maharashtra. time. The bodies of those 7. Charaka was a famous who died later were brought physician who lived about into the grave through the 2000 years ago. He wrote a portholes. Stone circles or book on medicine known as boulders placed on the surface the Charaka Samhita. There he probably served as signpots states that the human body to find the burial site, so that has 360 bones. This is a much people could return to the larger number than the 200 same place whenever they bones that are recongised in wanted to. modern anatomy. Charaka 4. The main difference was that arrived at this figure by of the status they availed in counting the teeth, joints and the society. Usually, ‘raja’ cartilage. enjoyed one of the highest Long Answer Type Questions civil positions. They were the 1. Brahmagiri and Adicharrallur kings of the community. On are important megalithic sites. the other hand, ‘dasas/dasis’ Some megalithic burials have were at the lowest rung in been found on the surface the society. They were, infact, while some others are often slaves and were treated as underground. Sometimes the property of their owners. archaeologists find a circle They were used for work. of stone boulders or a single 5. There are several ways of large stone standing on the describing people— ground. These are indications (i) in terms of the work they that there are burials beneath. do All these burials have some (ii) in terms of the language common features. Generally, they speak the dead were buried with (iii) in terms of the place they distinctive pots, which are belong to called . (iv) in terms of the family they Archaeologists have also belong to found tools and weapons

Teacher’s Manual n 17 of iron and sometimes, as their opponents. skeletons of horses, horse • Dasas/dasyus, who later equipment and ornaments came to be known as slaves of stone and gold. were captured in war. 2. In the Rigveda, we find the They were treated as the description of two groups of property of their owners. people in terms of their work: They were used for work. • The priests, sometimes 3. Among the four Vedas, the called brahmins, performed Rigveda is the oldest one. It various rituals. was composed about 3500 • Then there were rajas. years ago. It includes more These rajas had their own than a thousand hymns. limitations. They didn’t These hymns are in praise of have capital cities, palaces various gods and goddesses or armies, nor did they and were composed by sages collect taxes. Generally, i.e. rishis. There were priests sons did not automatically to teach students to recite and succeed fathers as rajas. memorise each syllable, word, • Then came the common and sentence, bit by bit, with people of the society. There great care. Most of the hymns were two words to describe were composed, taught and them. One was the word learnt by men, while a few jana , and the other was vish. were composed by women. • Then there were Aryas The Rigveda is written in who called themselves the old or Vedic Sanskrit, which composers of the hymns. is different from today’s They regarded dasas/dasyus Sanskrit. Chapter Kingdoms, Kings and an Early 6 Republic

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 6. Magadha 1. Horse sacrifice Fill in the Blanks 2. By rajas 1. Vajji 2. 1/6th 3. The land where the jana set its 3. Chaityas 4. Gana foot, and settled down. 5. Buddhist 4. Women and Shudras 5. Usually, the tax was fixed at True/False 1/6th of what was produced. 1. False 2. True 3. True This was known as bhaga or 4. False 5. False share.

18 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Rapid-Fire Questions Puzzle Time 1. Women and Shudras AMVAISHALIBBVE 2. Painted grey ware NCHCGWVAISHYAS IHKXVMACFUMAJT 3. Hastinapur and Kausambi MAJATASATTULJG 4. Herders OIZEAGSHNCGQIK YTLHJAADBWPKSV 5. (i) Bimbisara GYZPDDKXQFLDOS (ii) Agatasattu PAPYHHAIROJUIS 6. Alexander FSDEQARPUTTNRU DEMOCRACYMUXXJ 7. Digha Nikaya AREQWZCYVRBWRS SANGHASRITUALT

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. The rajas’ relatives, especially 1. (a) priest his wives and sons, had to perform a variety of minor 2. (d) The Shudra rituals. 3. (d) all of the above 3. They sit and watched the 4. (a) horse performance of the sacrifice. 5. (d) Delhi 4. All the invited people were 6. (a) Arthashastra expected to bring gifts. The 7. (b) script ordinary people, the vish or 8. (a) Chandragupta vaishyas also brought gifts for the raja. Match the following 5. Kammakaras were landless (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) agricultural labourers. (iv)—(c) (v)—(f) (vi)—(d) 6. About 2500 years ago, some became Fill in the Blanks more important than others 1. Alexander 2. Vaishyas and came to be known as 3. Raja 4. taxes . 5. forest 6. Kalinga 7. Punch-marked coins were 7. government used to make some payments 8. Brahmi 9. paddy to soldiers. 8. Craftspersons paid their taxes True/False in the form of labour. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True Short Answer Type Questions 7. False 8. True 9. False 1. Archaeologists have excavated a number of settlements in Very Short Answer Type Questions different janapadas. They 1. Around 3000 years ago, some found that people lived in men began performing very huts and kept cattle as well big sacrifices to become rajas. as other animals. They also

Teacher’s Manual n 19 grew a variety of crops, serve the other three groups such as rice, wheat, barley, i.e. brahmins, kshatriyas and pulses, sugarcane, sesame vaishyas. They also could not and mustard. Several earthen perform any rituals. Both pots have been found in these women and shudras were settlements. Some of these not allowed to study the were grey in colour, others Vedas. The priests thought were red. One special type of that contact with shudras was pottery has also been found polluting. and is known as Painted Grey 5. The rulers of the mahajanapadas Ware. needed huge resources for 2. Many rives such as the Ganga and Son flowed through building huge forts and Magadha. This was important maintaining big armies. for transport, water supplies Hence, they could not depend and making the land fertile. solely on gifts brought Parts of Magadha were occasionally by people. forested in which elephants Hence, they started collecting lived. These elephants were regular taxes by employing captured and trained for the officials for this purpose. army. Forests also provided 6. People opposed the varna wood for building houses, system because it was based carts and chariots. Besides, on social differences. They there were iron ore mines felt that birth could not be a in the region that could be basis for deciding which varna tapped to make strong tools people belonged to. They also and weapons. felt that there should be no 3. The form of government in differences amongst people Vajji was known as gana or based on occupation. They . also condemned the practice There were many rulers in a gana or sangha. Each of untouchability. ruler was known as a raja. 7. Alexander was a ruler of These rajas performed rituals Macedonia in Europe about together. They also met in more than 2300 years ago. He assemblies, and decided was an ambitious ruler who what had to be done and wanted to conquer parts of how, through discussion Egypt and West Asia. Then and debate. Women, dasas he reached up to the banks and kammaharas were not of the Beas in the Indian allowed to participate in these subcontinent. He ordered assemblies. his soldiers to march further 4. The shudras and women eastwards but was refused. In of the society did not avail fact, his soldiers were scared good position. Shudras had to of the Indian rulers.

20 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Long Answer Type Questions This was known as bhaga 1. The ashvamedha yajna was or a share. performed by the raja of the (ii) There were taxes on . It was ritual in craftspersons. They which a horse was let loose paid taxes in the form of to wander freely and it was labour. (iii) Herders paid taxes in guarded by the raja’s men. the form of animals and If the horse wandered into animal produce. the kingdoms of other rajas (iv) There were also taxes on and they stopped it, they had goods that were bought to fight. If they allowed the and sold, through trade. horse to pass, it meant that (v) Hunters and gatherers they accepted that the raja provided forest produce who wanted to perform the to the raja. sacrifice was stronger than 3. The four categories of the them. These rajas were then varna system were brahmins, invited to perform sacrifice. kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudras. Each category was assigned to The raja who organised the a different set of functions: sacrifice was recognised as (i) Brahmins were expected being very powerful. He was a to study and teach the central figure in these rituals. Vedas, perform sacrifices His relatives had to perform and receive gifts. a variety of minor rituals. The (ii) In the second place were priests performed the rituals the rulers, also called including the sprinkling of kshatriyas. They were sacred water on the king. expected to fight battles The other rajas watched the and protect people. performance of the sacrifice. (iii) Third were the vaishyas They brought gifts for the raja. who were expected to They ordinary people except be farmers, herders, and shudras also brought gifts. traders. 2. (i) Taxes on crops were the (iv) The shudras were at the most important. Usually, last rung of ladder. They the tax was fixed at 1/6th were expected to serve of what was produced. the other three groups. Chapter New Questions and Ideas 7 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Upanishad literally means 1. It is a language of ordinary ‘approaching and sitting near’. people. 3. Brahmins.

Teacher’s Manual n 21 4. Brahmacharya 3. Siddhartha 4. Jainas 5. An Iranian prophet 5. Vinay Pitaka 6. An association of those who left their homes. Puzzle Time 7. Men and women who joined EORDINARYQB the sangha and begged for JCHKRDQHBAI food. MFRJPRAKRIT Fill in the Blanks PUPANISHADF 1. traders 2. orally GNDIJLINHYL 3. brahmins 4. Jaina WTXNSEATMAN 5. suffering KBSANGHAISP True/False AOWSUMACNXB 1. F 2. T 3. T UFSDBZHAGYV 4. T 5. T KSHATRIYATC MAZDHVMGCYO Rapid-Fire Questions QFRJEGSKHEI 1. Sakya gana 2. JSAKYAAITKL

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions the Buddha first taught his 1. (c) husband message. 2. (a) Sarnath 3. The Buddha believed that the 3. (a) peeple tree results of our actions or karma, 4. (c) thirty whether good or bad, affect us 5. (b) merchants both in this life and the next. 4. Kisagotami’s son had died but Match the following she was not ready to accept (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) the truth. The Buddha tried (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) to teach her to accept death as it is inevitable. It comes in Fill in the Blanks everyone’s life. 1. Sangha 2. orally 5. Jabali was the slave women. 3. Prakrit 4. She was the mother of 5. Zoroastrianism Satyakama Jabala who True/False became one of the best known thinkers of the time. 1. False 2. True 3. True 6. Panini was a famous 4. True 5. False grammarian. He prepared a Very Short Answer Type Questions grammar for Sanskrit. 7. taught his message 1. ’s childhood in the Prakrit language which name was Siddhartha. ordinary people knew very 2. A was built at Sarnath well. to mark the place where

22 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 8. Valabhi is in Gujarat. The know why sacrifices should teachings of Mahavira were be performed. Many of written down in the form these thinkers felt that there in which they are presently was something permanent available at this place. in the universe that would 9. When the supporters of last even after death. They monks and nuns and they described this as the atman themselves felt the need for or the individual soul and permanent shelters, they built the brahman or the universal monasteries, which were soul. They believed that known as viharas. ultimately, both the atman 10. Some Zoroastrians migrated and the brahman were one. from Iran and settled down 3. The followers of Mahavira in the coastal town of Gujarat were called Jainas. They had and Maharashtra. They were to lead a very simple lives. the ancestors of today’s Parsis They begged for food. They in India. had to be absolutely honest, Short Answer Type Questions and were especially asked not to steal. Besides, they had 1. The Buddha taught that life is to observe celibacy which full of suffering and troubles. means they were not expected This is caused because we to marry. Men had to give up have cravings and desires everything, including their which often cannot be clothes. fulfilled. Sometimes, even 4. Buddha’s childhood name if we get what we want, we was Sidharatha. He was are never satisfied, and want born in a royal family. He even more than what we was kshatriya and belonged have already achieved. This to the Sakya gana. When he goes on without a stop. The was a young man, he left Buddha described this as the comforts of royalty and thirst or tanha. He taught that wandered for several years this constant craving could in search of knowledge. only be removed by following moderation in everything. The During this period he met Buddha also taught people to and held discussions with be kind to all living beings. other thinkers. He finally One should be careful about decided to find his own path his actions because they affect to realisation, and meditated him both in this life and the for days on end under a peepal next. tree at Bodh Gaya in . He 2. Upanishadic thinkers tried attained enlightenment there to find answer to difficult and came to be known as the questions. Some of them Buddha or the wise one. He wanted to know about life then went to Sarnath, near after death. Others wanted to , where he taught for

Teacher’s Manual n 23 the first time. He spent the rest the Avesta and are very of his life teaching people who similar to those of the Vedas. met him on the way. Zoroaster gave emphasis on 5. Over hundreds of years, good thoughts, good words spread to different and good deeds because only parts of north India, and to these qualities could create Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and peace and tranquillity around Karnataka. The teachings of us. Mahavira and his followers 9. (i) The Buddha, after attaining were transmitted orally for enlightenment, spent his life several centuries. Although travelling on foot, going Jainism followed very strict from place to place, rules, thousands left their teaching people. homes to learn and teach this (ii) He used the language new way of life. of the ordinary people 6. Those who could join the sangha i.e. Prakrit to spread his were brahmins, kshatriyas, message. merchants, labourers, barbers, Long Answer Type Questions courtesans and slaves. Men and women who joined 1. Vardhamana Mahavira was the sangha led simple lives. a Kshatriya prince of the They meditated for most of Lichchhavis, a group that the time, and went to cities was part of the Vajji Sangha. and villages to beg for food He left home at the age of during fixed hours. They thirty and went to live in a taught others, and helped forest. There he led a hard one another. They also held and lonely life for twelve meetings to settle any quarrels years and at the end attained that took place within the enlightenment. His teachings sangha. are given below: 7. Slaves could join the sangha, (i) He asked people that if no doubt, but they had to they wanted to know take the permission of their masters. This condition must the truth they must leave have posed problems before their homes. the slaves. It all depended on (ii) He taught people to their master’s goodness. If follow very strictly the they gave permission to their rules of ahimsa, which slaves out of their goodness, means not hurting or it was easy for them (slaves) killing living beings. to join the sangha, otherwise He said that all beings it was a difficult affair. long to live. Hence, they 8. Zoroaster was an Iranian should not be killed. Prophet. His teachings are (iii) He also taught people to contained in a book called lead very simple lives.

24 n Question Bank Social Science-VI They should renounce 3. List of five ideas and everything, including questions— their clothes. (i) Life is full of sufferings (iv) People should lead a life and unhappiness. This is of honesty. They must caused because we have not steal. endless desires which 2. The system of ashramas was often cannot be fulfilled. developed by brahmins. Here, Sometimes, even if we the word ashrama did not get what we want, we mean a place where people are not satisfied. We start lived and meditate. Instead wishing for more. (ii) The results of our actions it was used for a stage of life. i.e. karma, whether good The brahmins recognised four of bad, affect us both in ashramas— this life and the next. (i) Brahmacharya (iii) Some Upanishadic thinkers (ii) Grihastha wanted to know why (iii) Vanaprastha sacrifices should be (iv) Samnyasa performed. Many of the (i) Brahmacharya: Brahmin, thinkers felt that there was kshatriya and vaishya something permanent in men were expected to the universe that would lead simple lives and last even after death. study the vedas during (iv) We must follow very the early years of their strictly the rules of ahimsa, life. This stage of life was which means not hurting known as brahmacharya. or killing living beings. (ii) Grihastha: After brahma- (v) We should be absolutely charya they entered into honest and should not the stage of grihastha indulge in stealing. The ideas and questions ashrama. In this stage mentioned above are very they got married and relevant even today. All of had children. They lived us are materialistic. We are as householders. never satisfied with what (iii) Vanaprastha: In this we have and wish for more. stage they left their This is the reason of our homes and came to the sufferings. Next, ahimsa is forest to meditate. very much relevant today. (iv) Samnyasa: It was the There is war like situation in last stage of life in which several parts of the world. People are indulged in killing they were expected to one another. This should renounce the world and be stopped to bring peace become samnyasins. around us.

Teacher’s Manual n 25 Chapter Ashoka, the Emperor Who 8 Gave up War

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 5. Kalinga 1. A very big kingdom. True/False When members of the same 2. 1. T 2. T 3. T family become rulers one after another, the family is often 4. F 5. F called a dynasty. Rapid-Fire Questions 3. Chandragupta, Bindusara and 1. Sarnath Ashoka 2. Son of Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta Maurya 4. and second ruler of the 5. or Kautilya Mauryan dynasty 6. Chanakya 3. Kandahar 7. Sarnath and Rampurva. 4. Gold and previous stones 8. An ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta 5. Pataliputra by the Greek ruler of west 6. Brahmi Asia named Seleucus Nicator. 7. It is a finely polished stone 9. Officials appointed by sculpture. Ashoka to teach people about 8. To see peace on the earth. dhamma. Puzzle Time 10. Kalinga war. Across Down Fill in the Blanks 1. Kalinga 1. Tax 1. Kautilya 2. languages 2. Dynasty 2. Prakrit 3. regular 3. Pataliputra 3. Brahmi 4. Prakrit; Brahmi 4. Empire 4. Sarnath SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (b) Brahmi script 1. Brahmi 2. 2. (c) Coastal Orissa 3. medical 4. Kalinga; peace 3. (a) gold and precious stone 5. Arthashastra 4. (a) Buddha True/False 5. (b) Bindusara 1. True 2. False 3. False Match the following 4. True 5. False (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(e) Very Short Answer Type Questions (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) 1. It was the money or things given by one country or ruler

26 n Question Bank Social Science-VI to another, especially in return • Officials collected taxes for protection or for not being from farmers, herders, attacked. traders and craftspersons. 2. We can get Chanakya’s ideas Forest people gathered by reading this book. forest produce and hunted 3. He was an ambassador who animals for food. was sent to the court of 2. Ashoka wanted to conquer Chandragupta by the Greek Kalinga. He fought a war ruler of West Asia named for it. However, he was so Seleucus Nicator. horrified when he saw the 4. Taxila and . violence and bloodshed that 5. Taxila was one of the cities in he decided not to fight any the Mauryan empire. It was more wars. Since he gave up gateway to the northwest, conquest after winning a war, including Central Asia. he is undoubtedly a unique 6. The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control ruler. There is no ruler in the of the Mauryan emperor. history of the world who can 7. Officials were appointed to be matched with him. collect taxes from farmers, 3. Ashoka was a very sensible herders, craftspersons and and compassionate ruler. traders. He was troubled to see the 8. There were spies to keep problems that had taken root a watch on the Mauryan in his empire. These problems officials. were— 9. Forest people provided a (i) People in the empire variety of things such as followed different religions elephants, timber, honey and and this sometimes led to wax to the Mauryan officials. conflict. 10. They went from place to (ii) Animals were sacrificed. place teaching people about (iii) Slaves and servants were Ashoka’s dhamma. ill-treated. Short Answer Type Questions (iv) There were quarrels in families and amongst 1. • Pataliputra, Taxila and neighbours. Ujjain. 4. (i) Ashoka adopted various • Merchants, officials and means to spread the craftspersons probably message of dhamma. lived in these cities. In other He appointed dhamma areas of the empire there mahamattas who went from were villages of farmers place to place teaching and herders. In some areas people about dhamma. such as central India, there (ii) He got his messages were forest people. inscribed on rocks and • Craftspersons were engaged pillars, instructing his in craft work. officials to read his

Teacher’s Manual n 27 message to the illiterate larger number of officials who people. collect taxes. (iii) He sent messengers 9. The Mauryan emperors tried to spread ideas about to control roads and rivers dhamma to other lands because they were important like Syria, Egypt, Greece for transport, and to collect and . whatever resources were 5. This is what Megasthenes available as tax and tribute. wrote about Pataliputra; 10. Ashoka was undoubtedly a modern Patna— good human being. “This is a large and beautiful (i) He treated his subjects as city. It is surrounded by a his own children and took massive wall. It has 570 towers good care of them. and 64 gates”. (ii) He did several welfare The houses are of two and works for the people of his three storeys. They are built kingdom. For example, he of wood and mud brick. The dug wells, built roads king’s palace is decorated and rest houses. He also with stone carvings. It is arranged for medical surrounded with gardens and treatment for both human enclosures for keeping birds. beings and animals. 6. Pandit Nehru cherished high 11. Ashoka instructed his officials opinion about Ashoka and his to read his message inscribed edicts. He wrote that his edicts on rocks and pillars to all or instructions still speak to those people who could not them in a language they can read it themselves. understand and they can still 12. Ashoka appointed messengers learn much from them. and sent them to other lands 7. Emperors in China built the such as Syria, Egypt, Greece Great Wall about 2400 years and Sri Lanka to spread his ago to protect the northern ideas about dhamma. frontier of the empire from pastoral people. Long Answer Type Questions Some of its features are— 1. Some parts of Ashoka’s (i) The wall is about 6400 message are relevant even km long and is made of today. These parts are— stone and brick with a (i) Being gentle with slaves road along the top. and servants. (ii) There are watch towers (ii) Respecting one’s elders. all along, at distances of (iii) Treating all creatures about 100-200 m. with compassion. 8. Emperors need more resources (iv) It is both wrong to praise than kings because empires one’s own religion or are larger than kingdoms, criticise another’s. and need to be protected (v) Each one should respect by big armies. They need the other’s religion.

28 n Question Bank Social Science-VI (vi) If one praises one’s own family and senior ministers. religion while criticising There were other provinces another’s, one is actually which were ruled from doing greater harm to provincial capitals. Royal one’s religion. princes were often sent as (vii) One should try to under- governors to these provinces. stand the main ideas of 3. The war that Ashoka fought another’s religion, and to conquer Kalinga entirely respect it. 2. The Mauryan empire was transformed his life. About a very large. Hence, different lakh and a half people were parts were ruled differently. captured and more than a The area around Pataliputra lakh of people were killed. was under the direct control The violence and bloodshed of the emperor. There were filled Ashoka with sorrow. several officials to collect He became sad and decided to taxes from farmers, herders, observe dhamma and to teach craftspersons and traders. others about it as well. He These officials also punished believed that winning people those who disobeyed the over through dhamma was ruler’s orders. Many of these much better than conquering officials were given salaries. them through force. He got There were several spies his message inscribed for the who kept a watch on these future, so that his son and officials. And the emperor grandson after him should not supervised them all with the think about war. help of members of the royal 4. See Long Answer No.2. Chapter Vital Villages, Thriving Towns 9 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions emperors, who ruled about 1. A system of drainage 2000 years ago. 2. Association 10. Silver or copper. 3. Big landowners, ordinary Fill in the Blanks ploughmen, and landless 1. Mathura labourers. 2. punch-marked 4. Large landowners 3. grihapatis 5. Gramabhojaka 4. 2300 5. Uzhavar 6. Madhya Pradesh True/False 7. Barygaza 8. Pondicherry 9. One of the most important 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F

Teacher’s Manual n 29 Rapid-Fire Questions 4. Shrenis 5. Jatakas 1. Mathura 6. Weaving 7. Glassware 2. channels to supply water SIVCIYUAKJQVD 3. Sangam literature WNPTRJQKODSQR 4. Sickle or tongs or axe EZQYRBIUTQSNT 5. Independent farmers AMPHITHEATHES 6. It is usually black in colour, VSAUGUSTUSRPF and has a fine sheen. IHGLASSWAREXH NHSOTGXXEENSY Puzzle Time GRWGIRQLOCIMU 1. Amphitheatres TERNONBFOMSNQ 2. Irrigation 3. Augustus AITZNJATAKASI SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions known as Sangam literature. 1. (d) drainage 2. Jataka stories were composed 2. (a) silver by ordinary people and then 3. (c) religious centre written down and preserved 4. (b) craftspersons by Buddhist monks. 5. (a) gramabhojaka 3. A massive brick structure, 6. (a) ordinary people pottery such as amphorae and 7. (b) vellalar stamped red-glazed pottery, 8. (b) Bharuch glassware, Roman lamps and 9. (c) Grihapati gems. 10. (a) uzhavar 4. Wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, Match the following topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins. (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(e) 5. Around 2000 years ago (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) Mathura became the second Fill in the Blanks capital of the Kushanas. 6. Farmers and herders from 1. Vellalar 2. slaves adjoining areas provided food 3. punch 4. Krishna for people living in Mathura. 5. Buddhist 6. Kushanas 7. Goldsmiths, blacksmiths, 7. Kadaisiyar 8. mahajanapadas weavers, basket makers, True/False garland and perfume-makers 1. False 2. True 3. True lived in Mathura. 4. False 5. True 6. True 8. Madurai was the cloth 7. False 8. False manufacturing centre in the south. Very Short Answer Type Questions 9. Shrenis of merchants organised 1. Some of the earliest works in the trade. Tamil were composed around 10. Amphorae was a tall double- handled jar that contained 2300 years ago. These were liquids such as wine or oil.

30 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Short Answer Type Questions 5. A variety of people lived in the 1. The gramabhojaka was the villages in the northern part of village headman whose the — post was hereditary. He was (i) Gramabhojaka — He was the often the largest landowner. village headman whose Generally, he had slaves and post was hereditary. He hired workers to cultivate the was often the largest land. He was very powerful landowner. He was very because the king often used powerful. He collected him to collect taxes from the taxes from the village. villages. He also functioned He also functioned as a as a judge and sometimes as judge and sometimes as a policeman. a policeman. 2. Around 2500 years ago, there (ii) Grihapati — He was is evidence for the growing use independent farmer as of iron tools. These included well as smaller landowner. axes for clearing forests, and (iii) Dasa Karmakara — The men the iron ploughshare which and women belonging to was very useful for increasing this group did not own agricultural production. land. They had to earn 3. The three different kinds of a living working on the people living in the villages in fields owned by others. the southern part of the Indian 6. • The imports into Barygaza subcontinent were— were wine, copper, tin, (i) Vellalar — They were large lead, coral, topaz, cloth, land owners. gold and silver coins. (ii) Uzhavar —They were • The exports from the town ordinary ploughmen. included plants from the (iii) Kadaisiyar and adimai —They Himalayas, ivory, agate, were landless labourers, carnelian, cotton, silk and including slaves. perfumes. 4. Shrenis were associations of 7. (i) Mathura was located at the craftspersons and merchants: cross-roads of two major (i) Shrenis of craftspersons routes of travel and trade provided training, — from the northwest to procured raw material and distributed the the east and from north to finished products. south. (ii) Shrenis of merchants (ii) There were fortifications organised the trade. around the city and several (iii) Shrenis also served as shrines. banks, where rich men (iii) Mathura was also a centre and women deposited where some extremely fine money. sculpture was produced.

Teacher’s Manual n 31 8. Archaeologists have found a 2. See Short Answer No.7. variety of things at the site of Some more points: Arikamedu. (i) Around 2000 years ago (i) A massive brick structure, Mathura became the which may have been a second capital of the warehouse, was found at Kushanas. this site. (ii) Mathura was also a (ii) Other finds include pottery religious centre. There were from the Mediterranean Buddhist monasteries, region, such as amphorae Jaina shrines, and it was an and stamped red-glazed important centre for the pottery, known as Arretine worship of Lord Krishna. Ware. 3. Spinning and weaving were (iii) Roman lamps, glassware done mostly by women folk. and gems have also been The rules established for this found at the site. were— Long Answer Type Questions (i) Women employed in 1. (i) Jataka stories that were these occupations should probably composed by be paid according to the ordinary people and quality and quantity of then written down and work. preserved by Buddhist (ii) Women who were not monks provide us ample permitted to leave their knowledge about the homes could send maid early cities. servants to bring the (ii) Sculptors carved scenes raw material from the depicting peoples’ lives superintendent and take in towns and villages; as the finished work back to well as in the forest. him. (iii) In many cities, archaeolo- (iii) Women who could visit gists have found rows of the workshop should pots, or ceramic rings go at dawn to give their arranged one on top work and receive their of the other. These are wages. There should be known as ring wells. enough light to examine These seem to have the work. been used as toilets or (iv) If a woman did not drains. These ring wells complete her work, she are usually found in would have to pay a fine, individual houses. and her thumbs could be (iv) The accounts of sailors cut off. and travellers who 4. Several inscriptions on visited the early cities surfaces such as stone slabs also provide us ample and statues have been found knowledge about them.

32 n Question Bank Social Science-VI in Mathura. Generally, associations known as Shrenis. these are short inscriptions, These Shrenis of craftspersons recording gifts made by men provided training, procured and women to monasteries raw material and distributed and shrines. These were made the finished products. Then by kings and queens, officers, the Shrenis of merchants merchants and craftspersons organised the trade. Shrenis who lived in the city. For also served as banks. instance, inscriptions from 6. Rome was the capital of one Mathura mention goldsmiths, of the largest empires — one blacksmiths, weavers, basket that spread across Europe, makers, garland makers, North Africa and West Asia. perfumers. Augustus, one of the most 5. The archaeological evidence important emperors, who for crafts include extremely ruled about 2000 years ago, fine pottery, known as the said that he found Rome a Northern Black Polished city of brick, and made it Ware. It is usually black in into a city of marble. He and colour, and has a fine sheen. later rulers, built temples and Archaeological evidence for palaces. many crafts may not have They also built huge survived. We know from the amphitheatres — open arenas text that the manufacture of surrounded by tiers of seats cloth was important. There — where citizens could watch were famous centres such all kinds of shows, and public as Varanasi in the north baths where people met and and Madurai in the south. relaxed. Huge aqueducts were There are also archaeological built to bring water to the city evidence for craftspersons and for the baths, fountains and merchants who now formed toilets. Chapter Traders, Kings and Pilgrims 10 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 6. Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni 1. They travelled from one place 7. Gautami Balashri to another and sold many 8. the route leading to the south different items. 9. A highly valued fabric 2. Pepper 10. Mathura and Taxila. 3. An important port on the east Fill in the Blanks coast 1. 4. Madurai 2. Kanishka 3. 5. Sutavahanas 4. Buddhist 5. Buddhist

Teacher’s Manual n 33 True/False 5. Most famous Kushana ruler 1. T 2. T 3. T 6. A sacred book of the Hindus 4. T 5. F 7. Bethlehem Rapid-Fire Questions Puzzle Time 1. 2. Ashvaghosha Across Down 3. Sanskrit 1. Pilgrims 1. Monastery 4. Men and women who 2. Gold 2. undertake journeys to holy 3. Appar 3. Peepal places in order to offer 4. FaXian 4. Silk worship. 5. Kushanas 5. Dynasty SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. China 1. (c) Thailand 6. The paths through which 2. (a) pepper some people carried silk with 3. (a) Madurai them came to be known as the 4. (d) western India Silk Route. 5. (b) Kushana ruler 7. Rulers and rich people in Rome wore silk about 2000 Match the following years ago. (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(b) 8. Peshawar and Mathura were (iv)—(a) (v)—(d) the two major centres of power of the Kushanas. Fill in the Blanks 9. We know about Gautamiputra 1. Tamil 2. Bodhisattvas Shri Satakarni from an 3. Pilgrims 4. dangers inscription composed by his 5. Nalanda 6. Bhakti mother, Gautami, Balashri.

True/False 10. The monsoon winds helped the sailors to cross the sea in 1. False 2. False 3. True less time. 4. True 5. True Short Answer Type Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The three ruling families that 1. They were rulers who ruled became powerful in south over central Asia and north- India around 2300 years ago west India around 2000 years were — the Cholas, Cheras, ago. and Pandyas. 2. Pilgrims are men and women Each of the three chiefs had who undertake journeys to two centres of power — one holy places in order to offer inland, and other on the coast. worship. Of these six cities, two were 3. Bhakti is a person’s devotion to his/her chosen deity. very important— 4. Theravada is the older form of • Puhar or Kaveripattinam — . It was the port of the Cholas.

34 n Question Bank Social Science-VI • Madurai — It was the capital so called ‘high’ or ‘low’ of the Pandyas. castes, man or woman, 2. Kings wanted to control the could follow the path of Silk Route because they could Bhakti. benefit from taxes, tributes (ii) Bhakti did not involve the and gifts that were brought performance of elaborate by traders travelling along sacrifices. Those who the route. In return, they followed the system often protected the traders of Bhakti emphasised who passed through their devotion and individual kingdoms from attacks by worship of a god or robbers. goddess. 3. The Chinese pilgrims like Fa 6. The dynasty that became Xian, Xuan Zang and I-Qing powerful in western India came to India to visit places around 2100 years ago was the associated with the life of dynasty of the Satavahanas. the Buddha — as well as The most important famous monasteries. Xuan ruler of this dynasty was Zang carried back with him Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni. statues of the Buddha made of He and other Satavahana gold, silver and sandalwood. rulers were known as lords of 4. Techniques of making silk the dakshinapatha which was were first invented in China used as a name for the entire around 7000 years ago. The southern region. He sent his methods remained a closely army to the eastern, western guarded secret for thousands and southern coasts. of years. Meanwhile, some 7. Instead of collecting regular people from China went taxes, the chiefs demanded to distant lands on foot, and received gifts from the horseback, and on camels. people. They also went on These people carried silk with military expeditions, and them. collected tribute from Sometimes, Chinese rulers neighbouring areas. They sent gifts of silk to rulers in kept some of the wealth and Iran and west Asia, and from there, the knowledge of silk distributed the rest amongst spread further west. In this their supporters. way, people came to know 8. Mahayana Buddhism was a about silk. new form of Buddhism. This 5. Ordinary people were had two distinct features— attracted to Bhakti due to the (i) Earlier, the Buddha’s following reasons: presence was shown in (i) Anybody, whether rich sculpture by using certain or poor, belonging to the signs. Now, statues of

Teacher’s Manual n 35 the Buddha were made. (ii) Anybody, whether rich Many of these were made or poor, belonging to the in Mathura, while others so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ were made in Taxila. castes, man or woman, (ii) The second change was could follow the path of a belief in Bodhisattvas. Bhakti. These were persons (iii) Those who followed the system of Bhakti who had attained emphasised devotion enlightenment, they and individual worship could live in complete of god or goddess, rather isolation and meditate in than the performance of peace. However, instead elaborate sacrifices. of doing that, they (iv) There was a belief that remained in the world if a devotee worships to teach and help other the chosen deity with a people. pure heart, the deity will 9. Nalanda (Bihar) was a unique appear in the form in centre of Buddhist learning which he/she may desire. in India. The teachers were So, the deity could be men of the highest ability thought of as a human and talent. They followed being, lion tree or any other form. This belief the teachings of the Buddha paved the way for the in all sincerity. The rulers artists who began to of the monastery were strict make beautiful images and everyone had to follow of these deities. them. Discussions were held (v) Bhakti inspired some of throughout the day, and the the best expressions in art old and the young mutually which included sculpture helped one another. Learned and architecture. men from different cities came 2. See Short Answer No.8 for the there to settle their doubts. first part of the Question. 10. See Short Answer No.8 The answer of second part is given below— Long Answer Type Questions The worship of Bodhisattvas 1. The beginning of Bhakti is an became popular and spread important phenomenon that throughout central Asia, took place in this period. Its China and later to Japan and main features are— Korea. (i) Deities like Shiva, Buddhism also spread to Vishnu, Durga began to western and southern India, be worshipped. These where dozens of caves were deities were worshipped hollowed out of hills for through Bhakti. monks to live in.

36 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Buddhism also spread south opine that traders may eastwards, to Sri Lanka, have carried them from Myanmar, Thailand, and parts the places where they of South east Asia including were made, to sell them Indonesia. at other places. 3. About 2000 years ago, (ii) South India was famous Christianity emerged in West for gold, spices and Asia. precious stones. The Jesus Christ’s teachings traders carried many included the following— of these goods to Rome (i) He (Jesus Christ) was the in ships, across the sea Saviour of the world. and by land in caravans. (ii) He taught people to There must have been treat others with live and quite a lot of trade as trust others, just as they many Roman gold coins themselves wanted to be have been found in South treated. India. (iii) He called the merciful (iii) Traders explored several blessed for they would sea routes. Some of these obtain mercy. followed the coasts. There (iv) He taught people to be were others across the peace-loving. Christ’s Arabian Sea and the Bay teachings appealed to of Bengal, where sailors ordinary people and took advantage of the spread through West monsoon winds to cross Asia, Africa and Europe. the seas more quickly. So, 4. (i) The fine pottery, if they wanted to reach especially bowls and the western coast of the plates were found from subcontinent from East several archaeological Africa or Arabia, they sites throughout the chose to sail with the subcontinent. Historians south west monsoon. Chapter New Empires and Kingdoms 11 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 7. Sanskrit 8. Pulakeshin II 1. In praise of 9. An organisation of merchants 2. List of ancestors 10. Abhijnana Shakuntalam 3. Chandragupta Fill in the Blanks 4. Kumara devi 1. Lichchhavi 5. Astronomer 2. 1400 3. four 6. Court poet of Harshavardhana 4.

Teacher’s Manual n 37 5. Kalidasa 6. Prashastis 4. Arab merchants True/False 5. Prophet Muhammad 1. T 2. F 3. F Puzzle Time 4. T 5. T 1. Poet 2. Samanta Rapid-Fire Questions 3. Prayaga 4. Kanauj 1. Patliputra 2. Ravikriti 5. Prashasti 6. Pallavas 3. Happiness 7. Nagaram 8. Shakas SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 6. We know about the Gupta 1. (d) Rashtrakutas rulers from their inscriptions 2. (b) astronomer and coins. 3. (a) Aihole 7. Raja, , maharaj- 4. (b) western India adhiraja. 5. (c) biography 8. One of the prashastis mentions that his mother was Kamara Match the following devi and she belonged to the (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(c) Lichchhavi gana. (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) 9. ’s brother-in-law was killed by the ruler of Bengal. Fill in the Blanks 10. When Harsha tried to cross 1. Chandragupta the Narmada to march into 2. Kanchipuram the Deccan, he was stopped 3. uncle 4. brahmin by Pulakeshin II, a ruler of the 5. Harshavardhana . True/False Short Answer Type Questions 1. False 2. False 3. True 1. Prashasti is a Sanskrit word, 4. False 5. True meaning ‘in praise of’. Samudragupta’s prashastis Very Short Answer Type Questions were composed by his court 1. The Pallava king was attacked poet Harishena. The poet by Pulakeshin II. He took praised the king in glowing shelter behind the walls of terms — as a warrior, as a king Kanchipuram. who won victories in battle, 2. The Cholas defeated the who was learned and the best Chalukyas. of poets. He is also described 3. The nagaram was an as equal to the gods. Most organisation of merchants. prashastis of Samudragupta 4. This means that sons also mention his ancestors. succeeded fathers to these His father Chandragupta was posts. the first ruler of the Gupta 5. Pulakeshin II checked the dynasty to adopt the grand advance of Harshavardhana. title of maharaj-adhiraja. One

38 n Question Bank Social Science-VI of these prashastis makes who were twelve in number. it clear that king’s mother He allowed these rulers to was Kumara devi and she rule again even after being belonged to the Lichchhavi defeated by Samudragupta. gana. 5. Pulakeshin II was the best 2. ‘Harshacharita’ is the biography known Chalukya ruler. We of Harshavardhana written by know about this great ruler his court poet, Banabhatta. from a prashasti, composed by This gives us the genealogy his court poet, Ravikriti. This of Harsha and ends with his tells us about his ancestors, becoming king. Xuan Zang, a who are traced back through Chinese pilgrim, also spent a four generations from father lot of time at Harsha’s court to son. Pulakeshin evidently and left a detailed account got the kingdom from his of what he saw. As per his uncle. According to this account, Harsha became the prashasti, he led expeditions king of Thanesar after both along both the west and the his father and elder brother east coasts. He checked the died. His brother-in-law was advance of Harsha. He also the ruler of Kanauj. When attacked the Pallava king. he was killed by the ruler of 6. A new kind of army emerged Bengal, Harsha took over the at this time. kingdom of Kanauj. (i) Like earlier rulers, some 3. The village was the basic of the kings maintained unit of administration. Kings a well-organised army, adopted a number of steps to with elephants, chariots, win the support of powerful cavalry, and foot-soldiers. men. For instance— (ii) There were military (i) Some important leaders who provided administrative posts were the king with troops made hereditary. whenever he needed (ii) Sometimes, one person them. They were not paid held many offices. regular salaries. (iii) Important men probably (iii) These military leaders, had a say in local known as samanatas, administration. collected revenue from 4. Samudragupta’s treatment the land and used this with the rulers of Aryavarta to maintain soldiers and was very harsh. These rulers horses, and provide were nine in number and all equipment for warfare. of them were uprooted and 7. Samantas were actually military their kingdoms were made leaders who provided the king a part of Samudragupta’s with troops whenever he empire. On the other hand, needed them. They collected he remained flexible with revenue from the land and the rulers of Dakshinapatha used this to maintain soldiers

Teacher’s Manual n 39 and horses. They also made agricultural operations, arrangements of equipment making roads, local for warfare. temples, etc. Long Answer Type Questions (ii) The ur was a village assembly found in areas 1. Plays and other accounts where the land owners throw enough light on the were not brahmins. lives of ordinary people of this (iii) The nagaram w a s time. an organisation of Kalidasa is known for his plays merchants. The above depicting life in the king’s mentioned assemblies court. An interesting feature were controlled by rich about these plays is that the and powerful landowners king and most brahmins are and merchants. Many of shown as speaking Sanskrit, these local assemblies while men and women other continued to function for than the king and brahmin centuries in south India. used Prakrit. His most famous 3. The four different kinds of play, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, rulers were— is the story of the love between (i) The rulers of Aryavarta. a king named Dushyanta They were nine in and young woman named number. Shakuntala. We find an (ii) The rulers of Dakshinapatha. interesting description of the They were twelve in plight of a poor fisherman in number. this play. (iii) The inner circle of The account of Fa Xian, a neighbouring states, Chinese pilgrim, describes including Assam, coastal the plight of the untouchables. Bengal, , and a They were expected to live on number of gana the outskirts of the city. They in the north-west. were exploited by the high and mighty. (iv) The rulers of the outlying 2. The inscriptions of the Pallavas areas. Perhaps they were mention that a number of the descendants of the local assemblies existed in Kushanas and Shakas the southern kingdoms. These and the ruler of Sri Lanka. assemblies included the sabha, Samudragupta never adopted the ur and the nagaram. the same policy towards (i) The Sabha was an these rulers. He uprooted assembly of brahmin the rulers of Aryavarta and landowners. This assembly made their kingdom a part functioned through of his empire. On the other sub-committees, which hand, he adopted submissive looked after irrigation, policy towards the rulers

40 n Question Bank Social Science-VI of Dakshinapatha. When the Chalukyas. It was an these rulers surrendered to important trading centre. Samudragupta after being It developed as a religious defeated, then they were centre, with a number of allowed to rule again. The temples. The Pallavas and rulers of the inner circle of Chalukyas frequently raided neighbouring states had to one another’s lands, especially bring tribute, follow his order attacking the capital cities, and attend his court. which were prosperous 4. The prashastis of the Pallavas towns. and Chalukyas give a The prashasti composed by vivid description of the Ravikriti, the court-poet of achievements of these rulers. Pulakeshin II describes him The Pallavas and Chalukyas the best-knwon Chalukya were the most important ruler. Pulakeshin evidently ruling dynasites in south got the kingdom from his India during this period. uncle. He checked the advance The kingdom of the Pallavas of Harsha and attacked the spread from the region around Pallava king. Ultimately, both their capital, Kanchipuram, to Pallavas and Chalukyas got the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centred replaced by the Rashtrakuta around the Raichur Doab, and Chola dynasties. between the rivers Krishna 5. See Short Answer No.3. and Tungabhadra. 6. (i) Prayaga As per these prashastis, (ii) Ujjain Aihole was the capital of (iii) Pataliputra Chapter Buildings, Paintings and Books 12 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 9. 1400 years ago 1. Mound 10. Sanchi 2. The art of creating pictures by Fill in the Blanks applying colour to a surface 1. garbhagriha 3. Long compositions about 2. Shikhara heroic men and women 3. Mahabaliparam 4. Stories about god and 4. brick 5. Jatakas goddesses True/False 5. China 6. Meghaduta 1. T 2. T 3. F 7. Ilango 8. Sanskrit 4. T 5. T

Teacher’s Manual n 41 Rapid-Fire Questions Puzzle Time

1. 7.2 m AVCLRFQDAOP 2. in GEPICRPJJNA 3. Sattanar IDSMBTPHAFP 4. old KAEQMCORNLE 5. Ramayana and Mahabharata NSANSKRITNR 6. Vishnu Sharma USHIKHARAPV 7. Valmiki QUWYPILLARA 8. Sanskrit STUPASBZXDE

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 3. The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli, 1. (a) garbhagriha Delhi, is a remarkable 2. (b) Sanskrit example of the skill of Indian 3. (c) priests craftspersons. Two features— 4. (d) Mahabharata (i) It is made of iron, 7.2 m 5. (a) Arabs high and weighs over 3 tonnes. Match the following (ii) It has not rusted in all (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(d) these years. (iv)—(a) (v)—(c) 4. Devotees walked around the stupa, in a clockwise direction, Fill in the Blanks as a mark of devotion. 1. Aryabhata 2. Puranas 5. Amaravati was a place where 3. Valmiki a magnificent stupa once 4. Silappadikaram and existed. Manimekalai 6. Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. 5. Manimekalai 7. It was because the image of True/False the chief deity was placed in the garbhagriha. 1. True 2. False 3. False 8. Mandapa was a hall in the 4. True 5. True 6. False temple where people could Very Short Answer Type Questions assemble. 1. There are several kinds of 9. The technique of making — round and tall, big paper first reached Korea and small. from China. 2. The small box placed at the 10. Pradakshina patha was a heart of the stupa may contain circular path around the stupa. bodily remains such as teeth, Short Answer Type Questions bone or ashes of the Buddha or his followers, or things 1. The different parts of the they used, as well as precious earliest Hindu temples were— stones, and coins. (i) Garbhagriha — The

42 n Question Bank Social Science-VI garbhagriha was the accurate as the formula most important part of we use today. the temple, where the 4. There were several stages in image of the chief deity building a stupa or a temple— was placed. It was here (i) First, good quality that priests performed stone had to be found, religious rituals and quarried and transported devotees offered worship to the place that was often to the deity. carefully chosen for the (ii) Shikhara — It was a tower new building. built on the top of the (ii) Here, these rough blocks garbhagriha, to mark this of stone had to be shaped out as a sacred place. and carved into pillars, (iii) Mandapa — Most temples and panels for walls, had a space known as floors and ceilings. the mandapa. It was a (iii) And then these had to be hall where people could placed in precisely the assemble. right position. 2. The man who invented paper 5. Building stupas or temples was Cai Lun, a Chinese was not only expensive but national. He beat plant fibres, extensive too. It required cloth, rope and the bark of several hundreds of trees. He then soaked them people. Kings and queens in water, and then pressed, probably spent money from drained and dried the pulp their treasury to pay the to create paper. Even today, craftspersons who worked hand made paper is made to build these splendid through a similar process. structures. Besides, when 3. (i) Aryabhata was a famous devotees came to visit the mathematician and temple or the stupa, they astronomer. He wrote a often brought gifts, which book in Sanskrit known were used to decorate the as the Aryabhatiyam. buildings. Among the others who (ii) He stated that day and paid for decorations were night were caused by the merchants, farmers, garland rotation of the earth on its makers, perfumers, smiths axis, even though it seems and hundreds of men and as if the sun is rising and women. The names of these setting everyday. people were inscribed on (iii) He developed a scientific pillars, railings and walls. explanation for eclipses. 6. The word Purana literally (iv) He also found a way means old. The Puranas of calculating the contain stories about gods and circumference of a goddesses, such as Vishnu, circle, which is nearly as

Teacher’s Manual n 43 Shiva, Durga or Parvati. They (i) The Mahabharata is about also contain details on how a war fought between the they were to be worshipped. Kauravas and Pandavas, We can also find accounts who were cousins. This about the creations of the was a war to gain control world and about kings. of the throne of the The Puranas were written Kurus, and their capital, in simple Sanskrit verse and Hastinapur. The Bhagavad were meant to be heard by Gita was also included in everybody, including women the Mahabharata. In this, and shudras, who were not Krishna the god, asks allowed to study the Vedas. Arjuna, his devotee and 7. Name of the two Tamil epics— friend, to fight because (i) The Silappadikaram this was the only way out. (ii) The Manimekalai (ii) The Ramayana is about The Silappadikaram is a story of Rama, a prince of , a merchant named Kovalan, who was sent into who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a courtesan named exile. His wife Sita was Madhavi, neglecting his wife abducted by the king of Kannagi. The Manimekalai Lanka, named Ravana, describes the story of the and Rama had to fight daughter of Kovalan and a battle to get her back. Madhavi. He won and returned to 8. Ajanta paintings of Ayodhya, the capital of Maharashtra are world famous. Kosala, after his victory. This is a place where several 2. See Short Answer No.4. caves were hollowed out of 3. The word stupa means a the hills over centuries. Most mound. There are several of these were monasteries for kinds of stupas — round and Buddhist monks and some tall, big and small. But all of of them were decorated with them have certain common paintings. The colours of these features— paintings are vivid even after (i) There is a small box 1500 years, and were made of placed at the heart of the plants and minerals. As the stupa. This may contain caves are dark inside, most of bodily remains of the these paintings were done in Buddha or his followers, the light of torches. or things they used, as well as precious stones, Long Answer Type Questions and coins. 1. Two Sanskrit epics that had (ii) This box, known as a relic been popular for a very long casket, was covered with time are— earth. Later, a layer of (i) The Mahabharata mud brick or baked brick (ii) The Ramayana was added on top.

44 n Question Bank Social Science-VI (iii) The dome like structure a merchant named Kolavan, was sometimes covered who lived in Puhar and fell with carved stone slabs. in love with a courtesan (iv) Often, a path was laid named Madhavi, neglecting around the stupa. This was his wife Kannagi. Later, he surrounded with railing. and Kannagi left Puhar and Entrance to the path was went to Madurai, where through gateways. he was wrongly accused of (v) Both railings and theft by the court jeweller of gateways were often the Pandya king. The king decorated with sculpture. sentenced Kovalan to death. 4. The Tamil epic, the Silappadikaram Kannagi was full of grief and was composed by a poet anger at this injustice, and named Ilango, around 1800 destroyed the entire city of years ago. It is the story of Madurai. WORKSHEET-1 A. Tick the correct option 3. Some of the areas where 1. (d) livelihood ancient people first began 2. (c) almanac to grow crops were the 3. (a) north-east of India Sulaiman and Kirthar hills 4. (b) south of the Ganga to the northwest. They also 5. (a) Dog began rearing animals like sheep, goats and cattle. B. Match the Columns 4. See Short Answer Type (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) Q3. under Summative (iv)—(b) (v)—(e) Assessment. 5. Ordinary people did not C. Fill in the Blanks keep records of what they 1. sharing of ideas did because they had no 2. hand 3. north-west resources. Also they did not 4. letters or signs 5. Greeks fight battles like kings. D. True/False 6. The various ways of finding out about the past are 1. True 2. False 3. True manuscripts, inscriptions, 4. False 5. True and archaeology. E. Answers the following questions 7. Historians study the past. They often use the word 1. See Long Ans. Type Q1. under source to refer to the Summative Assessment. information found from 2. They lived along the banks of manuscripts, inscriptions and river Narmada. These people archaeology. Once sources gathered roots, fruits and are found, learning about the other forest produce for their past becomes an adventure as food. we reconstruct it bit by bit. So

Teacher’s Manual n 45 historians and archaeologists from village to village, are like detectives, who use all town to town, stopping these sources like clues to find to offer instruction and out about our pasts. advice on the way. 8. In ancient times the area 10. Hills, mountains and seas along the river Ganga and its form the natural frontiers of tributaries called the Son to the subcontinent. While it was the south of the Ganga was difficult to cross these frontiers, known as Magadha. It was a those who wanted could and powerful kingdom because did scale mountains and cross its rulers were very powerful, the seas. People from across and set up a large kingdom. the frontiers also came into 9. (i) Men and women moved the subcontinent and settled in search of livelihood. here. These movements of (ii) Merchants travelled people have shared new ways with caravans or ships, of carving stone composing carrying valuable goods music and even cooking food from place to place. over several hundreds of (iii) Religious teachers walked years. WORKSHEET-2 A. Tick the correct option ago. They were called so 1. (a) gathering plant produce because they hunted wild 2. (d) all of the above animals, caught fish and 3. (d) Vindhyas and the Deccan birds, gathered fruits, roots, Plateau nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and 4. (b) cook meat eggs. Gathering plant produce was an important means of B. Match the Columns obtaining food for them. (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 2. Stone tools were found in (iv)—(c) the ancient time. They were of great importance. Early C. Fill in the Blanks people used them to cut meat 1. Vindyas; Deccan and bone, scrape bark from 2. Palaeolithic trees and hides, chop fruit 3. sites and roots. Some of the stone 4. Hunter-gatherers tools were used for digging the ground to collect edible D. True/False roots. 1. True 2. True 3. False 3. Name of two habitation 4. False sites where hunter-gatherers E. Answers the following questions lived— (i) Bhimbetka (ii) Hunsgi 1. Hunter-gatherers were people Hunter-gatherers chose to live who lived in the subcontinent there because those sites were as early as two million years located near sources of water,

46 n Question Bank Social Science-VI such as rivers and lakes. Since needs to find out which plants those sites included caves and or parts of plants are edible, rock shelters, people chose because there are many plants those natural caves to get which are poisonous. People shelter from the rain, heat and also need to find out about the wind. seasons when the fruits ripen. 4. Three reasons that made 6. Archaeologists have found hunter-gatherers keep on several sites where hunter- moving from one place to gatherers lived. Some of these another place are given below: sites are known as habitation- (i) Staying at one place cum-factory sites because for a long period might people lived there for longer have resulted in non- spells of time and made tools availability of plant in factories. and animal resources. Therefore, it was beneficial 7. (i) Around 12,000 years for them to move to new ago, the world witnessed places after some time in major climatic changes search of food. with a shift to relatively (ii) Animals move from warm conditions. place to place to fill (ii) This led to the development their stomach. That is of grasslands. why those who hunted (iii) This in turn led to an them had to follow their increase in the number movements. of deer, antelope, goat, (iii) Plants and trees bear fruit sheep and cattle. These in different seasons. So, are animals which live on people might have moved grass. from season to season in 8. This technique is known as search of different kinds stone to stone technique. As is of plants. shown in the illustration, the Obtaining food was really 5. pebble from which the tool a tough task for the early people. There are several was to be made was held in animals that run faster than one hand and another stone us, many that are stronger. which was used as hammer To hunt animals or catch fish was held in the other hand. and birds, people need to be The second stone was used to alert, quick and have lots of strike off flakes form the rest, presence of mind. If one wants till the required shape was to collect plant produce, one obtained. WORKSHEET-3 A. Tick the correct option 4. (d) Gufkral 1. (b) Burzahom B. Match the Columns 2. (a) stone (i)—(c) (ii)—(b) (iii)—(a) 3. (a) sheep and goat (iv)—(d)

Teacher’s Manual n 47 C. Fill in the Blanks regarded as one of the earliest 1. village 2. herds 3. store villages that we know about. 4. seed 4. When the climate of the world changed, plants and animals D. True/False that people used as food also 1. True 2. False 3. False changed. Men, women and 4. True children probably observed several things, such as, the E. Answers the following questions places where edible plants 1. People who grow crops have were found, how seeds broke to stay in the same place for off stalks, fell on the ground, a long time because crops and new plants sprouted require good maintenance like from them. In due course of watering at certain intervals, time they began looking after and care for proper growth. plants by protecting them Sometimes crops need to be protected from birds and from birds and animals so animals so that they can grow that they could grow and the and seeds can ripen. Once seeds could ripen. In this way they are ripened, they need people became farmers. to be harvested. 5. Domestication is a process 2. People attracted and then in which people grow plants tamed animals by leaving food and look after animals. It for them near their shelters. is obvious that plants and Later, they encouraged animals that are tended by animals that were relatively people become different from gentle to come near the camps those plants and animals that where they lived. These grow on their own without animals such as sheep, goat, human interference. For cattle and also the pig lived example, the teeth and horns in herds, and most of them ate of wild animals are usually grass. Often, people protected much larger than those of these animals from attacks domesticated animals. by other wild animals. In this 6. (i) Mehrgarh — Wheat, barley, way, they became herders. sheep, goats and cattle. 3. Mehrgarh is the site located (ii) Koldihwa — Rice, frag- in fertile plain, near the Bolan mentary animal bones. Pass. It is one of the most (iii) Burzahom — Wheat and important routes into Iran. lentil, dogs, cattle, sheep, Mehrgarh was probably one goats and buffalo. of the places where women (iv) Paiyampalli — Black and men learnt to grow barley gram, millet, cattle, sheep and wheat, and rear sheep and pigs. and goats for the first time 7. Tribal men usually led large in this area. Therefore, it is herds of animals in search

48 n Question Bank Social Science-VI of pasture. Some brave 8. Daojali Hading is the site warriors or priests did the located on the hills near the job of leading the members Brahmaputra Valley, close of their community. So far women were concerned, they to routes leading into China did most of the agricultural and Myanmar. Archaeologists work, including preparing have found here stone tools the ground, sowing seeds, including mortars and pestles. looking after the growing Other finds include jadeite, plants and harvesting grain. a stone that may have been But the cleaning of animals and milking was done by brought from China. Tools both men and women. Both made of fossil wood and men and women made pots, pottery have also been found baskets, tools and huts. here. WORKSHEET-4 A. Tick the correct option brought in from a well, 1. (c) Kalibangan and drained out after use. 2. (d) They had beautiful gardens. Important people probably took a dip in this tank on 3. (a) copper and bronze special occasions. 4. (a) stone 2. Many of the Harappan cities B. Match the Columns were divided into two or (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(b) more parts. Usually, the part (iv)—(a) to the west was smaller but higher and is described by C. Fill in the Blanks archaeologists as the citadal. 1. Faience 2. terracotta The part to the east was larger 3. shell 4. Mehrgarh but lower and is called the D. True/False lower town. The walls of each part were built of baked 1. True 2. True 3. True bricks. These bricks were laid 4. False in an interlocking pattern and E. Answers the following questions that made the walls strong. 3. The Harappan farmers and 1. The Great Bath was a herders grew crops and reared very special tank found in Mohenjodaro. It was lined animals respectively. Farmers with bricks, coated with grew wheat, barely, pulses, plaster, and made water- peas, rice, sesame, linseed tight with a layer of natural and mustard. They used the tar. There were steps leading plough to dig the earth for down to it from two sides, turning the soil and planting while there were rooms on seeds. The region devoid of all sides. Water was probably rain was irrigated.

Teacher’s Manual n 49 The Harappan herders reared silver. Copper and bronze cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo. were used to make tools, Water and pastures were weapons, ornaments and available around settlements. vessels. Gold and silver were But in dry summer months used to make ornaments and the herders probably took vessels. the large herds of animals to 7. Seeing this huge tank greater distances in search archaeologists infer that it of grass and water. They may have been a dockyard, also collected fruits like ber, where boats and ships came caught fish and hunted wild in from the sea and through animals. the river channel. Goods 4. Faience is a material that is were probably loaded and artificially produced. The unloaded here. Harappans used it to make 8. The city of Lothal is located beads, bangles, earrings and beside a tributary of the tiny vessels. river Sabarmati, in Gujarat 5. Carnelian is a beautiful red which is close to the Gulf of stone. The Harappans made Khambat. It was situated near beads out of it. areas where raw materials Method: The stone was cut, shaped, polished and finally such as semi-precious stones a hole was bored through the were easily available. This centre so that a string could be was an important centre for passed through it. making objects out of stone 6. Some of the objects that were shell and metal. There was made and found in Harappan also a store house in this city. cities were made of stone. Archaeologists have found Shell and metal including many seals and sealings in copper, bronze, gold and this store house. WORKSHEET-5 A. Tick the correct option D. True/False 1. (a) the Rigveda 1. True 2. True 3. True 2. (a) sages 4. False 3. (d) all of the above 4. (b) north-west of the sub- E. Answers the following questions continent 1. These hymns called Sukta or ‘well-said’ were composed B. Match the Columns by sages also known as (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) rishis. Most of the hymns (iv)—(d) were composed, taught and learnt by men. A few were C. Fill in the Blanks composed by women. There 1. Dravidian 2. dialogues are more than a thousand 3. buried 4. water hymns in the Rigveda. Some

50 n Question Bank Social Science-VI of them are in the form of years ago. This practice was dialogues. All the hymns are prevalent throughout the in praise of various gods and Deccan, south India, in the goddesses, for example, Agni, north-east and Kashmir. Indra, etc. 7. A burial site has been found 2. Some of the wealth that was at Inamgaon, located on the obtained from battles was river Ghod, a tributary of kept by the leaders, some was the Bhima. It was occupied given to the priest and the rest between 3600 and 2700 was distributed amongst the years ago. Here, adults were people. Some wealth was used generally buried in the groud, laid out straight, with the for the performance of yajnas heads towards the north. or sacrifices in which offerings Sometimes burials were were made into the fire. within the houses. Vessels 3. This type of megalith is that probably contained food known as a Cist. Some Cists and water were placed with had portholes which could the dead. be used as an entrance. They This special burial is of a were used for burying the man. Archaeologists have other member of the same found this man buried in a family at the same place. large, four-legged clay jar in 4. The books that we read today the courtyard of five-roomed are written and printed and house in the centre of the therefore can be read. The settlement. This house also Vedas were memorised had a granary. The body by students with great care and then passed on was placed in a cross-legged to the later generations by position . reciting, listening and then 8. Battles in the vedic society memorising. were fought for various 5. Slaves were men and women purposes: • Battles were fought to who were often captured in capture cattle. war. They were treated as the • Battles were also fought for property of their owners, who land, which was important could make them do whatever for pasture, and for growing work they wanted. Thus, they hardy crops that ripened were always at the disposal of quickly. their masters. • Some battles were fought 6. The practice of erecting for water, and to capture megaliths began about 3000 people. WORKSHEET-6 A. Tick the correct option 4. (c) farmers 1. (b) brahmin B. Match the Columns 2. (b) Patliputra (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 3. (a) Gupta rulres (iv)—(b)

Teacher’s Manual n 51 C. Fill in the Blanks show how rich and powerful 1. fortify 2. huts they were by building tall and 3. varnas 4. Magadha impressive walls around their cities. Moreover, by fortifying D. True/False the land and the people living 1. True 2. False 3. False inside the fortified area could 4. True be easily controlled. 5. Two major changes took place E. Answers the following questions in agriculture around this 1. Vassakara was Ajatasattu’s time. minister. Ajatasattu wanted One was the growing use of to attack the Vajjis. So he sent iron ploughshares. This meant him to the Buddha to get his that heavy, clayey soil could advice on the matter. be turned over better than Women, dasas and kammakaras 2. with a wooden ploughshare, could not participate in the so that more grain would be assemblies of the ganas. produced. 3. The important rulers of Second was the beginning Magadha were Bimbisara, of paddy transplantation. Ajatasattu and Mahapadma This meant that instead of Nanda. Bimbisara and scattering seed on the ground, Ajatasattu used all possible from which plants would means to conquer other sprout, saplings were grown janapadas while Mahapadma and then planted in the Nanda extended his control fields. This led to increased up to the north-west part of production. the subcontinent. 6. See the above answer for two 4. The rajas of mahajanapadas parts. probably built forts because Answer of third part — Since people were afraid of attacks this work was very tough, from other kings and needed slave men, women and protection. It is also likely landless agricultural labourers that some rulers wanted to were expected to do this work. WORKSHEET-7 A. Tick the correct option C. Fill in the Blanks 1. (b) traders 1. viharas 2. Jina 2. (a) Mahavira 3. wood 3. (d) all of these 4. Good words 4. (b) brahmins 5. Samnyasa 5. (c) monks D. True/False B. Match the Columns 1. False 2. True 3. False (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(b) 4. True 5. True (iv)—(a) (v)—(d)

52 n Question Bank Social Science-VI E. Answers the following questions 5. The Prakrit spoken in Magadha 1. The Pitaka is the holy was known as Magadhi. book of the Buddhists. The 6. Farmers did not follow the rules made for the Buddhist rules of Jainism because they sangha were written down in had to kill insects to protect this book. their crops. 2. • Children had to take permi- 7. Both the Mahavira and the ssion of their parents. Buddha felt that only those • Slaves had to take permission who left their homes could of their masters. gain true knowledge. • Debtors could join the sangha 8. The Sangha was an association only after taking permission of people who had left their of their creditors. homes. • Women had to take permi- 9. The only time they stayed ssion of their husbands. in one place was during the 3. Gargi was a woman thinker rainy season, when it was very who was famous for her difficult for them to travel. learning. She participated in 10. The life in the sangha was very debates held in royal courts. 4. Satyakama Jabala was poor tough. Those who joined it, Upanishadic thinker who had to meditate for most of could take part in debates held the time. They had to go to in royal courts. He had a deep cities and villages to beg for desire to learn about reality. food during fixed hours. They He was accepted as a student taught others, and helped by a brahmin teacher named one another. They also held Gautama, and became one of meetings to settle disputes the best-known thinkers of the that took place within the time. sangha. WORKSHEET-8 A. Tick the correct option D. True/False 1. (a) Chandragupta 1. False 2. True 3. True 2. (d) Pataliputra 4. False 5. False 3. (c) blankets E. Answers the following questions 4. (a) Megasthenes 5. (b) Lion 1. Trading, gathering, forest produce, hunting animals, etc. B. Match the Columns 2. Ashoka’s father was Bindusara. (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) 3. Ujjain lay on the route from (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) north to south India. C. Fill in the Blanks 4. Forest people lived in central India. 1. taxes 2. roads; rivers 3. Patna 4. Gangetic plains 5. Seleucus was a Greek ruler of 5. pastoral people West Asia.

Teacher’s Manual n 53 6. The king was afraid that own religion or criticise someone might kill him out another’s. He instructed his of enmity. So he had special subjects to respect other’s servants to taste the food religion. If one praised one’s before he ate. own religion while criticising 7. The most famous ruler of the another’s one was actually Mauryan empire was Ashoka. doing greater harm to one’s 8. (i) He built roads, dug wells own religion. and built rest houses. 10. There was no scope of idol (ii) He arranged for medical worship or of sacrifice in treatment for both human Ashoka’s dhamma. Ashoka beings and animals. treated his subjects as his 9. Ashoka thought that it was children and took good care both wrong to praise one’s of them. WORKSHEET-9 A. Tick the correct option on their trade without any 1. (b) Buddhist monks hurdle. 2. (d) uzhavar 4. The Northern Black Polished 3. (c) topaz Ware gets its name from the 4. (d) Mathura fact that it is generally found 5. (b) all of the above. in the northern part of the subcontinent. B. Match the Columns 5. Varanasi and Madurai were (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) famous cloth manufacturing (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) centres in ancient times. Both men and women worked in C. Fill in the Blanks these centres. 1. smaller 2. water 6. Widows, young women who 3. Rome 4. beads were differently abled, nuns, 5. black mothers of courtesans, retired D. True/False women servants of the king and women who had retired 1. True 2. False 3. True from service in temples could 4. False 5. True be employed for spinning and E. Answers the following questions weaving. 7. Arretine Ware was made 1. Some craftspersons are — by pressing wet clay into a blacksmith, potter, carpenter, stamped mould. weavers, etc. 8. They built huge aqueduct to 2. They were used to decorate bring water to the city for the railing, pillars and gateways baths, fountains and toilets. of buildings that were visited 9. The Roman emperors built by people. huge amphitheatres. These 3. They brought gifts for the king were open arenas surrounded to please him and to carry by tiers of seats where citizens

54 n Question Bank Social Science-VI could watch all kinds of 10. Arikamedu was a coastal shows. They also built public settlement where ships loaded baths with separate timings goods from distant lands. It for men and women. Here, existed between 2200 and 1900 people met and relaxed. years ago.

WORKSHEET-10 A. Tick the correct option pepper, and precious stones. 1. (c) gold coins 5. During the rule of the Kushana 2. (d) all of the above rulers, a branch of the Silk 3. (b) Kaveri Route extended from Central 4. (a) poet Asia down to the seaports at 5. (d) Mathura and Taxila the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped B. Match the Columns westwards to the Roman (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) Empire. (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) 6. Both the images are of Buddha. The image on the left side is C. Fill in the Blanks from Mathura and that on the 1. Kanishka 2. Xuan Zang right side is from Taxila. 3. sacrifices 4. Indus 7. Ashvaghosha was a poet who 5. ordinary composed a biography of the D. True/False Buddha, the Buddhacharita. 1. False 2. True 3. True 8. See Short Answer No.9. 4. True 5. False 9. The Bhagavad Gita is a holy book of the Hindus. It is E. Answers the following questions included in the Mahabharata. 1. Silk was so expensive, as it In this Krishna the god, asks had to be brought all the way Arjuna, his devotee and from China, along dangerous friend, to abandon all roads, through mountains and and take in him; as only deserts. People living along He can set Arjuna free from the route often demanded all evils. This form of worship payments for allowing traders to pass through. gradually spread to different 2. The rich, glossy colours of silk, parts of the country. as well as its smooth texture, 10. This magnificent statue is make it a highly valued fabric. of a special form of Vishnu, 3. Silk making is a complicated the Varaha or boar. There is process. Raw silk has to be a story behind it. According extracted from the cocoons of to the Puranas, Vishnu took silk worms, spun into thread the shape of a boar in order and then woven into cloth. to rescue the earth, which had South India was famous 4. sunk into water. for gold, spices, especially

Teacher’s Manual n 55 WORKSHEET-11 A. Tick the correct option 4. I don’t think ordinary people 1. (b) sandhi-vigrahika would have read and 2. (c) merchants understood the prashastis. 3. (a) Samantas The reason behind it is that the 4. (a) Kalidasa prashastis were composed in 5. (b) Prakrit Sanskrit which was not spoken by the ordinary people. Since B. Match the Columns they were ordinary people (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(b) they had to speak in Prakrit. (iv)—(d) (v)—(a) So they were not familiar with the Sanskrit language. C. Fill in the Blanks 5. These figures are of coins 1. Allahabad which show Samudragupta, a 2. landowners; merchants powerful Gupta ruler, playing 3. Dushyanta 4. Shakas the veena. 5. Bengal 6. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one D. True/False another’s capital cities because 1. False 2. True 3. False they were prosperous towns. 4. True 5. True 7. One of the prashastis mentions E. Answers the following questions Samudragupta’s great grandfather, grandfather, 1. Three authors who wrote father and mother. His father, about Harshavardhana were Chandragupta, was the first — Banbhatta, Xuan Zang and ruler of the Gupta dynasty Ravikriti. to adopt the grand title of 2. Islam was first introduced maharaj-adhiraja, a title that around 1400 years ago in Samudragupta also used. So Arabia. The new religion laid far his great grandfather and stress on the equality and grandfather were concerned, unity of all before Allah, the they are mentioned simply as one supreme god. . This makes it clear 3. Islam did not remain confined that Samudragupta’s family gradually rose to importance. to Arabia only. Within a 8. Pulakeshin’s military hundred years, it spread from expeditions are mentioned by there to north Africa, Spain, Ravikriti. According to him, Iran and India. Arab sailors, Pulakeshin led expeditions who were already familiar along both the west and with the coastal settlements the east coasts. Besides, of the subcontinent, now he checked the advance of brought the new religion with Harshavardhana. He also them. defeated the Pallava king.

56 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 9. Harsha’s brother-in-law did not get success elsewhere. was the ruler of Kanauj. He tried to cross the Narmada Eventually, he was killed by to march into the Deccan but the ruler of Bengal. Harsha was stopped by Pulakeshin II, took over the kingdom of a powerful Chalukya ruler. Kanauj and then led an army 10. Islam was a religion that laod against the ruler of Bengal. stress on the equality and He remained successful in unity of all before Allah, the the east by conquering both one supreme god. Magadha and Bengal. But he WORKSHEET-12 A. Tick the correct option 3. The people who paid for the 1. (a) iron 2. (d) Chandra decorations of stupas and 3. (b) Amaravati temples were — merchants, 4. (a) ordinary people farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and B. Match the Columns hundreds of men and women. (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 4. Paper was invented in China (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) about 1900 years ago. The technique of making paper C. Fill in the Blanks was a closely guarded secret 1. Sanskrit 2. stupa for centuries. But ultimately it 3. Mahabalipuram spread to other countries one 4. Bhitargaon by one. It reached Korea about 1400 years ago, and spread D. True/False to Japan soon after. It was 1. True 2. True 3. True known in Baghdad about 1800 4. False years ago. From Baghdad it spread to Europe, Africa, and E. Answers the following questions other parts of Asia including 1. Usually, kings or queens built the subcontinent. stupas or temples because 5. In Kalidasa’s Meghaduta, a it was an expensive affair. monsoon cloud is imagined to be a messenger between Common people could not lovers who are separated from afford it. one another. 2. This is an early temple at 6. This is a Jaina monastery, Bhitargaon, Uttar Pradesh. located in Orissa. This two This temple was built about storey building was carved 1500 years ago, and was out of the rock surface. It has made of baked brick and several rooms in which Jaina stone. monks lived and meditated.

Teacher’s Manual n 57 Part-B: Geography (The Earth: Our Habitat) Chapter The Earth In The Solar 1 System FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. T 5. F 1. Venus Rapid-Fire Questions 2. A huge system of ballions of stars 1. Venue; Earth 3. INSAT 2. Jupiter; Saturn 4. The first man to step on the 3. They are made up of gases surface of the moon. and liquids. 5. 27 days 4. Mercury 6. 150 mullion km 5. The earth is the only planet on 7. Earth-like shape which conditions favourable 8. Sun to support life are found. Fill in the Blanks 6. Oxygen 1. moon 2. scientists Puzzle Time 3. seven 4. hot 5. sun 1. Venus 2. Edusat 3. Earth 4. Jupiter True/False 5. Sun 6. Pluto 1. F 2. T 3. F 7. Moon 8. Mars SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (a) Mercury 1. False 2. True 3. False 2. (d) Earth 4. True 5. False 3. (c) water 4. (c) elongated path Very Short Answer Type questions 5. (b) north 1. The Universe means the whole Match the following space and everything in it including the earth and other (i)—(c) (ii)—(f) (iii)—(a) planets, stars and galaxies. (iv)—(e) (v)—(d) (vi)—(b) 2. Satellite is a celestial body that Fill in the Blanks moves around the planets in the same way as the planets 1. stars; constellation move around the sun. 2. galaxy 3. Sun 3. The moon appears so big 4. Earth 5. light; heat because it is nearer to our

58 planet than other celestial Example —The earth is a bodies. It is about 3,84,400 km planet. away from us. 2. The Solar System means the 4. In order of their distance from system of the sun. It is made the sun, all the eight planets up of eight planets and their are — Mercury, Venus, Earth, satellites, some dwarf planets, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus some other celestial bodies and Neptune. like asteroids, meteoroids, 5. Those persons who study shooting stars and comets. the celestial bodies and The name of all the eight their movements are called planets are — Mercury, astronomers. Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, 6. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. 7. We can locate the position of 3. The Earth is the only planet the Pole Star with the help of which has conditions the Saptarishi. favourable to support life. 8. Constellations are groups It is neither too hot nor too of stars that form various cold. Its two-thirds surface patterns in the sky. Example: is covered with water and Ursa Major or Big Bear. its atmosphere contains high 9. The sun, the moon and all amount of oxygen which is those objects shining in the essential to our life. The solid night sky are called celestial crust of the Earth consists of bodies. soil and minerals which are 10. We can’t see the moon and all quite favourable for life to the bright tiny objects during exist. These specialities make day time because the very our Earth a unique planet in bright light of the sun does the solar system. not allow us to see them. 4. The sun keeps an important Short Answer Type Questions place in the solar system 1. Some celestial bodies are very because of the following big and hot. They are made up reasons— of gases. They have their own (i) It is the ultimate source heat and light, which they of heat and light for the emit in large amounts. These solar family. celestial bodies are called (ii) The planets, their satellites stars. and other celestial bodies Example — The sun is a star. remain within the solar Some celestial bodies do not system due to the sun’s have their own heat and light. gravitational power. They are lit by the light of the (iii) The sun is at the centre of stars. These celestial bodies are called planets. a huge rotating system.

Teacher’s Manual n 59 5. See Short Answer No.3 Long Answer Type Questions 6. Stars are different from planets 1. The moon is the only satellite in the following ways: of the earth. Its diametre (i) Stars have their own light. is only one-quarter that of Planets are lit by the light the earth. It appears so big of the stars. because it is nearer to our (ii) Stars twinkle but planets planet than other celestial do not. bodies. It is about 3,84,400 (iii) Stars are made up of hot, km away from the Earth. burning gases. Planets The moon does not have are made up of solid conditions favourable for life. materials. It has neither water nor air. (iv) There are millions of stars The moon reflects the light of whereas the number of the sun and its phase differs planets is only eight. each night. 7. Asteroids are numerous The moon moves around tiny bodies which also move around the sun like the stars, the earth in about 27 days. It planets and satellites. They takes exactly the same time to are found between the orbits complete one spin. As a result, of Mars and Jupiter. only one side of the moon is Meteoroids are small pieces visible to us on the earth. of rocks which move around 2. A diagram of the Solar System– the sun. Sometimes these meteoroids come near the earth and tend to drop upon it. During this process due to friction with the air they get heated up and burn. It causes a flash of light. 8. Human-made satellites Name of the outer planets — are artificial bodies. They Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and are designed by scientists Neptune. They are far from to gather information the sun and are made up of about the universe or for gases and liquids. communication. They are Name of the inner planets — carried by rockets and placed Mercury, Venus, Earth and in the orbit around the earth. Mars. They are very close to Some Indian satellites in space the sun and are made up of are — INSAT, IRS, EDUSAT, rocks. etc.

60 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Chapter Globe: Latitudes and 2 Longitudes

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. A true model of the earth. 1. T 2. T 3. T 2. An imaginary line running on 4. F 5. T the globe and divides it into two equal parts. Rapid-Fire Questions 3. It means that it can be rotated. 1. True 4. Zero degree latitude. 2. In tilled manner 5. All parallels north of the 3. Tropic of capricorn equator are called ‘north 4. Three latitudes’ and all parallels 5. GMT – Greenwich Mean south of the equator are called Time, IST – Indian Standard ‘south latitudes’. Time 6. Northern Hemisphere 7. Torrid Zone 8. Figid Zone Puzzle Time Fill in the Blanks Across Down 1. Equator 2. Torrid 1. longitude 2. length 4. Noon 3. Axis 3. Greenwich 4. 0­° 6. Globe 5. Local time 5. west; east 7. Poles 8. Grid SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (b) the Frigid zone 1. False 2. False 3. True 2. (a) four 4. True 5. True 3. (c) Southern Hemisphere 4. (a) degrees Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (d) 66½° N 1. The earth is not sphere. It is 6. (b) place slightly flattened at the North 7. (c) 2:00 pm and South Poles and bulged Match the following in the middle. Its shape is (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) described as a geoid which (iv)—(f) (v)—(c) (vi)—(d) means earth-like shape. 2. Greenwich Mean Time is the Fill in the Blanks mean solar time on the Prime 1. 82½° E Meridian which is used as the 2. Prime Meridian standard for time calculation poles northern 3. 4. throughout the world. 5. 180°

Teacher’s Manual n 61 3. Axis is a straight imaginary Features of the globe: line which joins the two poles (i) The globe is small in of the earth and on which the size and therefore very earth rotates. convenient to carry and 4. In India, the longitude of use. 82½° E (82° 30' E) is treated as (ii) It clearly depicts all the the standard meridian. The features of the earth. local time at this meridian is (iii) Globes show countries, taken as the standard time for continents and oceans in the whole country. It is known their correct shape. as the Indian Standard Time 2. The four important parallels (IST). of latitudes are — 5. The three heat zones of the (i) Tropic of Cancer (23½° earth are— (i) The Torrid Zone N) in the Northern (ii) The Temperate Zone Hemisphere. (iii) The Frigid Zone (ii) Tropic of Capricorn 6. The latitudinal value of the (23½° S) in the Southern Tropic of Capricorn is 23½° S. Hemisphere. 7. The time difference between (iii) Arctic Circle at 66½° the Prime Meridian and the north of the equator. 180° W meridian is 12 hours. (iv) Antarctic Circle at 66½° 8. The Torrid Zone lies between south of the equator. the Tropic of Cancer and the Below is given the diagram Tropic of Capricorn. This showing important parallels zone receives vertical rays of of latitudes — the sun. Therefore, it receives maximum amount of heat. 9. Some countries have adopted more than one standard time because they have a great longitudinal extent. For example- in Russia, there are as many as eleven standard times. Short Answer Type Questions 1. A globe is a model of the earth. It shows the earth in its actual shape. It is a simple and accurate way to represent the earth. It is not fixed and can Important Latitudes be rotated in the same way as 3. The local time of places which a top spin. are on different meridians

62 n Question Bank Social Science-VI are bound to differ. We can that each degree of longitudes understand it with the help corresponds to a difference of of an example. It is very four minutes. This is because difficult to prepare a time- the earth rotates 360° in about table for trains which cross 24 hours, which means 15° an several longitudes. In India, hour or 1° in four minutes. for instance, there will be a Thus, when it is 12 noon at difference of about 1 hour Greenwich, the time at 15° east and 45 minutes in the local of Greenwich will be 15 × 4 = times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. It 60 minutes, i.e. one hour ahead is, necessary to adopt the local of Greenwich time, which time of some central meridian means 1:00 pm. But at 15° of a country as the standard west of Greenwich, the time time for the country. In India, will be behind Greenwich the longitude of 82½°E (82° 30' time by one hour i.e., it will be E) is treated as the standard 11:00 am. Similarly, at 180°, it meridian. The local time at will be midnight when it is 12 this meridian is taken as the noon at Greenwich. standard time for the whole 6. A set of circles drawn parallel country. to the equator between the 4. India and Britain are located at North Pole and the South Pole different longitudes. We know are called parallels of latitude. that each degree of longitudes Its features are— corresponds to a difference for (i) The equator is the largest four minutes. This is because parallel and the length of the earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours which means 15° an other parallels decreases hour or 1° in four minutes. as one moves away from In India, the longitude of the equator towards the 82½° E (82° 30' E) is treated poles. as the standard meridian. (ii) All parallels are located But the standard meridian of at an equal distance from London is 0°. This means a each other. difference of 4 minutes × 82.5 (iii) Latitudes are measured = 330 minutes = 5.5 hours. in degrees. The equator Therefore, when it is 5:30 pm represents the zero in India, it is 12:00 noon in degree latitude. London. 7. (i) The local time of places 5. The earth rotates from west which are on different to east. Hence, the places meridians are bound to which are east of Greenwich differ. For example, it will will be ahead of Greenwich be difficult to prepare a time and those to the west time table for trains which will be behind it. We know cross several longitudes.

Teacher’s Manual n 63 In India, for instance, there will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. In order to overcome this difficulty, it is necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country. (ii) In every country, central Heat Zones meridian has been (i) Torrid Zone: This zone selected as the standard is located between the meridian. The local time Tropic of Cancer and of the standard meridian the Tropic of Capricorn. is used as the standard This area receives the time for the whole maximum heat because country. the sun shines overhead 8. (i) The length of all the here. As a result, this zone is very hot. meridians is the same. (ii) Temperate Zones: The Hence, it is difficult to areas bounded by the number the meridians. Tropic of Cancer and (ii) The maximum distance the Arctic Circle in the between any two meridians Northern Hemisphere, is at the equator. and the Tropic of Capricorn (iii) The distance between any and the Antarctic Circle two meridians decreases in the Southern Hemis- as we go away from the phere have moderate temperatures because equator towards the the sun never shines poles. All the meridians overhead here. meet at the poles. (iii) Frigid Zones: Areas lying Long Answer Type Questions between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the 1. There are different heat zones Northern Hemisphere of the earth. In these zones and the Antarctic Circle the sun’s rays fall differently and the South Pole in the causing different climatic Southern Hemisphere, patterns. These zones are are very cold. It is because here the sun does not rise — the Torrid Zone, the two much above the horizon. Temperate Zones and the two Therefore, its rays are Frigid Zones. always slanting and provides less heat.

64 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 2. Parallels of latitude: All Meridians of longitude: parallel circles from the All of the imaginary circles equator up to the poles are lying perpendicular to the called parallels of latitude. equator are called meridians These circles have varying of longitudes. These circles centres and all these central have the same centre, that is points lie on the same line, also the centre of our earth. i.e. the axis of the earth. These parallel circle are imaginary ones.

Latitudes Longitudes Chapter Motions of the Earth 3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. 23rd September 1. Movement of the earth on its 4. summer season axis. 5. revolution 2. Movement of the earth around True/False the sun in a fixed path. 3. The circle that divides the 1. F 2. T 3. T day from night on the globe is 4. F 5. F called Circle of Illumination. Rapid-Fire Questions 4. 29 days 5. Rotation 1. False 2. 24 hours 6. Because the sunrays are 3. Spring season overhead during noon. 1 4. 365 days 5. 21st June 7. The plane formed by the orbit. 4 8. Due to the spherical shape of the earth, only half of it gets Puzzle Time light from the sun at a time. 1. Spring 2. Leap year Fill in the Blanks 3. Equinox 4. Revolution 1 5. Season 6. Rotation 1. west; east 2. 66 ° 7. Axis 2 Teacher’s Manual n 65 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions experiences spring season st 1. (c) 24 hours from 21 March. 2. (c) 365¼ days 8. The Southern Hemisphere 3. (a) the sun’s rays are slanting experiences spring season rd on the poles from 23 September. 4. (d) 21st June Short Answer Type Questions 5. (c) rotation 1. The earth has two types of Match the following motions — (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (i) Rotation (iv)—(b) (v)—(f) (vi)—(c) (ii) Revolution (i) Rotation: It is the Fill in the Blanks movement of the earth 1. axis 2. sun on its axis. The earth 3. 21st March 4. autumn takes about 24 hours to 5. winter complete one rotation around its axis. The True/False period of rotation is called 1. False 2. False 3. True the earth day. This is the 4. True 5. True daily motion of the earth. Very Short Answer Type Questions There are days and nights because of rotation. st rd 1. On 21 March and 23 (ii) Revolution: It is the September, direct rays of the movement of the earth sun fall on the equator. At this around the sun in its position, neither of the poles is orbit. It takes 365¼ days tilted towards the sun. So, the to revolve around the whole earth experiences equal sun. We experience days and equal nights. This is called an equinox. changes in season due 2. The areas near the poles to this movement of the receive less heat as the rays of earth. sun are slanting. 2. We know that the earth takes 3. The places near the equator 365¼ days (one year) to enjoy equal day and night revolve around the sun. We throughout the year. consider a year as consisting 4. The daily motion of the earth of 365 days only and ignore is known as rotation. six hours for convenience. 5. Seasons change due to the These six hours saved every change in the position of the year are added to make one earth around the sun. day i.e. 24 hours over a span 6. The whole earth experiences of four years. This surplus equal days and equal nights. day is added to the month of 7. The Northern Hemisphere February. Thus, every fourth year, February is of 29 days

66 n Question Bank Social Science-VI instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year. 3. In such a situation the portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day. As a result, the region would get continuous warmth. The other half would remain in darkness and be freezing cold all the time. Both the conditions would be extreme and therefore not suitable for life. 6. The effects of the earth’s 4. Day and night occur on the revolution are given below: earth due to the rotation. (i) The phenomenon of The earth receives light from seasons is caused. the sun. Due to the spherical (ii) We observe variation in shape of the earth, only half the length of day and of it gets light from the sun night. (iii) We also observe variation at a time. The portion facing in the distribution of heat the sun experiences day while over the surface of the the other half which is way earth. from the sun experiences 7. If there is winter in the night. In this way, day and Southern Hemisphere, night occur on the earth. It there will be summer in the may be understood through Northern Hemisphere. That is a diagram— why the position of the earth which is called the winter solstice in one Hemisphere is the Summer Solstice in the other Hemisphere. 8. The axis of the earth remains inclined permanently in the same position. Because of this reason the sun continuously 5. The axis on which the earth either shines or cannot be rotates from west to east is visible for a long time near not vertical. It is inclined at an the poles. The earth rotates angle of 66½° with the plane causing day and night at other of the earth’s orbit. This is places but remain either dark known as the inclination of or lighted for much longer the earth’s axis. The figure time due to the tilt. This is given below shows this— why, the areas near the poles

Teacher’s Manual n 67 experience six months day daylight for about six months. and six months night. Since a large portion of the Long Answer Type Questions Northern Hemisphere is 1. Summer Solstice: On 21st June, getting light from the sun, it the Northern Hemisphere is is summer in the regions north tilted towards the sun. As the to the equator. The longest rays of the sun fall directly day and the shortest night at on the Tropic of Cancer, these these places occur on 21st June. areas receive more heat. The At this time, the Southern areas near the poles receive Hemisphere experiences less heat as the rays of the sun winter season with longer are slanting. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun and nights and shorter days. This the places beyond the Arctic position of the earth is called Circle experience continuous the Summer Solstice.

Winter Solstice: On 22nd with longer nights and shorter December, the Tropic of days. This position of the Capricorn receives direct rays earth is called the Winter of the sun as the South Pole tilts Solstice. towards it. As the sun’s rays Equinox: On 21st March and fall vertically at the Tropic of 23rd September, direct rays of Capricorn, a larger portion of the sun fall on the equator. the Southern Hemisphere gets At this position, neither of light. Therefore, it is summer the poles is tilted towards the in the Southern Hemisphere sun. Hence, the entire earth with longer days and experiences equal days and shorter nights. At this time, equal nights. This is called an the Northern Hemisphere Equinox. experiences winter season 2. See the above answer.

68 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Chapter Maps 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. North, South, West, East. 1. T 2. F 3. T 2. An instrument used to find 4. T 5. T out main directions. Rapid-Fire Questions 3. Scale 4. A person who creates maps. 1. Blue 2. Four 3. True 5. north-east (NE), south-east 4. When a small area to be (SE), south-west (SW) and shown north-west (NW) 5. Thematic maps focus on 6. Distance, direction and specific information, such as symbol. road maps. Fill in the Blanks Puzzle Time 1. language 2. scale For example– Symbol, Scale, 3. small 4. flat Plate, Direction, etc. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions west (NW) and south-west 1. (d) Plan (SW). These are directions 2. (b) — • — • midway between the cardinal 3. (b) mountains directions. 4. (b) plateaus 2. ‘The scale of the map’ is 5. (b) natural features of the the ratio between the actual earth distance on the ground and the distance shown on the Match the following map. (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 3. A grid reference helps to (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) determine the exact location of a place. Fill in the Blanks 4. A compass assures him that 1. more 2. compass he is travelling in the right 3. thematic 4. sketch direction. True/False 5. Maps showing cities, towns and villages, different 1. True 2. True 3. False countries and states of the 4. False world with their boundaries Very Short Answer Type Questions are called political maps. 6. A map is a representation or a 1. The four intermediate drawing of the earth’s surface directions are — north-east or a part of it drawn on a flat (NE), south-east (SE), north- surface according to a scale.

Teacher’s Manual n 69 7. Large scale maps are more 2. (i) When large areas like informative than small scale continents or countries maps. are to be shown on a 8. A thematic map provides paper, then we use a small detailed information. scale map. For example, 5cm on the map shows Short Answer Type Questions 500 km on the ground. 1. A globe can be useful when When we have to show a we want to study the earth small area like a village or as a whole. But , when we town on a paper, then we want to study only a part of use a small scale map. the earth, such as about our For example, 5 cm on the country, states, districts, etc. map shows 500 metres only on the ground. it is of little help. In such (ii) Large scale maps are a situation maps are used. more informative than Thus, maps are useful to us small scale maps. for various purposes. They 3. Following differences are provide more information there between a map and a than a globe. plan: MAP PLAN (i) A map is a drawing of the (i) A plan is a drawing of a small earth’s surface or a part of area on a large scale. it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. (ii) It shows only the important (ii) It shows even the length and features of the area. breadth of a room. (iii) We get a lot of (iii) In this, we get details in the information from this. form of symbols. 4. (i) Metalled road — (i) Physical maps show natural features of the — (ii) Bridge earth such as mountains, (iii) Church — plains, plateaus, rivers, etc. (ii) Political maps show cities, towns villages, (iv) Graveyard — different countries and states of the world with (v) State boundary — their boundaries. (iii) Thematic maps lay (vi) District boundary — emphasis on specific information; such as road Long Answer Type Questions maps, rainfall maps, maps 1. There are three types of maps. showing distribution of These are : forests, population, etc. 70 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 2. Features of the compass: (i) It helps us in finding out the direction of a place. (ii) It is an instrument used to find out main directions. (iii) Its magnetic needle always points towards north-south direction.

Chapter Major Domains of the Earth 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Seven 2. Four 1. Europe 2. Indian Ocean 3. Asia 4. Australia 3. Nile 4. Pacific 5. Sahara 6. Pacific 5. Palk Strait 7. The deepest part of the earth 6. Edmund Hillary and Tenzing 8. Troposphere Norgay. Fill in the Blanks 7. Bachendri Pal 1. Oceans 2. 1,600 Puzzle Time 3. height 4. Africa 1. Troposphere 5. biosphere 2. Stratosphere True/False 3. Mesosphere 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. Thermosphere 4. F 5. F 5. Exosphere SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (c) the Urals 1. indented 2. tides 2. (a) an Isthmus 3. Northern 4. Panama 3. (a) nitrogen 5. Maitri 4. (c) the Lithosphere True/False 5. (b) Asia 6. (b) biosphere 1. True 2. True 3. False 7. (d) 97 4. False 5. False Match the following Very Short Answer Type Questions (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 1. The solid outer layer of the (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) earth is called the lithosphere.

Teacher’s Manual n 71 It is made up of rocks and lithosphere, hydrosphere and minerals. atmosphere meet and interact. 2. The earth is called the ‘blue Every living species on the planet’ because its two-third earth is a part of the biosphere. surface is covered by water. The organisms in the 3. The atmosphere provides us biosphere are broadly divided with the air we breathe and into plants, animals, humans protects us from the harmful beings and microbes. These effects of sun’s rays. elements are interdependent 4. The Atlantic Ocean is the on one another and there second largest ocean in the is continuous interaction world. between them. They provide 5. The Arctic Ocean is located food and raw materials. Thus, within the Arctic Circle and the survival of the living surrounds the North Pole. organisms on the earth 6. The Northern Hemisphere is depends upon the biosphere. called the Land Hemisphere Therefore, this sphere is so because the greater part of important. the landmass lies in this 2. Australia and Antarctica hemisphere. are the two continents that 7. The four major domains of the lie entirely in the Southern earth are — the lithosphere, the Hemisphere. atmosphere, the hydrosphere Australia: It is surrounded and the biosphere. on all sides by the oceans and 8. The two divisions of the seas. It is also known as island earth’s surface are: continent. (i) the large landmasses Antarctica: It is a huge known as the continents. continent. As it is located (ii) the huge waterbodies in the South Polar region, known as the ocean it is permanently covered basins. with thick ice sheets. There 9. Australia is called an ‘island are, therefore, no permanent continent’ because it is human settlements. Many surrounded on all sides by countries including India the oceans and seas. have research stations in this 10. Africa is the only continent continent. through which the Tropic of 3. The different layers of the Cancer, the Equator and the atmosphere are— Tropic of Capricorn pass. • the troposphere Short Answer Type Questions • the stratosphere • the mesosphere 1. Biosphere is the sphere of • the thermosphere living organisms, where • the exosphere

72 n Question Bank Social Science-VI The troposphere is the lowest because of this decrease in the layer and closest to the earth’s density of air. It is, therefore, surface. It extends from the they carry with them oxygen mean sea level upto a height cylinders to be able to breathe of about 8 km over the poles at high altitudes. and about 18 km over the 6. The Atlantic Ocean is the equator. second largest ocean in the The stratosphere, just above world. The main features of the troposphere, extends this ocean are as follows: upto a height of about 50 km. (i) It is ‘S’ shaped. Above it lies the mesosphere (ii) It is flanked by the North and it extends from about and South Americas on 50 km to about 80 km above the western side, and the mean sea level. Above it Europe and Africa on the lies the thermosphere and it eastern side. extends from about 50 km to (iii) The coastline of this ocean about 400 km above the mean is highly indented. This sea level. The exosphere is the irregular and indented uppermost layer. coastline provides ideal 4. The atmosphere is composed location for natural mainly of nitrogen and harbours and ports. From oxygen, which make up about 99 per cent of clean, dry air. the commercial point Nitrogen 78 per cent, oxygen of view, it is the busiest 21 per cent and other gases ocean. like carbon dioxide, argon 7. Carbon dioxide is an and others comprise 1 per important constituent of cent by volume. Oxygen is the air. But when its level in the breath of life while nitrogen atmosphere increases due helps in the growth of living to emission from industries, organisms. Carbon dioxide, thermal power plants and though present in minute vehicles, the heat retained amount, is important as it increases the temperature of absorbs heat radiated by the the earth. This is called global earth. It is also essential for warming. As a result, the sea the growth of plants. level rises, causing floods in 5. The density of the atmosphere the coastal areas. varies with height. It is We can avert this situation by maximum at the sea level and limiting the use of resources decreases rapidly as we go of the earth. It will maintain up. The climbers experience the balance of nature between problems in breathing the domain of the lithosphere,

Teacher’s Manual n 73 the atmosphere and the consists of water in all its hydrosphere. form. As running water 8. See Short Answer No.1 in oceans and rives and 9. The name of the largest in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water continent is Asia. This and the water vapour in continent covers about one- atmosphere, all comprise third of the total land area of the hydrosphere. the earth. The continent lies (iv) Biosphere: It is the narrow in the Eastern Hemisphere. zone where we find land, The Tropic of Cancer passes water and air together, through this continent. Asia is which contains all forms separated from Europe by the of life. Ural Mountains on the west. 2. There are seven major 10. The watery part of the earth continents — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South is called the hydrosphere. America, Australia and It is more than 71 per cent Antarctica. of the earth. Hydrosphere • North America: It is the consists of water in all its third largest continent forms. As running water in of the world. It is linked oceans and rivers and in lakes, to South America by a ice in glaciers, underground very narrow strip of land water and the water vapour called the Isthmus of in atmosphere, all comprise Panama. The continent lies the hydrosphere. completely in the Northern Long Answer Type Questions and Western Hemispheres. 1. (i) Lithosphere: The solid Three oceans, i.e. the Pacific portion of the earth on Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and which we live is called the Arctic Ocean surround this lithosphere. It comprises continent. the rocks of the earth’s crust and the thin layers • South America: It is the of soil that contain fourth largest continent. nutrient elements which This continent lies mostly in sustain organisms. the Southern Hemisphere. (ii) Atmosphere: The gaseous It has world’s longest layers that surround the mountain range, the Andes earth in the atmosphere and the largest river by where oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other volume, the Amazon. It is gases are found. surrounded by the Atlantic (iii) Hydrosphere: This Ocean in the east and the domain of the earth Pacific ocean in the west.

74 n Question Bank Social Science-VI • Australia: It is the smallest landmasses are separated by continent of the world. It is large water bodies. an island continent as it is The level of seawater remains surrounded by the oceans the same everywhere. and seas. It lies entirely in Elevation of land is measured the Southern Hemisphere. from the level of the sea, 3. Africa is the second largest which is taken as zero. The continent after Asia. Four highest mountain peak Mt. features of this continent are: Everest is 8,848 metres above (i) The equator passes the sea level. The greatest through the middle of depth of 11,022 metres is Africa, splitting it into recorded at Mariana Trench Northern Hemisphere in the Pacific Ocean. and Southern Hemisphere. 5. The world population is (ii) The Sahara Desert, the increasing rapidly and so world’s largest hot desert, are their needs. This has is located in Africa. necessitated the development (iii) The continent is bound of several new techniques on all sides by oceans and so as to meet their growing seas. needs. They have cleared (iv) The Nile, the world’s forests for agriculture and longest river flows wood, they have built dams through this continent. for generating electricity, 4. The lithosphere is one of the and so on. These human three major domains of the earth. It is the solid outer layer activities have disturbed the which is made up of the earth’s natural balance between the crust and the thin layers of soil elements of the biosphere and that contain nutrient elements have led to the pollution of which sustain organisms. The land, water and air. Emission lithosphere covers about 29 from industries, thermal per cent of the total surface power plants and vehicles area of the earth. It includes pollute the air. Increase in all the landmasses. The large the amount of carbon dioxide landmasses are called the leads to increase in global continents. The rest 71 per temperatures, termed as cent is covered by water global warming. There is which includes the huge thus, needs to limit the use water bodies known as the of resources of the earth to ocean basins. All the oceans maintain the balance of nature of the world are connected between the three major with one another while all the domains of the earth.

Teacher’s Manual n 75 6.

76 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Chapter Major Landforms of the Earth 6 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Erosion 1. Coal 2. like a table 2. Frozen rivers of ice 3. Mountain 4. Andes 3. A land surface that rises higher 5. To store water. than the surrounding area. 4. climate becomes cooler Puzzle Time

5. Himalayas 6. Alps 1 GLACIE 5 RS 7. An undersea mountain 3 PA 8. Tibet LN Fill in the Blanks 2 FLORAG 7 S 1. Plains 2. desert A IEK 3. mountainous U N I 4. gold 5. volcanic 6 YANGTZE I True/False 4 PLATEAU N G 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (b) volcanic mountains 1. The major landforms are 2. (b) Japan mountains, plateaus and plains. 3. (d) Tibet Plateau 2. Mountains arranged in a line are known as a range. (c) Karnataka 4. 3. The Appalachians in North 5. (a) harsh America and the Ural Mountains Match the following in Russia are examples of very old fold mountains. (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(e) 4. The wearing away of the (iv)—(a) (v)—(c) earth’s surface is called erosion. The rebuilding of the earth’s Fill in the Blanks surface is called deposition. 1. sea 2. shapes 5. These processes are — internal 3. plateaus 4. plains process and external process. 5. garbage 6. A mountain is any natural True/False elevation of the earth surface. In other words, massive 1. False 2. False 3. True uplifted areas of the earth 4. True 5. False which rise to great heights

Teacher’s Manual n 77 of over 600 m from its Then they deposit their load surrounding areas are called consisting of stones, sand mountains. and silt along their courses 7. The Himalayan mountains and in their valleys. It is from and the Alps are young fold these deposits that plains are mountains. formed. 8. A mountain may have a small 3. Mountains are elevations of summit and a broad base. the earth’s surface. Hence, But a plateau is flat-topped the climate becomes colder table land standing above the as we go higher. Because of surrounding area. this harsh climate, less people Short Answer Type Questions live in the mountainous areas. Since the slopes are 1. Mountains are useful to man steep, less land is available in a variety of ways— for farming. What is more, (i) The mountains are a it is difficult to grow crops storehouse of water. in this land. Construction of Many rivers have their transport network is also a source in the glaciers in tough task. Equally tough the mountains. Reservoirs is house building. These are made and water is conditions are not suitable harnessed for the use of for human habitation. people. Therefore, population is thin (ii) Mountains have a rich in mountainous areas. variety of flora and fauna. 4. (i) River plains are fertile The forests provide fuel, regions where cultivation fodder, shelter and other is done on a large scale. products like gum, This is a major cause that raisins, etc. attracts people to live (iii) Mountain provide an here. idyllic site for tourists. (ii) Flat lands of plains are They visit the mountains good for roads and for their (mountains’) railways. They enable fast scenic beauty. transportation of goods. 2. Plains are large stretches of (iii) It is easy to set up flat land. Some plains are industries in these areas extremely level while others because of facilities of may be slightly rolling and movement. undulating. Since we find better living Most of the plains are formed conditions in plains, they are, therefore thickly by rivers and their tributaries. populated. In India, the The rivers flow down the Indo-Gangetic plains slopes of mountains and are the most densely erode them. They carry populated regions of the forward the eroded material. country.

78 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 5. Block mountains are created mountains in Russia have when large areas are broken rounded features and low and displaced vertically. The elevation. They are very uplifted blocks are called old fold mountains. horsts and the lowered blocks (ii) Block mountains: These are called graben. mountains are created Examples— The Rhine valley when large areas are and the Vosges mountains in broken and displaced Europe vertically. The Rhine 6. The various landforms on valley and the Vosges the earth are a result of two mountain in Europe processes— are examples of such (i) Internal Process: The mountain systems. forces deep within the earth (iii) Volcanic mountains: give rise to mountains, These mountains are volcanoes, etc. formed due to volcanic (ii) External Process: It is activity. Mt. Kilimanjaro the continuous wearing in Africa and Mt. Fujiyama down and rebuilding in Japan are examples of of the land surface. The such mountains. wearing away of the 2. A plateau is an elevated earth’s surface is called flat land. In other words, a erosion and the rebuilding plateau is a low level stretch of the earth’s surface is of land rising abruptly from called deposition. its surrounding areas. It is These two processes are useful to man in the following ways— carried out by running (i) They are rich in mineral water, ice and wind. deposits. As a result, Long Answer Type Questions many of the mining areas 1. There are three types of in the world are located mountains— in the plateau regions. (i) Fold mountains For example, the African (ii) Block mountains plateau is famous for gold (iii) Volcanic mountains and diamond mining. In (i) Fold mountains: The India, the Chhotanagpur Himalayan mountains plateau is the storehouse and the Alps are young of huge reserves of iron, fold mountains with coal and manganese. rugged relief and high (ii) In the plateau areas, conical peaks. The Aravali there may be several range in India is one of waterfalls as the river the oldest fold mountain falls from a great height. systems in the world. The For example, the Hundru Appalachians in North Falls in Chhotanagpur America and the Ural plateau on the river

Teacher’s Manual n 79 Subarnarekha and the (iii) Plains: These are large Jog Falls in Karnataka. stretches of flat land. People from far and wide They are mostly formed visit these places to enjoy by rivers and their these waterfalls. tributaries. Plains are (iii) The lava plateaus very fertile. So, people in provide fertile land for large numbers live here. cultivation. Here it is 4. People have been living on worth-mentioning, that different kinds of landforms these plateaus are rich in in different ways. Life in black soil which is very mountains is not as easy as in fertile. plains. It is because the slopes (iv) Many plateaus have of mountains are too steep to scenic spots which attract do cultivation there. However, tourists in a great number. 3. We find three major landforms plains provide much better on the earth— mountains, conditions. It is easy to grow plateaus and plains. crops, build houses and roads (i) Mountains: They are in plains. Natural calamities natural elevations of the like earthquakes, volcanic earth surface. They may eruptions, cyclones, etc. have a small summit occur sometimes and cause and a broad base. It is widespread destruction. We considerably higher than can minimise the loss of life the surrounding areas. and property by creating The climate of mountain awareness about such areas is harsh. So less incidences. people live there. Besides, We use land and water cultivation is difficult in for various purposes. Quite mountains because the often, we use the land in slopes are steep. But they a wasteful manner, for are useful to mankind in example, constructing various ways. They are houses on a fertile land. We storehouse of water. They pollute water by throwing have a rich variety of flora garbage in rivers. We should and fauna. check these activities in (ii) Plateaus: A plateau is an elevated flat land. order to conserve our natural It is a flat-topped table resources. We should believe land standing above in sustainable use of these the surrounding area. A resources. The available plateau may have one land is not only for our use. or more sides with steep It is also for the use of our slopes. Plateaus are very future generations. So, it is useful because they are our duty to leave the earth a rich in mineral deposits. better place for them.

80 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 5.

Teacher’s Manual n 81 Chapter Our Country—India 7 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. districts 4. Brahmaputra 1. Tiny marine animals are 5. Polyps called polyps. True/False 2. In the south. 1. F 2. T 3. T 3. China 4. F 5. T 4. About 3.28 million sq.km. Rapid-Fire Questions 5. 1¼ hundred crore 1. A river 6. Northern Hemisphere 2. Coastal plains 7. Seven countries 3. Triangular 4. Yes 8. 29 states 5. Sri Lanka and 9. 7 union territories Puzzle Time 10. Rajasthan 1. Shiwalik 2. Plains Fill in the Blanks 3. Plateau 4. Mountain 1. Palk Strait 2. languages 5. Delta 6. Corals SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 4. False 5. True 6. True 1. (a) Shiwaliks 7. False 2. (b) Western Ghats Very Short Answer Type Questions 3. (b) India and Sri Lanka 1. Alluvial deposits are very fine 4. (b) Lakshadweep Islands soils, brought by rivers and 5. (a) Aravali Hills deposited in the river basins. 6. (d) Tapi 2. A tributary is a river or stream Match the following which contributes its water to (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) a main river by discharging it into main river from either (iv)—(c) (v)—(d) side. Fill in the Blanks 3. China, Nepal and Bhutan. 1. India 2. minerals 4. Ganga and Brahmaputra. 5. The Peninsular plateau 3. Goa is located to the south of 4. Arunachal Pradesh northern plains. 5. flat 6. The rivers namely Narmada 6. Tropic of Cancer and Tapi fall into the Arabian True/False Sea. 1. True 2. True 3. False 7. The Lakshadweep island groups have coral origin.

82 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 8. Punjab and Haryana have India would belong to the a common capital, i.e. Eastern Hemisphere. Chandigarh. 3. India is a country of vast 9. Tsunami is a huge sea geographical expanse wave generated due to an with an area of about 3.28 earthquake on the sea floor. million sq.km. The north- 10. The Himalayan mountains south extent from Kashmir to are divided into three main Kanyakumari is about 3,200 parallel ranges. From north km. And the east-west extent to south they are — the Great from Arunachal Pradesh to Himalaya or Himadri, Middle Kuchchh is about 2,900 km. Himalaya or Himachal and There are lofty Himalayas the Shiwalik. in the north of India. The 11. The point where rivers enter Arabian Sea is located in the the sea is called the mouth of west, the Bay of Bengal lies the river. in the east and the Indian 12. Western coastal plains are Ocean lies in the south of narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much India. broader. 4. The Northern Indian Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. Short Answer Type Questions Their main features are: 1. The Northern Plains are (i) They are generally level generally level and flat land, and flat. having alluvial deposits laid (ii) As these plains are down by the rivers such as formed by the alluvial the Indus, the Ganga, the deposits laid down by the Brahmaputra and their rivers like the Indus, the tributaries. These river Ganga, the Brahmaputra plains provide fertile land and their tributaries, they for cultivation. That is the are very fertile. Hence, reason for high concentration cultivation is done on a of population in these plains. large scale in these river 2. India lies in the Northern plains. Hemisphere. The Tropic (iii) There is great concentra- of Cancer (23°30΄N) passes tion of people as more flat almost halfway through the land is available here for country. From south to north, building houses as well as mainland of India extends for cultivation. between 8°4΄N and 37°6΄N 5. Corals are skeletons of tiny latitudes. From west to east, marine animals called polyps. India extends between 68°7΄E When the living polyps die, and 97°25΄E longitudes. If we their skeletons are left. Other divide the world into eastern polyps grow on the top of and western hemispheres, the hard skeletons which

Teacher’s Manual n 83 grow higher and higher, thus and the Tapi flow through forming the coral islands. these ranges. These are west 6. The coastal plains lie to the flowing rivers that drain into west of the Western Ghats the Arabian Sea. The Western and the east of the Eastern Ghats border the plateau Ghats. The Western Coastal in the west and the Eastern Plains are very narrow while Ghats provide the eastern the eastern coastal plains are boundary. While the Western much broader. There are a Ghats are almost continuous, number of east flowing rivers the Eastern Ghats are broken which include Mahanadi, and uneven. The plateau is Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. rich in minerals. It is black soil These rivers drain into the Bay area which provides fertile of Bengal. They have formed land for cultivation. fertile deltas at their mouth. 2. India’s major physical divisions are given below: The Sundarbans Delta is the (i) The Himalayan world’s largest delta. It is Mountains: These are formed where the Ganga and standing as sentinels in Brahmaputra flow into the the north of India and Bay of Bengal. are divided into three 7. The major physical divisions main parallel ranges. The of India are northernmost is the Great (i) The Himalayan mountains Himalaya or Himadri. (ii) The Northern Indian The middle Himalaya or plains Himachal lie to the south (iii) The Peninsular plateau of Himadri. The Shiwalik (iv) The Coastal plains is the southernmost (v) The Great Indian desert range. (vi) The Islands (ii) The Northern Indian Plains: They lie to the Long Answer Type Questions south of the Himalayas. 1. The Peninsular plateau lies to They are formed by the the south of northern plains. alluvial deposits laid It is triangular in shape. The down by the rivers such relief is highly uneven. This as the Indus, the Ganga, is a region with numerous hill the Brahmaputra and ranges and valleys. Aravali their tributaries. These hills, one of the oldest ranges river plains are very fertile attracting more of the world, border it on the north-west side. The and more people to settle Vindhyas and the Satpuras down. are the important ranges. (iii) The Great Indian Desert: The rivers like the Narmada It lies in the western part

84 n Question Bank Social Science-VI of India. It is a dry, hot The western coastal and sandy stretch of land plains are very narrow with little vegetation. while the eastern coastal (iv) The Peninsular Plateau: plains are much broader. It lies to the south of (vi) The Islands: Our country the northern plains. It is has two groups of islands. triangular in shape. The Lakshadweep Islands are relief is highly uneven. located in the Arabian Sea. This is a region with These are coral islands numerous hill ranges located off the coast of and valleys. Kerala. The Andaman (v) The Coastal Plains: These and the Nicobar Islands lie to the west of the lie to the south-east of the Western Ghats and the Indian mainland in the east of the Eastern Ghats. Bay of Bengal.

3.

Teacher’s Manual n 85 4.

Chapter 8 India: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. Pelican and Flamingo 1. T 2. F 3. F 2. Crops will be affected 4. T 5. F 3. Mawsynram 4. Jaisalmer Rapid-Fire Questions 5. Thorny bushes 1. Yes 2. October Fill in the Blanks 3. Assam 4. Mountain vegetation 1. climatic 2. sunray 5. Mumbai and Kolkata 3. dry 4. animal kingdom Puzzle Time 5. snakes 1. Summer 2. Winter 86 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 3. Monsoon 4. Deodar 7. Cactus 8. Camel 5. Ebony 6. Sundari 9. Elephant 10. Cobra. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 6. The factors that affect the 1. (c) Mawsynram climate of a place are its location, altitude, distance 2. (a) saline water from the sea and relief. 3. (c) tropical evergreen forests 7. We can find tropical 4. (a) Himalayan region deciduous forests in states 5. (b) sea to land like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar 6. (a) Assam Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Match the following Chhattisgarh, Odisha and in (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(e) parts of Maharashtra. (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) 8. The roots of the plants bind the soil. Thus, they control soil Fill in the Blanks erosion. 1. mountain vegetation 9. The main purpose behind 2. protection 3. temperature observing Wildlife Week every 4. spines 5. Pous year is to create awareness 6. December 7. rainfall among people so that they True/False can contribute in conserving 1. True 2. True 3. False the habitats of the animal 4. True 5. False 6. False kingdom. 10. Sanctuaries are areas where 7. True wild birds or animals are Very Short Answer Type Questions protected and encouraged to 1. Assam and Karnataka breed. 2. Weather is day to day changes Short Answer Type Questions in the atmosphere. The 1. The climate of India has been elements that it includes are temperature, rainfall and described as monsoon type. sunshine. Due to India’s location in the 3. Hot weather season i.e. tropical region, most of the summer stays from March to rain is brought by monsoon May. winds. 4. Season of retreating monsoon Monsoon winds are so is also known as autumn important because they bring season. rain on which agriculture 5. Tamil Nadu and Andhra in India is dependent. Good Pradesh receive rainfall monsoons mean adequate during autumn season. rain and bountifull crop. If

Teacher’s Manual n 87 monsoons are weak or fail to 4. The climate of a place is occur one year, crops will be affected by its location, badly affected. There may be altitude, distance from the famine. sea and relief. It is, therefore, 2. The four different seasons is we experience regional India with their time span differences in the climate of are— India. For example, Jaisalmer (i) Cold Weather Season or and Bikaner in the desert Winter — December to of Rajasthan are very hot, February. while Drass and Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir are (ii) Hot Weather Season freezing cold. Coastal places or Summer — March to like Mumbai and Kolkata May. experience moderate climate. (iii) Southwest Monsoon It means they are neither too Season or Rainy season hot nor too cold. Mawsynram — June to September. in Meghalaya receives the (iv) Season of Retreating world’s highest rainfall, while Monsoon or Autumn — in a particular year it might October to November. not rain at all in Jaisalmer in 3. Tropical rainforests are found Rajasthan. in the areas which receive 5. The Government of India heavy rainfall. The main has set up national parks, features of these forests are sanctuaries and biosphere given below: reserves to protect wildlife. (i) They are very dense The Government has also forests. As a result, started Project Tiger and sunlight doesn’t reach Project Elephant to protect the ground. these animals. (ii) Many species of trees are We can also contribute in found in these forests conserving wildlife. We can which shed their leaves refuse to buy things made at different times of the from parts of the bodies of year. Therefore, they animals such as their bones, always appear green. horns, fur, skins and feathers. (iii) Important trees found We can spread awareness of in these forests are conserving habitats of the mahogany, ebony, and animal kingdom among the rosewood. masses. 6. Tropical Evergreen Forest Tropical Deciduous Forest (i) These forests occur in the (i) These forests are found areas which receive heavy in the areas which receive rainfall (more than 200 cm). rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.

88 n Question Bank Social Science-VI (ii) They are so dense that (ii) They are less dense. sunlight doesn’t reach the ground. (iii) They shed their leaves at (iii) They shed their leaves at a different times of the year. particular time of the year. (iv) Important trees are (iv) Important trees are sal, teak mahogany, ebony and and peepal. rosewood. 7. Every year birds migrate Long Answer Type Questions from one place to another on 1. Vegetation of India is divided a large scale. Their movement into five types: occurs between their breeding (i) Tropical rain forests: (summer) homes and their These forests occur in non-breeding (winter) grounds. the areas which receive Birds like the Pelican, Siberian heavy rainfall. They are Crane, Stork, Flamingo, very dense. Since they Pintail Duck and Curlew always appear green, they migrate to our country in the are also called evergreen winter season every year in forests. Important trees order to protect them from of these forests are freezing cold of their original mahogany, ebony and place. Siberian Cranes migrate rosewood. These forests are found in Andaman from Siberia. They arrive in and Nicobar Islands, December and stay till early parts of north-eastern March. states etc. 8. (i) Mountain vegetation (ii) Tropical deciduous varies with height. At forests: These forests a height between 1500 are also called monsoon metres and 2500 metres forests. They are found most of the trees are in a large part of our conical in shape. These country. They are less trees are called coniferous dense. They shed their trees. leaves at a particular (ii) These forests cover mostly time of the year. Sal, teak, the southern slopes of the peepal, neem and shisham are important trees Himalayas, places having of these forests. They high altitude in southern are found in Madhya and north-east India. Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, (iii) Chir, pine and deodar are Bihar, Jharkhand, etc. important trees of these (iii) Thorny bushes: They forests. are found in dry areas

Teacher’s Manual n 89 of the country such as existing ones. We should Rajasthan. The leaves are make people aware of the in the form of spines to importance of trees. We reduce the loss of water. should involve more and Cactus, khair, babool, keekar more people in Van Mahotsav are important varieties of programme. this type of vegetation. 3. There are four major seasons (iv) Mountain vegetation: A in India: wide range of species is (i) Cold weather season or found in the mountains winter season. according to the variation (ii) Hot weather season or in height. These trees are summer season. called coniferous trees. (iii) Southwest monsoon Chir, pine and deodar are season or rainy season. important trees of these (iv) Season of retreating forests. monsoon or autumn (v) Mangrove forests: These season. forests can survive only (i) Cold weather season in saline water. They begins in December are found mainly in and stays till February. Sundarbans in West During these months, Bengal and in the the sun rays do not fall Andaman and Nicobar directly in the region. As Islands. Sundari is a well- a result, the temperatures known species of trees in are quite low in northern mangrove forests. India. 2. Forests are useful for us in a (ii) The duration of the hot variety of ways: weather season extends (i) They perform various from March to May. functions. Plants release During these months, oxygen that we breathe the sun rays more or and absorb carbon dioxide. less directly fall in this (ii) The roots of the plants region. As a result, the bind the soil and thus temperatures become control soil erosion. high. Hot and dry winds (iii) Forests provide us with called loo blow during the timber for furniture, fuel day. wood, fodder, medicinal (iii) South-west monsoon plants and herbs, lac, season begins in June honey, gum, and many and lasts till September. more things. During these months, the (iv) Forests are home to a winds blow from Arabian variety of wildlife. Sea and Bay of Bengal We should plant more and towards the land. They more trees and protect the carry moisture with them.

90 n Question Bank Social Science-VI When these winds strike Elephants and one-horned the mountain barriers, rhinoceroses are found in the rainfall occurs. forests of Assam. Camels and (iv) The duration of the season wild asses are found in the of retreating monsoon is Great Indian desert and the October and November. Rann of Kuchchh respectively. During these two months Wild goats, snow leopards, winds move back from bears, etc. are found in the the mainland to the Bay Himalayan region. Beside of Bengal. The southern these animals, a large variety parts of India receive of birds are also found in our rainfall in this season. country. The peacock is our 4. India is rich in its fauna national bird. Other common (wildlife). Several species birds are parrots, pigeons, of wildlife are found here. mynah, geese, bulbul and Tiger, our national animal is ducks. There are hundreds found in various parts of the of species of snakes found in country. Gir forests in Gujarat India. Cobras and Kraits are is the home of Asiatic lions. important among them. WORKSHEET-1 A. Tick the correct option (iii) It is slightly flattened at 1. (a) sun the poles. That is why, 2. (a) Mars and Jupiter its shape is described as 3. (d) all of these a geoid which means an 4. (c) Saturn earth like shape. 5. (b) Neptune 2. (i) Celestial bodies are big and hot. B. Match the Columns (ii) They are made up of (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) gases. (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) (iii) They have their own heat and light, which they C. Fill in the Blanks emit in large amounts. 1. 27 2. water (iv) They twinkle in the night 3. sun sky. 4. gravitational force 3. Planets like Mercury and 5. orbits Venus have no moon. D. True/False 4. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus have rings around them. 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True These are belts of small debris. These rings may be seen from E. Answers the following questions the earth with the help of 1. (i) The Earth is the third powerful telescopes. nearest planet to the sun. 5. The Earth is called a blue (ii) In size, it is the fifth planet because its two-third largest planet. surface is covered with water.

Teacher’s Manual n 91 6. Jupiter is the largest planet. 8. (i) Mercury is the nearest It is surrounded by clouds, planet to the sun. cyclones and dust storms. Its (ii) It takes only about 88 rotation period is 9 hours and days to complete one round along its orbit. 56 minutes and the revolution (iii) It is a small and airless takes about 12 years. No life is planet. found on this planet. 9. Venus is the second nearest 7. A whitish broad bank like a planet to the sun. It is white glowing path is seen considered as ‘Earth’s-twin’ across the sky on a clear starry because its size and shape are night. It is a cluster of millions very much similar to that of the Earth. of stars. This band is the Milky 10. In a meeting of the International Way galaxy. Our solar system Astronomical Union, a is a part of this galaxy. In decision was taken that Pluto ancient India, it was imagined like other celestial objects to be a river of light flowing such as Ceres, 2003 UB 313 in the sky. Therefore, it was discovered in recent past may named Akash Ganga. be called ‘dwarf planets’. WORKSHEET-2 A. Tick the correct option 2. As we move away from 1. (a) poles the equator, the size of the 2. (a) 360 parallels of latitude decreases. 3. (b) Southern Hemisphere 3. Areas lying between the Arctic 4. (c) 24 time zones Circle and the North Pole in 5. (b) Allahabad the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and B. Match the Columns the South Pole in the Southern (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) Hemisphere are very cold. (iv)—(c) (v)—(e) 4. Latitudes and longitudes form C. Fill in the Blanks a grid (a network of parallels of latitudes and meridians of 1. axis 2. Torrid longitudes). These latitudes 3. Greenwich 4. 24 and longitudes are very 5. latitude important if we want to locate D. True/False any point on the globe. It is 1. True 2. True 3. True because two different points 4. True 5. False may lie on the same latitude or the same longitude but there E. Answers the following questions exists only one point where 1. (i) Globes cannot be carried a latitude and longitude cut easily. each other. Thus, a point can (ii) The space on the globe be identified with the help is limited. Hence, it is of the latitude and longitude difficult to show things on which it is located. For in details.

92 n Question Bank Social Science-VI example, Dhubri in Assam number the meridians. Hence, is situated at 26° N latitude all countries decided that and 90° E longitude. The the count should begin from point where these two lines the meridian which passed intersect will be the location through Greenwich, where of Dhubri. the British Royal Observatory 5. All meridians are of equal is located. This meridian is length. Thus it was difficult to called the Prime Meridian. WORKSHEET-3 A. Tick the correct option while revolution causes 1. (b) 2007 change in the seasons. 2. (a) Equator 2. On 22nd December, the Tropic 3. (b) longer days and shorter of Capricorn recieves direct nights rays of the sun as the South 4. (d) summer season Pole tilts towards it. As the 5. (b) spring season sun’s rays fall vertically at B. Match the Columns the Tropic of Capricorn, a larger portion of the Southern (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) Hemisphere gets light. (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) Therefore, it is summer in C. Fill in the Blanks the Southern Hemisphere. 1. Vertical 2. winter Since Australia is located in 3. days 4. Cancer the Southern Hemisphere, 5. autumn Christmas is celebrated there D. True/False in the summer seasons. 3. See Long Answer No.1 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. On 21st June, the Northern 4. True 5. True Hemisphere is tilted towards E. Answers the following questions the sun. The rays of the sun 1. (i) The movement of the fall directly on the Tropic earth on its axis is of Cancer. As a result, these called rotation while the areas receive more heat. Since movement of the earth a large portion of the Northern around the sun is called Hemisphere is getting light revolution. from the sun, it is summer (ii) Rotation is the daily in the regions north of the motion of the earth while equator. The longest day and revolution is the annual the shortest night at these motion of the earth. places occur on 21st June. This (iii) Rotation of the earth position of the earth is called causes days and nights the Summer Solstice.

Teacher’s Manual n 93 WORKSHEET-4 A. Tick the correct option done very carefully so that the 1. (b) North-east distance between the places 2. (b) north line is real. It can only be possible 3. (a) scale when a small distance on paper 4. (d) cartographer represents a large distance on the ground. Therefore, a B. Match the Columns scale is used for this purpose. (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) Scale is the ratio between the (iv)—(c) actual distance on the ground C. Fill in the Blanks and the distance shown on the map. For example, the 1. language 2. mariner’s distance between your tuition 3. globe 4. direction centre and your home is 10 D. True/False km. If you show this 10 km 1. False 2. True 3. False distance by 2 cm on a map, it means, 1 cm on the map will 4. True show 5 km on the ground. The E. Answers the following questions scale of your drawing will be 1. Directions help a lot in reading 1 cm = 5 km. Thus, scale is maps. Most maps contain an very important in any map. arrow marked with the letter One can easily calculate the ‘N’ at the upper right hand distance between any two corner. This arrow shows the places on a map by knowing north direction. It is called the the scale. north line. When we come to 4. Map gives a lot of information. know the north, we can easily To understand them it is find out other directions such necessary to learn and follow as east, west and south. the signs and symbols used 2. North, south, east and west in maps. Needless to say that are four major directions, also these signs and symbols make known as cardinal points. the map easy to read and Apart from these directions, gather information. there are four intermediate It is not possible to draw on directions such as north-east a map the actual shape and (NE), south-east (SE), south- size of different features such west (SW) and north-west as buildings, roads, bridges, (NW). We can locate any trees, etc. So, they are shown place more accurately with by using certain letters, the help of these intermediate shades, colours, pictures and directions. lines. These symbols give a 3. Maps are drawings which lot of information in a limited reduce the entire world or a space. With the use of these part of it to fit on a sheet of signs and symbols, we can paper. But this reduction is draw maps easily and read.

94 n Question Bank Social Science-VI It may be possible that you understood by all. There is don’t know the language of an international agreement an area and therefore cannot among many countries about ask someone for directions. the common use of signs, In such a situation you can symbols, colours, letters, collect information from etc. For example, blue is maps with the help of these always used for showing symbols. water bodies, brown for Here, it is worth-mentioning mountains, etc. These are that maps have a universal called conventional signs and language that can be symbols. F. Map Skills 1.

Teacher’s Manual n 95 WORKSHEET-5 A. Tick the correct option as fresh water for human use. 1. (c) Australia Hence, despite being a blue 2. (d) Africa planet, we face a shortage of 3. (a) circular water on the earth. 4. (a) Pacific Ocean 5. The three movements of ocean 5. (d) Hydrosphere waters are— the waves, the tides and the ocean currents. B. Match the Columns 6. The irregular and indented (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) coastline of the Atlantic Ocean (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) provide ideal location for natural harbours and ports. C. Fill in the Blanks 7. From the commercial point 1. zero 2. Mt. Everest of view, Atlantic Ocean is the 3. hydrosphere busiest one. 4. Asia 5. Nitrogen 8. The three domains of the D. True/False earth interact and affect them 1. True 2. False 3. False in some way or the other. For 4. True 5. True example, cutting of forests for fulfilling our needs of E. Answers the following questions wood, or clearing land for 1. The earth is the only planet agriculture may lead to fast which has all the life sustaining removal of soil from slopes. elements such as land, water In the same way, earth’s and air. surface may be changed 2. Europe is much smaller than due to natural calamities like earthquakes. Discharge Asia. The continent lies to the of waste material into lakes west of Asia. The Arctic Circle and rivers makes the water passes through it. It is bound unsuitable for human use. It by waterbodies on three sides. also damages other forms of 3. There are no permanent human life. settlements in Antarctica 9. The biosphere is made up because it is permanently of the following elements — covered with thick ice sheets. plants, animals, human beings 4. More than 97% of the earth’s and microbes. water is found in the oceans 10. (i) The atmosphere provides and is too salty for human us with the air we breathe. use. A large proportion of the (ii) It protects us from the rest of the water is in the form harmful ultraviolet rays of ice sheets and glaciers or of the sun. under the ground and a very (iii) It helps in the change of small percentage is available weather.

96 n Question Bank Social Science-VI WORKSHEET-6 A. Tick the correct option 4. Paragliding, hang gliding, 1. (b) Europe river rafting and skiing. 2. (d) all of these 5. Examples of old plateaus — 3. (a) black soil the in India, 4. (c) both (a) and (b) the East African plateau in 5. (b) gold and diamond mining Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and the Western plateau of B. Match the Columns Australia. (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 6. (i) A plateau is an elevated (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) flat land. C. Fill in the Blanks (ii) It may have one or more 1. lower 2. clouds sides with steep slopes. 3. colder 4. irrigation (iii) The height of plateaus 5. steep often varies from few hundred metres to several D. True/False thousand metres. 1. False 2. True 3. True (iv) Plateaus like mountains 4. False 5. True may be young or old. E. Answers the following questions 7. (i) The Ganga river plains. (ii) The Brahmaputra river 1. (i) Mountains are rich in flora and fauna. plains (ii) Glaciers (frozen rivers 8. The Aravali range in India is of ice) are found in the one of the oldest fold mountain mountains. systems in the world. The (iii) Mountains have cold range has considerably worn climate. down due to the processes of 2. Mountains are thinly erosion. populated because life is 9. Some natural calamities that difficult there. Since their slopes are steep, less land is cause widespread destruction available for farming. Besides, are earthquakes, volcanic it is difficult to construct eruptions, storms floods and houses and roads in the tsunami. mountains. 10. When we construct houses or 3. Water from the mountains factories, etc. on a fertile land, is used for irrigation and it is said that land is used in a generation of hydro- wasteful manner. electricity.

Teacher’s Manual n 97 WORKSHEET-7 A. Tick the correct option almost continuous but 1. (a) west of India the Eastern Ghats are 2. (a) seven broken and uneven. 3. (c) both (a) and (b) (iii) The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern 4. (d) Aravali hills Ghats. B. Match the Columns 4. India has nine neighbouring (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) countries—Pakistan, (iv)—(b) Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, C. Fill in the Blanks Sri Lanka and Maldives. 1. 3.28 million sq.km. 5. Jammu and Kashmir, 2. Himadri 3. Arabian Himachal Pradesh, Punjab D. True/False and Uttarakhand. 1. True 2. False 3. True 6. The Himalayan mountains E. Answers the following questions are lofty snow-capped. They are one of the most rugged 1. The Northern plains are generally level and flat with mountain barriers of the no major variations in its world. relief. On the other hand, 7. The north-south extent from the relief of the Peninsular Kashmir to Kanyakumari is plateau is highly uneven. This about 3,200 km. is a region with numerous hill 8. The east-west extent from ranges and valleys. Arunachal Pradesh to 2. The Great Indian desert is a Kuchchh is about 2,900 km. dry, hot and sandy stretch 9. The seven countries with which of land. It has very little India shares land boundaries vegetation because it receives are — Afghanistan, Pakistan, very low rainfall. The region China, Nepal, Bhutan, observes arid climate i.e. dry Bangladesh and Myanmar. and parched. 10. Lakshadweep is made of 3. (i) The Western Ghats lie parallel to the western corals which are skeletons coast. The Eastern Ghats of minute sea animals called lie along the eastern coast. polyps. They thrive in shallow (ii) The Western Ghats are water of seas and oceans.

98 n Question Bank Social Science-VI F. Map Skills 1.

WORKSHEET-8 A. Tick the correct option C. Fill in the Blanks 1. (c) moderate 1. loo 2. autumn 2. (d) all of these 3. Gir; Asiatic lions 3. (a) conical in shape 4. (b) Teak D. True/False 5. (d) March to May 1. True 2. False 3. True B. Match the Columns E. Answers the following questions (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(e) 1. Climate is the average (iv)—(a) (v)—(c) weather condition, which

Teacher’s Manual n 99 have been measured over our forests, the ecological many years. The elements of balance will be disturbed. climate are similar to weather, 7. Van Mahotsava is a special i.e. temperature, rainfall and programme started by the sunshine. Government of India. Under 2. Natural vegetation refers to this programme, people are the grasses, shrubs and trees, encouraged to plant new trees which grow on their own every year. This scheme has without interference or help a long lasting importance. from human beings. Different Needless to say that natural types of natural vegetation vegetation has been destroyed are dependent on different to a large extent because of the climatic conditions, among reckless cutting of trees. This which the amount of rainfall has resulted in the imbalance is important. of environment. We need 3. Tropical rainforests shed their trees for pure air and other leaves at different times of the various purposes. Dearth of year. Therefore, they always trees makes our life difficult. appear green and are called evergreen forests. Hence, we should plant more 4. Neem and mango are some of and more trees and protect the the tall trees which have many existing ones and make people branches and leaves. Palm tree aware of their importance. stand with few leaves. Van Mahotsava is celebrated 5. Andaman and Nicobar in all parts of the country. Islands, parts of north-eastern This is an effort to check states and a narrow strip the environmental pollution, of the western slope of the which cannot be successful Western Ghats are home of without our help. So, let’s tropical rainforests. join this programme and 6. Poachers kill tigers for their contribute in making our skin, hides, bones, etc. They earth green. smuggle these items to other 8. The climate which is neither countries and earn huge too hot nor too cold is known money. If tigers vanish from as moderate climate.

100 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Part-C: Civics (Social and Political Life-I) Chapter Understanding Diversity 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. T 5. T 1. Saffron, white, green Rapid-Fire Questions 2. Fanek 1. Jammu & Kashmir 3. In Jharkhand many adivasis say ‘Johar’ to greet each other. 2. A group of people, especially 4. Ladakhis eat meat and milk traders or pilgrims, travelling products like cheese and together across a desert. butter. 3. An utensil 5. Cheese and butter. 4. Rabindranath Tagore 5. Kesar Saga Fill in the Blanks 1. geographical Puzzle Time 2. different 3. hymn 1. Culture 2. Sheep 4. different 5. Ladakh 3. Spices 4. Fanek True/False 5. Unity 6. Diversity 1. F 2. F 3. T 7. Biriyani 8. Shawl SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (a) sells newspaper 1. Samir Ek was a Hindu boy. 2. (c) friends 2. Samir Do was a Muslim boy. 3. (b) Buddhism and Islam 3. Samir Do was familiar with 4. (d) rice, fish and vegetables the . 5. (c) inequality 4. Samir Do did not attend school Match the following because he belonged to a poor (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) family. His parents could not (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) afford to send him to school. 5. No, it is highly unfair. Each Fill in the Blanks and every child of the country 1. Ladakh 2. diversity has a right to get education. 3. opportunity 4. Chinese It is unfortunate that some 5. unity 6. Diversity children do not go to school True/False because of poverty. 6. Inequality comes about when 1. True 2. True 3. False a person does not have the 4. False 5. True 6. True resources and opportunities

Teacher’s Manual n 101 that are available to other 2. Samir Ek and Samir Do are persons. different from each other in 7. Diversity means the sense the following ways: of variety that we see in our (i) While Samir Ek is more looks, behaviour, culture, familiar with English, language, religion, etc. Samir Do speaks Hindi. 8. Samir Do was very disturbed (ii) Both come from different because his family lived in religions and cultural backgrounds. Samir Ek is Meerut which was blazing a Hindu and Samir Do is due to communal riots. a Muslim. 9. People of Ladakh rear sheeps, (iii) Samir Ek goes to school goats, cows and dzos i.e., yak- but Samir Do sells cows. newspapers. 10. Caste system is a form of But these differences do not inequality. It consists of prevent them from becoming two different concepts — friends. Although they varna and jati, which may be both are more at home in regarded as different levels different languages they still of analysis of this system. communicated with each In ancient India there were other. Samir Ek looks highly four varnas — brahmins, compassionate with Samir Do. 3. India’s freedom movement kshatriyas, vaishyas and had thousands of people of shudras. The varnas resulted different backgrounds in it. in the division of labours and But that never created any class. problem to them. Very wisely Short Answer Type Questions they worked together, and decided joint actions. They 1. It is a truth that India is a land went to jail together, and they of many diversities. We speak found different ways to oppose different languages. We eat the British, who thought that various types of food and wear they could divide Indians different clothes. We celebrate because of their diversities. different festivals and practise But the people showed how different religions. The people they could be different and residing here belong to yet be united in their battle different regional and cultural against the British. Songs backgrounds. and symbols that emerged All these diversities give us during the freedom struggle a sense of variety. Also, they serve as a constant reminder enrich our lives in many ways. of our country’s rich tradition They widen our outlook. We of respect for diversity. The Indian flag was used as a come out of narrow feelings symbol of protest against the and live happily with others. British by people everywhere.

102 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 4. Caste system is a form of are in. Similarly in our own inequality. According to neighbourhoods we live this system, society was close to people from several divided into different groups communities. Our daily lives depending upon the work are about the ways in which that people did and they we do things together and were supposed to remain hear stories about each other’s in those groups. We can lives, customs and traditions. understand this through an Long Answer Type Questions example. If anyone’s parents were potters he could only 1. Yes, the term ‘unity in become a potter and nothing diversity’ is an appropriate else. This system was deeply term to describe India. rooted in society and was India is a vast country. A considered irreversible. large variety of people live in Since, he was not supposed different parts of the country. to change his profession, it These people do not live in was not considered necessary the same way everywhere. for him to know anything Instead, they speak different more than what he needed in languages, have various types his profession. This created of food, celebrate different a situation of inequality. The festivals, practise different differences emerged from religions. Even the kinds of caste system can not be work they do also differ. equalled with diversities. Despite all these diversities, 5. India is a country with a rich we are one. All of us equally heritage of diversity. People of respect our national flag. We the country belong to various celebrate national festivals religious backgrounds, speak with same enthusiasm. We different languages, eat sing our national song and different foods, wear different national anthem with same clothes, etc. In spite of these passion. These factors show diversities, we are united how united we are. together as Indians. We share Nehru, in his book The the same national symbols, Discovery of India is trying national virtues and feelings. to say that Indian unity is a We respect each other’s unique thing. It is not imposed religion and the sentiments from the outside but rather related to it. it is something deeper and 6. Our present lives are all about within its fold. The people moving from place to place of India believe in tolerance for work and with each move which enables them to live our cultural traditions and happily and peacefully with way of life slowly become others. part of the new place we 2. See Short Answer No.3

Teacher’s Manual n 103 Chapter Diversity and Discrimintation 2 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. F 5. F 1. Eight Rapid-Fire Questions 2. More than 50% 1. Yes 3. They are forced to migrate to cities in search of work. 2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 4. To judge other people 3. Buddhism negatively or see them as 4. Farming, teaching, weaving inferior. pottery, etc. 5. Differently abled people 5. Cleaning, washing, cutting 6. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar hair, etc. Fill in the Blanks Puzzle Time 1. Dalits 1. Mahar 2. Dalit 2. Untouchability 3. Untouchable 3. Poverty 4. untouchables 4. Caste 5. Society 5. ‘broken’. 6. Discriminate True/False 7. Stereotype 8. Rights 1. T 2. T 3. T 9. Equality 10. Secular SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (d) all of the above 1. When we fix people into one 2. (a) we are prejudiced about image we create a stereotype. them This image may be positive or 3. (b) poverty negative. 4. (b) disabled children 2. It means that there is no Match the following official religion. Government (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) treats all religions beliefs (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) and practices with equal respect. Citizens of India have Fill in the Blanks complete freedom to follow 1. religions 2. discrimination any religion. 3. respect 4. status 3. The group of people who 5. untouchables are not in the mainstream of 6. work our social set-up belong to marginalised communities. True/False These people are poor and 1. False 2. True 3. True therefore lack resources and 4. False 5. True 6. True opportunities.

104 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 4. In simple language dis- this age of globalisation, we crimination means making should adopt global views and distinction between two shun narrow-mindedness. people or communities, etc. Such an attitude will benefit Discrimination takes place the society and the nation. when people act on their 2. We are not fair when we say prejudices or stereotypes. For that city people are money- example, stopping someone minded, lazy and cunning. from living in certain We just fix them into one neighbourhoods is a form of image and thus create a discrimination. 5. When we are in the company stereotypes about them. There of the people like us, we feel are lazy and active people safe and secure. everywhere, in every city, in 6. (i) Children with special every village, in every group. needs do not get admission And just because some city in regular schools. people are like that it is not (ii) They face many problem fair to think that everyone will at every step. For example, be the same. public places like post Two drawbacks of stereotypes. offices, banks etc. don’t (i) Stereotypes stop us from have ramps, which looking at each person as poses problems for such unique individual with persons. his or her own special 7. These things are — people’s religious beliefs, the colour qualities and skills that of their skin, the region they are different from others. come from, the accent they (ii) Stereotypes prevent us speak in, the clothes they from doing certain things, wear, etc. that we might otherwise be good at. Short Answer Type Questions 3. Inequality and discrimation 1. Our prejudices create gaps are two different things. between people. Often our However, they are interlinked prejudices about others are with each other. Inequality so strong that we don’t want comes about when a person to establish friendship with does not have the resources them. At times, we may even act in ways that hurt them as and opportunities that are a result of which a wide gap available to other persons. may be developed. Thus, our For example the caste system prejudices about others badly is a form of inequality. affect our society and hampers Discrimination takes place its growth. So, we should when people act on their try our best to over come prejudices or stereotypes. If prejudices if there is any. In one does something to put

Teacher’s Manual n 105 other people down or if one untouchables and therefore stops them from sharing the suppressed in a number of same seat only because they ways. are poor and belong to groups (i) Caste rules did not allow whose culture is not valued them to take on work one is discriminating against other than what they were meant to do. them. It is not healthy at all (ii) They were not allowed because it widens gap between to enter the homes of the people. We are not entitled to upper castes or take water discriminate against anyone from the village well, or on any ground. even enter temples. 4. A common stereotype about (iii) Their children could not Muslims is that they are not sit next to children of interested in educating girls other castes in school. and, therefore, do not send 6. (i) Villagers do not care their girls to school. But the about their health. They report of studies is something are full of superstition. else. According to this report, (ii) People in villages are poverty amongst Muslims backward and do not is an important reason why like to use modern agricultural technology. Muslims girls do not attend (iii) Villagers are dirty school or dropout from school people who live in dirty after a few years. Here, it surroundings. is worth-mentioning that 7. (i) People in cities only care wherever effort has been about money, not about made to reach education to people. the poor, there the Muslim (ii) City people cannot be community has shown an trusted. They are cunning interest in sending their girls and corrupt. to schools. For example, in the (iii) In cities, families spend state of Kerala the distance very little time with each between the school and the other. home is not much. As a result, 8. (i) Boys are physically more and more Muslim girls strong. (ii) They are naughty. They attend school. are rowdy. 5. Caste rules were followed (iii) They are tough and hard- very strictly. According to workers. these rules, the groups who 9. (i) Girls are soft and gentle. were placed at the bottom They are well-behaved. of the ladder were seen as (ii) They are good at dance unworthy and inferior. Such and painting. people were considered (iii) They are emotional.

106 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 10. The term ‘prejudice’ means to their studies because they judge other people negatively are encouraged by their or see them as inferior. When families to see marriage we think that only one as their goal of life. particular way is the best (iv) But sometimes even and right way to do things, their marriage does not it means we don’t respect bring good luck to them others, who may prefer to because of the ruthless do things differently. For attitude of their in-laws example, if we think saree including their husbands. is the best dress for women In such a situation their and other dresses are not life become a tale of woes. important, we are judging (v) Their dream to achieve these other dresses negatively. some higher goals get This notion might prompt us shattered. not to respect those women 2. Many different kinds of who wear dresses other than inequalities existed in our saree. society before India became Long Answer Type Questions an independent country. The 1. Our society is male- caste system was one of the dominating which never forms of inequality. According accepts girls whole-heartedly. to this, society was divided Girls were treated as a burden into four major castes. People on their parents and are still belonging to the upper castes being treated in the same way enjoyed all types of rights but in spite of the successes of those belonging to the lower the women’s movement. The castes didn’t have access to situation has not been changed these rights. The leaders of at all except some exceptions. the Indian freedom struggle The stereotypes about girls were aware of this situation. have badly affected their life. Therefore when the country Below is given the list of five became independent in 1947 different effects that this can they made their best efforts have on the way daughters to eliminate different kinds get treated in the house— of inequalities from society. (i) They may feel themselves These leaders set out a vision inferior to the male and goals in the Constitution members of the family. to ensure that all the people (ii) Sometimes they dare not of India were considered outshine their brothers in equal. This equality of all spite of their potentials. persons is seen as a key value (iii) They fail to concentrate an that unites us all as Indians.

Teacher’s Manual n 107 Everyone has equal rights and People are free to choose the opportunities. Uhtouchability kind of work they wish to do. is seen as a crime and has Government jobs are open to been legally abolished by law. all people. Chapter What is Government? 3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. To make decisions and get 1. Central 2. State things done 3. Central 4. Local 5. State 6. Central 2. Helping the poor 3. To look after his subjects Puzzle Time

4. People THDYFLAWBZL 5. Right to vote DQDMWJECMIO Fill in the Blanks EEVOTECFAVC CACNGRUBJPA 1. mark 2. 1920 IJOADULTODL 3. three 4. court SLHRBGKKREI 5. state IQLCPNJSIHT ORXHOMATTMY True/False NPFYWNTAYGS 1. T 2. T 3. F RLTSEKSTOAI 4. T 5. F GOVERNMENTK SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (b) organises aid and 1. property 2. monarchy assistance for the affected 3. First 4. representative people True/False 2. (d) all of the above 1. False 2. False 3. True 3. (a) the monarch 4. True 4. (a) the right to vote for all women Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (c) a mark is put on his/her 1. A democratic government in finger our times is referred to as a representative . Match the following 2. I would prefer a democratic (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) government because this form of government allows people (iv)—(b) to choose their rulers.

108 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 3. A democratic government is a etc. and the national level form of government in which relates to the entire country. the rulers are elected by the 2. The government makes laws people. It is a government of for the proper functioning the people, by the people and of the country. These laws for the people. bring peace and order in 4. The government works at society. They bring justice three levels — at the local to those who are ill-treated level, at the level of state and by someone. At the same at the national level. time they punish the wrong 5. Some institutions that are part doers. They establish equality of the government are — the which is the essence of our Supreme Court, the Indian Constitution. Everyone who Railways, Bharat Petroleum. lives in the country has to 6. It is important that people follow these laws. Without abide by the laws made by these laws the government’s the government because only power to make decisions is then we would be able to live not of much use. peacefully in the society. 3. Democracy and monarchy are two different forms of 7. Women’s struggle to vote is government which differ from called the women’s suffrage each other in the following movement. The term suffrage ways— means right to vote. (i) In a democracy it is the 8. The suffragettes demanded people who give the the right to vote for all women. government the power 9. To get their demands heard to make decisions and they chained themselves to enforce laws. People do railings in public places. this through elections Short Answer Type Questions in which they vote for particular persons and 1. The responsibilities of the elect them. Once elected, government are vast. To manage these responsibilities these persons form well, the government works at the government. This three different levels. These government remains in are— power as long as people • at the local level allow it for this. Monarchy • at the level of the state is a form of government • at the national level with a monarch as the The government at the local supreme ruler. He/she level works in villages, towns enjoys absolute power. or locality. The state level He/she makes decisions government would mean that and run the government. which covers an entire state (ii) The monarch may have a such as West Bengal, Tripura, small group of people to

Teacher’s Manual n 109 discuss matters with, but and were educated, to vote. the final decision-making This meant that women, the power remains with the poor, the uneducated were monarch. In a democracy, not allowed to vote. The this does not happen. country was governed by (iii) Unlike in a democracy, the rules and regulations that kings and queens do these few men made. not have to explain their Long Answer Type Questions actions or defend the decisions they take. 1. All over Europe and USA 4. Democratic governments women and the poor were nowadays are referred to as not allowed to participate representative . in government. Women Main features of representative frequently raised this question democracies are— and demanded the right to (i) People do not participate in vote for them. Their struggle the government directly, to vote got strengthened but instead, choose their during the First World War. representatives through This movement was called the an election process. These women suffrage movement. representatives meet and Here, it is worth-mentioning make decisions for the that the term suffrage means entire population. right to vote. (ii) The representatives are The suffragettes demanded accountable to the people the right to vote for all women and cannot ignore their and to get their demands heard wishes and interests. they chained themselves to (iii) Universal adult franchise railings in public places. Many is an important feature of suffragettes were imprisoned a democratic government. and went on hunger strikes, This means that all adults and they had to be fed by in the country irrespective force. Finally they got success. of their caste, creed, As a result of their struggle religion, etc. are allowed many countries came forward to vote. one by one and allowed 5. The main condition of a women to vote. democratic government is For example, American that it must follow universal women got the right to vote adult franchise. This means in 1920 while women in the that all adult in the country UK got to vote on the same are allowed to vote. terms as men in the year 1928. Government in their earliest 2. By the word ‘government’ we forms did not fulfil this mean the group of people who condition. They allowed only are responsible for the smooth men who owned property running of a country or a state.

110 n Question Bank Social Science-VI The government performs eat and have good health various functions. Some of facilities. them are given below— (v) It protects the territory of (i) The government makes the country, so people can decisions about where to feel secure. build roads and schools. (vi) When there are natural (ii) It takes action on social disasters like an issues such as poverty. earthquake or the tsunami (iii) It runs postal and railway it is the government that services. mainly organises aid and (iv) It ensures that all its assistance for the affected citizens have enough to people. Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. The government has lowered 1. T 2. F 3. T the school fees. 4. F 5. F 2. Aparthied means separation on the basis of race. Rapid-Fire Questions 3. For white people. 1. No 2. No 4. South-western Township 3. Yes 4. Zulu (Soweto) 5. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Puzzle Time Fill in the Blanks 1. Secular 2. Democracy 3. Equality 4. Justice 1. rules 2. equal 3. Nelson Mandela 5. Blacks 6. Liberty 4. 1994 5. conflicts 7. Indians 8. Whites SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (d) white, black, Indian and 1. apartheid coloured races 2. South Africa 2. (c) 1994 3. stronger 3. (a) five years 4. (d) all of the above 4. Conflicts Match the following True/False (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 1. True 2. False 3. True (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) 4. True

Teacher’s Manual n 111 Very Short Answer Type Questions protest against learning the 1. Conflict: Differences between Afrikan language in school. people of different cultures, The South African police religions, regions or economic suppressed their protest by taking harsh steps. They beat backgrounds. up the protestors mercilessly Resolution: Settlement of a and shot at the crowd. One of conflict. their bullets killed Hector. 2. Yes. It is very important that 2. Regular elections are an all persons should be treated important method to limit equally because this will be the power of the government. a guarantee for all round We know that governments development of one and all. are elected for fixed period. In 3. In India this period is five India this period is five years. years. Once elected government 4. The organisation that can stay in power only for struggled to end apartheid in that period. If they want to South Africa was the African continue to be in power then National Congress. they have to be re-elected 5. The Afrikan language and by the people. This is not an Zulu. easy task. This can happen 6. If a government wants to only when they have done continue in power then it has great work for their people. to be re-elected by the people. Usually government change 7. Conflicts occur when people after the completion of five of different cultures, religions, years. Thus, people sense economic backgrounds do not their power in a democracy get along with each other, or through elections. when some among them feel 3. In a democracy, the they are being discriminated government is committed to against. equality and justice which 8. Equality and justice are are inseparable. For this the inseparable. Justice cannot be government makes laws and established if equality is not enforces them to root out there. These are two sides of all types of inequalities. It the same coin. makes special provisions Short Answer Type Questions for groups within society 1. The Afrikan language was that are unequal. It promotes spoken by the white people in education among girls by South Africa. Hector and his lowering the school fees for classmates (black students) them. This step has helped were being forced to learn girls attend school. The this language but they wanted government sees to it that to learn their own language, medical facilities must reach Zulu. Hence, they joined the to everyone. Untouchabiliity

112 n Question Bank Social Science-VI is now banned by law. a better government because Now this group of people it is a more accountable form is no more victim of any of government. The key sort of discrimination. All elements of this government opportunities are open to are: them. (i) All are equal before the 4. The police shooting of law. Hector could have been (ii) Citizens of India cannot easily avoided if they were be discriminated on the not prejudiced against the grounds of caste, religion community which he (Hector) and gender. belonged to. His shooting (iii) Citizens are free to follow was created intentionally to show the white government’s any religion. Government arrogance towards the non- treats all religious beliefs whites. If Hector wanted and practices with equal to learn his own language, respect. Zulu, he should not have (iv) Citizens should behave been forced to learn other as if they are members language. It should not have of the same family. No been made such a serious one should treat a fellow issue. Taking his life so easily citizen as inferior. was definitely unjustified. 7. The apartheid system in South 5. Government is a constitutional Africa was highly oppressive body. It maintains law and for the non-whites. They order to ensure peace in the could not protest against the society. It is made up of the terrible treatment. The African representatives of all classes National Congress, a group of from all parts of the country. people who led the struggle Conflicts may arise between against this system, and their states and groups of people most well-known leader, in which violent means may be used. The government is Nelson Mandela fought responsible for helping to the apartheid system for resolve such conflicts in the several years. As protest and interest of the people at large. struggles against apartheid In absence of a government, had increased, the white racist we will have to face crisis government realised that they and lawlessness. Since the could no longer suppress the government is accountable non-whites. Nelson Mandela for us, we need it. We can’t do was set free and in 1994 South without it. Africa became a democratic 6. Democracy is a form of country. Thus, ANC played government in which the rulers an important role in uprooting are elected by the people. It is the racist government.

Teacher’s Manual n 113 Long Answer Type Questions manner. 1. The various ways in which 2. The apartheid system was people participate in the highly oppressive for the process of government: non-whites which comprised (i) Through voting in blacks, Indians and coloured elections people elect people. These people were leaders to represent them. discriminated against in the These representatives following ways— take decisions on behalf (i) There were separate of the people. hospitals and ambulances (ii) By taking an interest for them. in the working of the government and by (ii) An ambulance meant criticising it when for white people would required. always be well-equipped (iii) By expressing their views while one meant for black and making governments people was not. understand what actions (iii) There were separate they should take. For this, trains and buses for the they hold rallies, dharnas, non-whites. Even the bus- etc. stops were different for (iv) By organising themselves black and white people. into social movements (iv) Non-whites were not that seek to challenge allowed to vote. the government and its functioning. Members of (v) The best land in the the minority community, country was reserved for dalits, adivasis, women the white people, and and others are often able non-whites had to live on to participate in this the worst available land. Chapter Panchayati Raj 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 5. All adults who live in the 1. The Block level government area covered by a . is called Janpad Panchayat. Fill in the Blanks 2. Panchayati Raj System. 1. government 3. Secretary of the Gram 2. Poverty Panchayat 4. Panchs 3. Pesident 4. Gram Sabha 5. District

114 n Question Bank Social Science-VI True/False Puzzle Time

1. T 2. T 3. F ZBLOCKDJWCV 4. T APSOCRETAVI MALFPXEUITL Rapid-Fire Questions IRDHSKYVNML 1. Panch 2. No NIGRAMSABHA 3. Our population is growing DSECRETARYG fast. AHRXPQPZGNE 4. A landless labourer. Yes, his RAONASWBROS name should be in BPL list. YDCYNZPANCH 5. People AXEZCFQVGTW PANCHAYATHU SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions They are keen to find out what 1. (c) five years their new Panchayat leaders 2. (a) Gram Sabha have planned for the village. 3. (b) Zila Parishad 3. A Gram Sabha is a meeting of 4. (a) Secretary all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat. These Match the following adults seek answers from their (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) elected representatives. (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) 4. (i) The new Panchayat leaders have a plan on Fill in the Blanks repairing the road that 1. three connects the village to the 2. Gram Panchayat main highway. 3. adults 4. water (ii) They will also discuss on 5. poor the subject of water and True/False water shortages. 5. They want a permanent 1. True 2. True 3. False solution for the water crisis 4. False because groundwater levels Very Short Answer Type Questions seem to be going down every 1. Local self-government is a year. government formed by the 6. The next item on the agenda people of that locality to look for the Gram Sabha is the after their basic needs like finalisation of the list of people clean water supply, health below the poverty line (BPL) facilities, transport, etc. which had to be approved by 2. They are so excited because the Gram Sabha. the Gram Sabha is holding its 7. Poor people who have no first meeting after the election land of their own and work of the new Gram Panchayat. on other’s land as labourers to

Teacher’s Manual n 115 meet their basic needs should 3. The following are the sources be put in the list of BPL. of funds for the Gram 8. They were shocked to see the Panchayat: names of Natwar and Birju in (i) Collection of taxes on the list of BPL because these houses, market places, were wealthy people of the etc. village. (ii) Government scheme funds received through Short Answer Type Questions various departments 1. The Gram Sabha is a meeting of of the government — all adults who live in the area through the Janpad and covered by a Gram Panchayat. Zila Parishad. This could be only one village (iii) Donations for community or a few villages. The Gram works, etc. Panchayat has a secretary 4. According to Saroj only poor who is also secretary of the people should be enlisted in Gram Sabha. This person is the BPL list. Since Om Prakash appointed by the government is a landless labourer who and is responsible for calling can barely make ends meet the meeting of the Gram he should be kept below Sabha and Gram Panchayat. the poverty line (BPL). But The Gram Sabha is the place his name is not on the list. where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are Therefore Saroj requests the placed before the people. Sarpanch to include his (Om The Gram Panchayat cannot Prakash’s) name in the list. The do any thing without the Sarpanch gives instructions consent of the Gram Sabha. that Om Prakash’s family Thus, the Gram Sabha is a key income be looked out and if factor in making the Gram it is less than what has been Panchayat play its role and be decided by the government, responsible. his name should be included 2. The functions of a Gram in the list. Panchayat are given below: 5. (i) The Gram Sabha consists (i) It is responsible for of all adults living in the the construction and village whereas the Gram maintenance of water Panchayat is elected by sources, roads, drainage, the members of the Gram school, buildings and other common property Sabha for five years. resources. The Gram Panchayat is (ii) It levies and collects local therefore answerable to taxes. the Gram Sabha. (iii) It executes government (ii) The work of the Gram schemes related to Panchayat has to be generating employment approved by the Gram in the village. Sabha.

116 n Question Bank Social Science-VI (iii) The Gram Sabha keeps that they should find ways an eye on the Gram to conserve water. Anwar, Panchayat. It prevents one of the members of the the Gram Panchayat from Gram Sabha suggested for doing wrong things like watershed development misuing money. Thus, programme. Everyone liked the Gram Sabha is the controlling power over this idea and decided to plant the Gram Panchayat. trees, construct check-dams 6. (a) Recently our Panchayat and tanks. The villagers undertook the task of realised that this would be a building pucca roads all permanent solution of water through the village. It shortages. was important because 2. (a) Nimone village had been kaccha roads had been facing a severe water posing many problems shortage for the last few for several years especially months and villagers during the rainy season. depended on tankers for (b) The money was collected mainly as contribution all their needs. There was from the villagers. The a fair chance of unequal Panchayat welfare fund distribution of water in also contributed some such situation. So, when part of it. the tanker came in the (c) The work has been village, Bhagvan insisted completed with in the that the water in the given time and it is now tanker must be emptied in use. The villagers are into the storage tanks happy. constructed as part of the Long Answer Type Questions water supply scheme by 1. The villagers in Hardas village Nimone Gram Panchayat faced acute water problem. so that there would be The handpump water had equal distribution of gone below the point up to water. But the upper which the ground has been caste men were against drilled. As a result, there was this. They did not want no water in the taps and the the lower caste take the village women had to cover a tanker water. When distance of 3 km to get water. Bhagvan objected, he In order to solve this problem was beaten with sticks, the villagers gathered together iron rods and axes by a in the Gram Sabha meeting group of seven men. and held discussions. Finally, (b) The above incident is they arrived at a conclusion undoubtedly a case of

Teacher’s Manual n 117 discrimination. The upper not want them to take the caste men tried to suppress tanker water just because the genuine demands of they belonged to lower the lower castes. They did caste. Chapter Rural Administration 6 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. 2005 1. Station House Officer 4. She is the eldest daughter of 2. A subdivision of a district an agricultural family. 3. He is known as tehsildar 5. Tehsil 4. Police station Puzzle Time 5. Lekhpal, Kanungo. TQPATWARIV Fill in the Blanks EVOPAQCKFI 1. land’s 2. police station HXLBLEJPTL 3. villages 4. sister SAIGUIRRAL True/False IPCLKUEOPA 1. F 2. T 3. T LIERADVPSG 4. T DNYVCMEEHE Rapid-Fire Questions ATFXQANRNW RRDISPUTEZ 1. Police department 2. When he wants to buy or sell RECORDEYEB a plot of land FARMERIDGQ SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. Sarpanch 3. complaints 1. (b) Raghu had taken over 4. farmers 5. tehsil some of his land True/False 2. (a) police station 1. False 2. True 3. False 3. (a) measure land and keep land records 4. True 5. True 6. True 4. (d) all of these Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (c) Tehsildars 1. Mohan and Raghu had a Match the following common boundary of their (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) fields. One morning Mohan (iv)—(d) (v)—(c) noticed that Raghu had shifted the boundary by a Fill in the Blanks few feet. By doing so, he had 1. land revenue managed to take over some of

118 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Mohan’s land and increased 8. (i) The police and (ii) the the size of his own field. Patwari. 2. Mohan was angry but at 9. Every girl wants a place of her the same time frightened. own, not dowry. He knew that Raghu had a 10. Before the Hindu Succession solid family background. His Amendment Act passed in uncle was the Sarpanch of 2005, Hindu women did not the village. So, he hesitated get a share in the family’s to confront him in the agricultural land. After beginning. But somehow he the death of the father his gathered courage and went to property was divided equally Raghu’s house where a heated only among his sons. argument took place between the two. Short Answer Type Questions 3. He along with some villagers 1. The work of the police is went to the police station. He associated with establishing met the person in-charge i.e. law and order in society and Station House Officer and told creating an environment in him his grievances. He also which everyone feels safe. But said that he wanted to give despite the alertness of the the complaint in writing. police there occurs incidences 4. The Station House Officer didn’t take Mohan’s complaint like thefts, accidents, injuries seriously. He rudely brushed etc. around us. In such a him aside saying that he situation we can go to the couldn’t be bothered to police station that comes waste his time writing down under our area and inform the minor complaints and then police about these incidents. investigating them. It is the responsibility of the 5. When insisted by Mohan and police of that area to enquire, other villagers the SHO finally to investigate and take action agreed to register the case. He on the cases within its area. asked Mohan to write down 2. (i) The work of a Patwari is his complaint and also told mainly associated with the people that he would send measuring land and a constable the next day to keeping land records. He investigate the incident. is responsible for a group 6. The main work of the Patwari of villages. He maintains is measuring land and keeping and updates the records land records. of the village. 7. Every police station has (ii) The Patwari is also an area that comes under responsible for organising its control. All persons in the collection of land that area can report cases or revenue from the inform the police about any farmers and providing theft, accident, injury, fight, informations to the etc.

Teacher’s Manual n 119 government about the together with a map under the crops grown in that area. following circumstances— (iii) This is done from the (i) They want to buy a plot records that are kept and of land from another. this is why it’s important (ii) They want to sell their for the Patwari to produce to another. regularly update these. (iii) They want a loan from the 3. A Tehsildar is a revenue bank to dig a well in their officer who is in-charge of a land. tehsil or taluka, a sub-division (iv) They want to purchase of a district. He works under fertilizers for their field. the supervision of the District (v) They want to divide their Collector. property among their Various work done by a children. Tehsildar: 6. The Patwari organises the (i) He hears land disputes. collection of land revenue (ii) He also supervises the from the farmers and work of the patwaris and provides information to the ensures that records are government about the crops kept and land revenue is grown in the particular area. collected. The Panchayat uses this (iii) He makes sure that the money in the development farmers can easily obtain of that area or village. In this a copy of their record, way we see that the work students can obtain their of both the Patwari and the caste certificate, etc. Panchayat is associated with 4. Before the new Hindu village. Both work for the Succession Law Hindu village upliftment. women did not get a share in 7. The poem raises the issue the family’s agricultural land. of the rights of a girl child. After the death of the father A girl has every right to be his property was divided treated equally in the family equally only among his sons. and society. She should be With the passing of the Hindu given the same right as a male Succession Amendment Act child is given. There should in 2005, this law came to be be equal distribution of the changed. In the new law sons, paternal property among all daughters and their mothers the member of the family. A can get an equal share in girl does not want dowry. the land. The same law will Instead, she wants a place of apply to all states and union her own. Dowry is not a thing territories of the country. This that adds to the prestige of a law will definitely benefit a girl. It does not empower her large number of women. but makes her feel weak and 5. Farmers often require a helpless. Hence, the system of copy of their land’s record dowry should be abolished.

120 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Chapter Urban Administration 7 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Ward Councillor 1. Yes 2. Group of councillors 2. Property tax 3. The Commissioner is an 3. A Municipal Council administrative staff and the 4. Commissioner and administra- Councillor of an elected body. tive staff 5. five years 4. A sum of money that people pay to the government for Puzzle Time the services the government MUNICIPALITYC provides. BDECGECCBHNFO 5. People who own homes have GBSAPIFNFKCIU to pay a property tax. AETMVWTAYROSN Fill in the Blanks RPRKJAGDHXRUC BBEDURCXCSPDI 1. Panches 2. wards AWEOHDTFUHOYL 3. Ward Councillors GBTDAIRJOXRPL 4. entire city 5. five years EUXVMIZSLTAAO GDEPARTMENTSR True/False VGUWGWEQWNIUQ 1. T 2. F 3. T XELOCALITYOYS 4. F 5. T QTAXRTCZZDNQV SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (c) Ward Councillor 1. False 2. False 3. True 2. (d) the insanitary condition 4. True 5. False of her locality Very Short Answer Type Questions 3. (a) sanitation of his ward 4. (a) big cities 1. The head of the Municipal Corporation is called the 5. (c) Chandigarh Mayor. Match the following 2. Such complicated decisions are taken by groups of (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) councillors. (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) 3. The Municipal Corporation Fill in the Blanks earns only 25-30 per cent of the money from property tax. 1. ward 2. Councillors 4. Different departments 3. implement 4. councillors that work for the city are 5. property — the garbage collection

Teacher’s Manual n 121 department, a department to They are: look after gardens, the water (i) It takes care of the street department, etc. lights. Whenever, they 5. Garbage collection on regular are broken, it is the basis is very essential for responsibility of the keeping our surroundings Municipal Corporation neat and clean. If garbage is to get them replaced. lying in open spaces, astray (ii) It takes care of the dogs, rats and flies will cleanliness of the streets be attracted. People get ill by collecting and from the smell and polluted processing garbage. atmosphere. (iii) It is also responsible for 6. She was protesting about the ensuring that diseases do filthy environment of her not break out in the city. locality. (iv) It also runs schools, 7. A Municipal Councillor is hospitals and dispensaries an elected representative of and makes gardens and a ward. He is also known as maintains them. Ward Councillor. 2. The Commissioner and the 8. Collecting garbage without administrative staff are not wearing safety equipments elected bodies. They are is full of dangers. The rag appointed by the government. pickers may fall sick or they Councillors are elected by the may develop symptoms of people of their ward. some deadly diseases in the The decisions like where long run. Pieces of broken a park or a new hospital glasses may injure their hands should go are usually made and legs. by the Ward Councillors. The 9. She decided to approach the complicated decisions that Ward Councillor because it affect the entire city are taken was he who is assigned to by groups of councillors who look after the sanitation of that form committees to decide and locality. debate issues. For example, if 10. Gangabai said that the a crowded market place needs Commissioner had enough to have its garbage cleared trucks to collect garbage from more regularly the committee the rich localities but he had for garbage collection will not a single for the poor ones decide on the work to be done, like hers. after the decisions are taken 11. Nagar Nigam and Nagar Palika. by the Councillor. 3. Surat was one of the Short Answer Type Questions dirtiest cities in India till 1. The Municipal Corporation 1994. Houses, hotels and performs various tasks for us. restaurants would dump

122 n Question Bank Social Science-VI their garbage into the nearest Long Answer Type Questions drain or street which made 1. The Municipal Corporation it very difficult for sweepers does a lot of work for the to collect and transfer the welfare of the city people. For garbage into selected dumps. this it requires a lot of money. The Municipal Council also The Municipal Corporation did not pay any attention. It collects this money through did not collect the garbage taxes. A tax is a sum of as often as it should have money that people pay to the and this led to the situation government for the services getting worse. In Surat, the government provides. several people lost their lives People who own homes have and over 300,000 deserted the to pay a property tax as well town when plague broke out as taxes for water and other there. The scare of the plague services. The larger the houses ensured that the Municipal the more the tax. Property Council completely cleaned tax however form only 25-30 up the city. To this date Surat per cent of the money that a is the second cleanest city in Municipal Corporation earns. India after Chandigarh. There are also taxes for 4. The children broke the street education and other amenities. light while playing cricket. If one owns a hotel or shop They grew nervous because its then one has to pay a tax for replacement was not possible this as well. If one purchases a for them. They didn’t know movie ticket or something else whom did the street light one has to pay a tax for this as well. Thus, a large section of belong to hence, they rushed the population pays general to Rehana’s mother who told taxes. them that it was the Municipal 2. Gangabai and other women Corporation of the city that of her locality got fed up takes care of replacing lights. with Councillor of their Then she referred them to ward because he was not Yashmin Khala who had just paying much attention to the retired from the Municipal welfare of the people of his Corporation. She would be ward. Their complain was the best person in this regard. that garbage was not being So, the children went to her collected since a long time. (Yasmin Khala) for getting Needless to say that garbage detailed knowledge about the if not collected attracts dogs, Municipal Corporation and its rats and flies. Also, people get functions. ill from the smell. Gangabai 5. See Short Answer No.1 took the initiative and went to

Teacher’s Manual n 123 the Ward Councillor’s house signed by all of the adults with a group of women. They in the locality saying that began shouting slogans in garbage was not being front of his house and he came collected. Next morning a out and asked them what was large group of women and wrong. the Ward Councillor and the Gangabai described the sanitation engineer went to situation in the locality to the Municipal Corporation him. The Ward Councillor office. The Commissioner promised to go with them met with this large group the next day to meet the and promised to get the work Commissioner. He asked done immediately. Gangabai to get a petition Chapter Rural Livelihoods 8 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. They depend on the work they 1. No 2. Terrace do on other people’s fields to 3. 80% 4. Fishing earn a living. 5. A fast sailing boat with two 2. Removing wild plants from a hulls of equal size. piece of ground, etc. Puzzle Time 3. In mountainous regions. 4. A landless labourer. Across 5. In Tamil Nadu. 1. Kolpattu 2. Farmers Fill in the Blanks 6. Raman 1. upama 2. low hills Down 3. Ramalingam’s 3. Terrace farming 4. two acres 5. monsoon 4. Nurses True/False 5. Blacksmith 1. F 2. T 3. T 7. Monsoon 4. F 5. T 8. Migration SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. (c) fishing 1. (d) all of these 6. (c) February 2. (b) ` 40 per day Match the following 3. (a) landless labourers (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 4. (c) terrace farming (iv)—(e) (v)—(b)

124 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Fill in the Blanks agricultural labourer families. 1. breed 2. borrowed Since they have no land 3. migrate 4. Ramalingam of their own, they have to 5. agricultural 6. 4:30 depend on the work they do on other people’s fields True/False to earn a living. So far small 1. False 2. True 3. True farmers are concerned, they 4. True 5. False have land barely enough to meet their needs. In India 80% Very Short Answer Type Questions of the farmers belong to this 1. Ploughing, levelling, sowing, group. Only 20% of India’s seeds, weeding, watering, farmers can be categorised spraying pesticides, as big or large farmers. These harvesting, etc. farmers cultivate most of 2. The people of Kalpattu village the land in the villages. A are engaged in non-farm large part of their produce is work such as making baskets, sold in the market. Many of utensils, pots, bricks, bullock- them have started businesses carts, etc. such as shops, moneylending, 3. The cultivation of paddy gives trading, etc. Thulasi regular work. 2. There are fishing villages in 4. Different steps associated the coastal areas. People living with paddy cultivation in these villages earn their are— preparing saplings, livelihood by fishing. Pudupet transplanting, weeding and is one of the fishing villages harvesting. where Aruna and Paarivelan 5. It is because she can depend live. Their houses are close to on him for work. Unlike the sea and one can find rows others, he does not go looking of catamarans and nets living for cheaper labour from other around. villages. Aruna’s husband, Paarivelan, 6. He sprays pesticides. and their relatives set out 7. When there is no work on the to sea in the early morning farm he finds work outside, around 2:00 am. They return either loading sand from the at about 7 O’clock with their river or stone from the quarry catch. nearby. Since they have owned an 8. Sekar has a hybrid cow, whose engine which is fixed on to milk he sells in the local milk the catamaran, they can go cooperative. This way he far into the sea to get a better catch. Every year, for at atleast earns some extra money. about four months during Short Answer Type Questions the monsoon, they cannot 1. In India, nearly two out of go to the sea because this is every five rural families are when the fish breed. During

Teacher’s Manual n 125 these months they survive by work outside, either loading borrowing from the trader. sand from the river or stone 3. Kalpattu village is close to from the quarry nearby. the sea coast in Tamil Nadu. 5. These people are Thulasi, Sekar It is surrounded by low hills. and Ramalingam. The poorest Paddy is the main crop that among them is Thulasi. She is grown in irrigated lands. is a daily wage earner. She Most of the families here earn has no land of her own and a living through agriculture. works on Ramalingam’s vast There is non-farm work too field to earn ` 40 per day. such as making baskets, The wages that she gets from utensils, pots, bricks, bullock- Ramalingam is less than what carts, etc. labourers get in her home There are also people who village. Still she comes there provide services such as because she can depend on blacksmiths, nurses, teachers, him to call her whenever there washermen, weavers, cycle is work. repair mechanics, etc. There Long Answer Type Questions are also some shopkeepers 1. Small farmers are generally and traders. There are some poor people. It is very difficult tea shops which sell tiffin. for them to carry on farming There are some people who activities on their own. go to the nearby town to work Hence, they need to borrow as construction workers and lorry drivers. money to purchase basic 4. Thulasi is a landless labourer. things like seeds, fertilizers She works on Ramalingam’s and pesticides. Often they paddy fields. She transplants borrow this money from the paddy, when the moneylenders. If the seeds are plants grow a bit. Then she not of good quality or pests does weeding and finally attack their crops then there harvesting. Apart from can be a major crop failure. working on Ramalingam’s The crops can also be ruined land, she does all the tasks at if the monsoon does not home. She cooks food, cleans bring enough rain. When this the house and wash clothes. happens farmers sometimes She also collects firewood are unable to pay back their and fetches water from a long loans. And, for the family to distance. survive, they may even have Thulasi’s work is different to borrow more money. Soon from Raman, her husband the loan becomes so large although he is also a labourer. that they become miserably He sprays pesticides in the helpless to repay. In this way farm. But as this is not a poor farmers are caught in regular work, he has to find debt.

126 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 2. People in rural areas earn on these lands for work as their living in various ways. labourers. Most farmers grow Some work on farms while crops both for their own others from their living earn needs and also to sell in the non-farm activities. Working market. Some have to sell to on farms involves operations traders from whom they have such as preparing the land, borrowed money. For their sowing, weeding and survival, many families need harvesting of crops. People are busy during sowing and to borrow money for work or harvesting and less so at other when no work is available. times. There are some families in How people are able to earn rural areas which thrive on depends upon the land that large acres of lands, business they cultivate. Many depend and other activities. Chapter Urban Livelihoods 9 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. A local governing body. 1. Municipal Corporation 2. They supply services on an 2. Zari works and embroidery 3. An export garment unit irregular or flexible basis. 4. Yes 5. Vandana 3. A rickshaw puller. 4. They sell household articles Puzzle Time door to door. TEMPORARYCX 5. Business persons. GBMHQFJCKOR Fill in the Blanks NHDKCOSBPME AGGWAGESHPG English certain 1. 2. WSRJSTALGAU 3. Marketing PVCZUFNQANL 4. Labour chowk ELOFACTORYA 5. reduces SKSALARYMRR True/False HWYMVDITEYE 1. T 2. T 3. T OIQXFUYXNIZ 4. F PERMANENTJU SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 3. (a) dress designers 4. (d) all of the above 1. (a) rickshaw puller 5. (b) from 9 am to 10 pm 2. (c) earn a living 6. (d) all of these Teacher’s Manual n 127 Match the following 6. (i) There should be hawking (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) zones for towns and (iv)—(c) cities. (ii) Mobile vendors should be Fill in the Blanks allowed to move around 1. biscuits freely. 2. street vendors 7. Seeing people’s preference 3. streets 4. Call centres 5. benefits for readymade garments they started a showroom. To True/False run the showroom they buy 1. True 2. False 3. False things from different places 4. True 5. False such as Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Very Short Answer Type Questions Ludhiana and Tripura. They 1. If he takes a day off from work get some dress items from he will not earn anything on abroad too. that day as a result of which he 8. They employ a number of other workers as supervisors will have to face difficulties. and helpers to manage their 2. In the survey of Ahmedabad shops. city it was found that 12 per 9. It is the Municipal Corporation cent of all workers in the that decides on which day of city were people working on the week the market has to the street. They sometimes remain closed. sell things or repair them or 10. A labour chowk is a platform provide a service. where daily wage labourers 3. Hawkers set up their shops wait with their tools for on roadsides. Hence, they can people to come and take them be asked to dismantle them at for work. any time by the police. There 11. Small workshops and are certain parts of the city factories employ casual where these hawkers are not workers because they don’t allowed to enter. have regular work. 4. Street vending was till 12. Yes. Domestic workers like recently looked upon only as housemaids are also casual an obstruction to traffic and to workers because they are at people walking. the will of their employer. 5. With the effort of many They can be asked to leave any organisations street vending time. is now recognised as general Short Answer Type Questions benefit and as a right of people 1. (i) People employed in to earn their livelihood. permanent jobs get

128 n Question Bank Social Science-VI a regular salary every 3. A good number of city people month. They can expect are daily wage labourers which their job to continue for a mean they earn their living long period of time. But on daily basis. These people those employed in casual work as helpers to masons. jobs work on temporary They dig at construction sites, basis. They are required lift loads or unload trucks in to come as and when the the market. They dig pipelines employer need them. and telephone cables and (ii) Permanent workers also build road. The life of get other benefits too these labourers is very tough. such as savings for old They have no permanent age, holidays, medical accommodation and therefore facilities, etc. Thus, they sleep on pavement. enjoy job security for 4. Sudha is a permanent worker. their entire life. But casual She get a regular salary every workers do not get these month. Along with it she also facilities. What is more, get other benefits such as the they can be asked to leave following: any time. (i) A part of her salary is (iii) The working hours of kept in fund with the permanent workers are government. She will well defined but the same earn interest on these conditions is not applied savings. When she retires for the casual workers. from this job she will get They are made to work this money and she can for long hours. then live on that. 2. These people work on their (ii) She get off on Sunday own. They are not employed and national holidays. by anyone and therefore She also gets some days have to organise their own as annual leave. work. They have to plan how (iii) Her company pays the much to purchase, as well medical expenses up to as where and how to set up a certain amount for her their shops. Their shops are and her family members. usually temporary structures. She get medical leave They may also use their own when she fall ill and her carts or simply a plastic sheet salary is not cut if she spread on the pavement. They takes this leave. can be asked to dismantle 5. With the advent of call their shops at any time by centres in big cities new job the police. They have no job opportunities are open for security.

Teacher’s Manual n 129 young and ambitious men and their own shops or women. These call centres are business. They are also playing a big role in reducing not employed by anyone. unemployment in India. (iv) There are casual workers A call centre is centralised who work for long office that deals with problems hours to earn only very and questions that consumers/ low salary. Their job is customers have regarding temporary. goods purchased and services (v) There are also people like banking, ticket booking, who work in offices and etc. Call centres are generally government departments. set up as large rooms with Their job is permanent. 2. • People like Nirmala are work stations that include a casual workers. They have computer, a telephone set and to work for long hours supervisor’s stations. India especially during the has become a major centre not peak seasons. A normal only for Indian companies but working day begins at also for foreign companies. 9:00 am and finishes only They set up call centres here by 10:00 am, sometimes as they can get people who are even later. At times when efficient in English and will the work needs to be done work for lower wages. urgently, they have to Long Answer Type Questions work on Sundays, too. 1. (i) People living in the city • The factory area is full of do a variety of work: small workshops. They Very often we come seemed to be endless across rickshaw pullers, rows of them. This makes hawkers, persons selling the entire atmosphere newspapers, vegetable suffocative. vendors, etc. These • Casual workers are people work on their own. usually low paid people. They are not employed For example, Nirmala is by anyone. They spend paid ` 80 a day for eight most of their time on the hours and ` 40 extra for streets. working late. This amount (ii) A good number of is not sufficient to fulfil people earn their living the daily needs. by doing work on daily • Most workers, like wages. These daily wage Nirmala, are employed on labourers work as helpers casual basis, they are to masons. i.e. (iii) There are also business required to come as and persons who manage when the employer need

130 n Question Bank Social Science-VI them. They are employed times of the year they when the employer gets have to find some other large orders or during work. certain seasons. At other WORKSHEET-1 A. Tick the correct option of spices and the special 1. (d) all of these geographical location of 2. (a) travel Ladakh and its wool that 3. (c) Amritsar drew traders to these regions. 4. (b) traveller 4. The Jallianwalla Bagh masscre B. Match the Columns is the most unfortunate (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) incident in the . (iv)—(b) It took place in Amritsar when a British general opened fire C. Fill in the Blanks on a large group of unarmed, 1. Ladakh 2. Melting snow peaceful people killing many 3. travelogue 4. trade and wounding even more. D. True/False Men and women, Hindus, 1. False 2. True 3. True Sikhs and Muslims, rich and 4. False poor had gathered to protest against the British. E. Answers the following questions 5. The British thought they could 1. • Ladakh is a desert in the divide Indians because they mountains in the eastern were so different and then part of Jammu and Kashmir. continue to rule them. But the • Kerala is a state in the people of India stood unitedly south-west corner of India. against them, fought their It is surrounded by the sea battle and won their freedom . on one side and hills on the other. Their diversities did not come 2. Ladakh is also called Little in their way. Tibet because one can notice 6. Kerala was an attractive place here the influence of Tibetan for traders. Jewish and Arab culture. Local versions of the traders were the first to come Tibetan epic the Kesar Saga are here. The Apostle of Christ, performed and sung by the St. Thomas is believed to Ladakhis with great zeal. have come here nearly 2000 3. Both Ladakh and Kerala years ago and he is credited were influenced by Chinese with bringing Christianity to and Arab traders. It was the India. Many Arab traders also geography of Kerala which came and settled down here. allowed for the cultivation Ibn Battuta travelled here a

Teacher’s Manual n 131 little less than seven hundred people depend on the melting years ago, wrote a travelogue snow during the summer in which he describes the lives months. People here also rear of Muslims. The Portuguese sheep for their wool. discovered the sea route to 8. While Ladakh is a desert in India from Europe when the mountains in the eastern Vasco Da Gama landed with part of Jammu and Kashmir, his ship here. Kerala is surrounded by the Because of all these various sea on one side and hills on historical influences, people the other side. Obviously in Kerala practise different these geographical factors religions such as Judaism, will influence the people’s Islam, Christianity, clothing and eating habits. and Buddhism. Even the kinds of work they 7. Kerala is a state in the south- do will differ from each other. west corner of India. It is (i) The people of Ladakh eat surrounded by the sea on meat and milk products like cheese and butter. one side and hills on the The people of Kerala eat other. A number of spices rice, fish and vegetables. such as pepper, cloves and (ii) The people of Ladakh rear cardamoms are grown on sheep for their pashmina the hills. The land of Kerala wool. They carefully is very fertile and the climate collect the wool of the is suitable for cultivation. sheep and sell this to the Hence, people here are traders from Kashmir. engaged in agriculture and The people of Kerala are grow a bountiful of rice. The engaged in the cultivation people living near the sea are of spices. The fertile land engaged in fishing. and climate are suited to Since Ladakh is a desert in the growing rice. mountains in the eastern part (iii) People of Ladakh follow of Jammu and Kashmir very Islam and Buddhism little agriculture is possible whereas keralites practise here. This region does not different religions such receive any rain and is covered as Judaism, Islam, with snow for a large part of Christianity, Hinduism the year. For drinking water and Buddhism. WORKSHEET-2 A. Tick the correct option 2. (a) special needs 1. (c) He converted to Christian 3. (d) education in later part of his life. 4. (c) both (a) and (b)

132 n Question Bank Social Science-VI B. Match the columns (ii) Discrimination also takes (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) place due to people’s (iv)—(b) economic backgrounds. Those who are poor do C. Fill in the Blanks not have resources or the 1. less 2. equality money to meet their basic 3. temples 4. regular needs. They experience D. True/False discrimination in offices, hospitals, schools, etc. 1. True 2. False 3. True where they are treated False 4. badly because they are E. Answers the following questions poor. 1. The terms gender differences (iii) Discrimination also takes refers to average group place due to people’s differences between males cultural backgrounds. and females. There is a general Some people experience notion that girls should be soft discrimination because and well-behaved and boys they belong to groups should be physically strong whose culture is not and naughty. valued. For example, the 2. (i) Stereotypes prevents culture of tribals is not us from looking at each given much importance. person as a unique 4. See the above answer. individual with his or her 5. The caste system that remained own special qualities and in practice for a long time skills that are different was based on evil notions. In from others. They fit large this system, communities or numbers of people into groups of people were placed only one pattern or type. in a sort of ladder where (ii) Stereotype affect all of us each caste was either above as they prevent us from or below the other. Those doing certain things that who placed themselves at we might otherwise be the top of this ladder called good at. themselves upper caste and 3. (i) People belong to different saw themselves as superior. religions. This diversity The groups who were placed can be a source of at the bottom of the ladder discrimination. Groups were seen unworthy and of people who follow a called untouchables. These particular religion may be untouchables were assigned discriminated against as to do all dirty works like their customs or practices cleaning, washing, cutting may be seen as inferior. hair, picking garbage, etc.

Teacher’s Manual n 133 6. Caste-based discrimination to take on different kinds of badly affect Dalits. It is not government jobs in order to only limited to preventing move out of the caste system. them from undertaking He led many efforts of Dalits certain economic but activities to gain entry into temples. but also denies them the Thus, he fought for the rights respect and dignity given to of the Dalit community. others. 8. Our Constitution insists that 7. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was the state shall not discriminate one of the greatest leaders against any citizen on the of India. He is considered basis of religion, race, caste, the father of the Indian sex or region. Constitution and is also the It is important for all people best known leader of the Dalits. He was born into to be equal because only then the Mahar caste which was our society would prosper. considered untouchable. It is our right to be treated Dr. Ambedkar did a lot for the equally and given due respect. upliftment of his community. It is also our right to enjoy He encouraged Dalits to sent equality of opportunities. In their children to school and absence of all these, we cannot college. He also urged Dalits think of a prosperous society. WORKSHEET-3 A. Tick the correct option 2. The government— 1. (d) all of these (i) promotes people to 2. (c) central government honour human dignity. 3. (a) state (ii) promotes patriotism 4. (d) all of these among the people of the country. B. Match the Columns (iii) binds people to obey (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) rules. (iv)—(c) 3. There are two types of C. Fill in the Blanks government — democracy and monarchy. 1. court 2. licence In a democracy people 3. actions 4. vote elect their rulers who make D. True/False decisions for their welfare. 1. False 2. False 3. True These rulers are accountable 4. False to the people. They have to explain their actions and E. Answers the following questions defend the decisions to the 1. Our Constitution aims at people. providing equality to all its In a monarchy, the monarch citizens. (king or queen) has the power

134 n Question Bank Social Science-VI to make decisions and run the allowed to vote and they government. therefore came together to He/she does not have to determine the fate of the explain his/her actions or majority. This unfairness defend the decisions he/she shocked Mahatma Gandhi takes. and he started demanding 4. If people feel that a particular law is not being followed, right to vote for all adults. they may approach the court 6. (i) A democratic government and claim that the law is not is people’s own government. being followed. The court can (ii) It allows what is known as then give orders about what universal adult franchise. should be done. This means that all adults 5. In India, before Independence, in the country are allowed only a small minority was to vote. WORKSHEET-4 A. Tick the correct option dirty work such as cleaning, 1. (b) Tamil Nadu washing, picking garbage, etc. 2. (c) five years 2. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, 3. (a) Nelson Mandela himself a Dalit, fought for the 4. (d) all of these rights of this group of people. 3. Lowering school fees for girls B. Match the Columns is undoubtedly a positive step (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) towards promoting them to (iv)—(c) go to school. In our society C. Fill in the Blanks there is a general tendency to value and care for the boy 1. unequal 2. traders child more than the girl child. 3. races 4. unjustified Hence, parents of girl child D. True/False do not want to spend money particularly on her education 1. False 2. False 3. True and health. They take girls as 4. True a burden and show no interest E. Answers the following questions in any work related to them. When this type of mentality 1. Untouchables were regarded is so active in our society, as inferior people in the Indian government’s intervention is society. They were forbidden most welcome. By lowering from living in the area of the school fees for girls, it can upper caste people. They were encourage their parents to denied education, transport send them to school. or medical facilities and even 4. In order to provide justice the chance to offer prayers. to girls, our government has They were meant to do all initiated special provisions

Teacher’s Manual n 135 that can enable girls to police, meet the representatives overcome the injustice that of concerned communities they are subjected to. It has and try to arrive at a solution. lowered school fees for them At times, there is fear that to promote education among violence may erupt, with them. people trying to disrupt the 5. She would enjoy equal status procession. The police is in society. She would get a responsible for ensuring that school where children from violence does not take place. all classes irrespective of 8. The Cauvery water dispute their status, colour, study between Karnataka and Tamil together. She would travel in Nadu has been in existence a common bus or train. The for the last 30 years. The same hospital would treat her. water stored in Krishnasagar She would enjoy the right to dam in Karnataka is used vote. She would lead a free for irrigating a number of life. There would not be any districts and for meeting the one to suppress her feelings. 6. See Short Answer No.2. needs of the city of Bangalore. 7. Sometimes conflicts occur The water stored in Mettur among people of different dam in Tamil Nadu is used cultures, religions, regions for crops grown in the delta or economic backgrounds. region of that state. People may use violent means A conflict arises because to settle their differences. To both dams are on the same avert this, the government river. The downstream dam in comes forward. It plays a Tamil Nadu can only be filled major role in resolving their up if water is released from conflicts. the upstream one located in We can take help of an Karnataka. Therefore, both example to understand how states can’t get as much water the government does this task. as they need for people in Religious processions and their states. This leads to celebrations can sometimes conflict. lead to conflicts. For example, The central government has the route a procession takes to step in and see that a fair may lead to a conflict. The distribution is worked out for government, particularly the both states. WORKSHEET-5 A. Tick the correct option 3. (d) all of these 1. (d) It can dismiss the Gram 4. (c) Zila Parishad Panchayat whenever it B. Match the Columns wishes. (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 2. (a) block level (iv)—(d)

136 n Question Bank Social Science-VI C. Fill in the Blanks electricity, education, 1. permanent 2. Gram Sabha transport, etc. to the village 3. district people. It keeps an eye on the 4. Panchayat Samitis Gram Panchayat. It prevents it (Gram Panchayat) from doing D. True/False wrong things like misusing 1. True 2. True 3. False money, etc. 4. True 4. Yes, all members should attend Gram Sabha meetings E. Answers the following questions to ensure the welfare of the 1. The Panchayati Raj System is a villagers through essential process through which people and voluntary functions. participate in their own 5. The Panchayati Raj System government. The purpose that works at three levels— it serves is to provide more (i) The first is village level, and more space for people which is called the Gram to participate and raise their Panchayat. The Panchs voices. and the Gram Panchayat 2. The Hardas Gram Panchayat are answerable to the members first discussed the Gram Sabha because it is suggestion to deepen two the members of the Gram handpumps and clean one Sabha who have elected well, so that the village would them. not go without water. The (ii) The second is the Block Sarpanch suggested that since level, which is called the the Panchayat had received Janpad Panchayat or the some money for maintenance Panchayat Samiti. The of handpumps, this could Panchayat Samiti has be used for completing this many Gram Panchayats work. The members agreed under it. and the Secretary recorded (iii) The third is District level, their decision. which is called the Zila 3. The Gram Sabha is the Parishad. It is above most important body of the the Panchayat Samiti. It Panchayati Raj System. It makes developmental is a meeting where people plans at the district directly participate and seek level. It also regulates answers from their elected the money distribution representatives. It provides a among all the Gram platform where strategies for Panchayats with the help the village development are of Panchayat Samitis. planned and implemented. 6. A Village Panchayat is divided It is the Gram Sabha that into several wards. Each ward provides basic civic amenities elects a representative who like clean drinking water, is called the Ward Member

Teacher’s Manual n 137 or Panch. All the members his name was not in the BPL of the Gram Sabha also list. elect a Sarpanch who is the 8. A watershed is simply the Panchayat President. The geographic area through Panchs and the Sarpanch which water flow across form the Gram Panchayat. The the land and drains into Gram Panchayat is elected for a common body of water, five years. whether a stream, river, lake, The Gram Panchayat has or ocean. a Secretary who is also the Watershed management aim Secretary of the Gram Sabha. at the sustainable distribution This person is appointed of its resources and the process by the government and is of creating and implementing responsible for calling the plans, programs and projects meeting of the Gram Sabha to sustain and enhance and Gram Panchayat and watershed functions that keeping a record of the affect the plant, animal and proceedings. human communities. 7. Yes, Om Prakash was a It helps in conservation of landless labourer who could water. It is an effective method barely make ends meet. Yet to tackle water shortages. WORKSHEET-6 A. Tick the correct option (iv)—(c) 1. (c) kanungo C. Fill in the Blanks 2. (b) police 1. districts 2. Patwari 3. (d) S.H.O. 3. Police Station 4. (c) all states and union 4. District Collector territories D. True/False B. Match the Columns 1. True 2. False 3. False (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 4. True WORKSHEET-7 A. Multiple Choice Questions C. Fill in the Blanks 1. (c) wards 1. 1994 2. (b) Municipal 2. Ward Councillor 3. (d) all of these 3. danger 4. 25-30 4. (a) small town 5. more 5. (c) sanitation department D. True/False B. Match the Columns 1. True 2. False 3. True (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) 4. True 5. False (iv)—(e) (v)—(d)

138 n Question Bank Social Science-VI WORKSHEET-8 A. Tick the correct option 5. Sekar works in Ramalingam’s 1. (d) collecting mahua rice mill. There he helps him 2. (a) 80 collect paddy from other 3. (b) moneylenders farmers in the neighbouring 4. (a) two acres villages. He also has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in B. Match the Columns the local milk cooperative. (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) This way he get a little extra (iv)—(c) money. C. Fill in the Blanks 6. Ramalingam owns a rice mill by dint of which he prepares 1. tsunami 2. nature rice from the paddy and sells 3. harvest 4. loan them to traders in nearby D. True/False town. He also owns a shop 1. True 2. False 3. True selling seeds, pesticides etc. 4. False He also buys paddy from within the village and from E. Answers the following questions the surrounding villages. 1. In terrace farming, the land The rice that is produced in on a hill slope is made into the mill is sold to traders. flat plots and carved out in This gives him a substantial steps. The sides of each plot income. are raised in order to retain 7. Apart from working on water. This allows water to the land, Thulasi does all stand in the field, which is best the household chores — for rice cultivation. like cooking food for the 2. Interest-free loan or loan at family, cleaning the house lower rate can be of great and washing clothes. She help for farmers like Sekar. goes to the nearby forest to collect firewood. She also The government can also fetches water from about one provide seeds, fertilizers kilometre. and pesticides to them on 8. Sekar is a small farmer who subsidised rate. owns only two acres of land. 3. People in rural areas migrate He and his family grow paddy because they are not able in their land. They manage to earn money throughout to do all the work on their the year. They travel to long own. But during the harvest distances in search of work. they take help of some small 4. To pay back this loan he has farmers. Since he gets seeds to sell his paddy to the trader and fertilisers as a loan from at a somewhat lower price the trader, he pays back this than what he would get in the loan by selling a few bags of market.

Teacher’s Manual n 139 paddy to him at a low price. months. Hence, Sekar works Whatever paddy remains on Ramalingam’s land to earn with him lasts only for eight some extra money. WORKSHEET-9 A. Tick the correct option C. Fill in the Blanks 1. (b) Municipal Corporation 1. have 2. long 2. (c) labour chowk 3. workshops 4. Vendor 3. (a) big cities D. True/False 4. (b) poor salary 1. True 2. False 3. False B. Match the Columns 4. True (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(c) o o o

140 n Question Bank Social Science-VI