A Global Review on Smart City Development

Chapter 1 A Global Review on Smart City Development 1 A Review on Smart City Development Abroad Before the proposal of Smart City, all countries and regions around the world were carrying out the construction of Digital City and Wireless City. In the late years, they gradually converted to the building of Smart City, which actually reflects a changing from digitalization to intelligence. 1.1 USA 1. Status Quo After the implementation of the National Information Infrastructure (NII) and the Global Information Infrastructure (GII) program, American President Barack Obama publicly acknowledged the concept of Smarter Planet put forward by IBM in early 2009. In December 2012, the Global Trends 2030, published by the National Intelligence Council, noted that the four most influential technologies for global economic development are information technology, automation and manufacturing technology, resource technology, and health technology, in which “smart city” is one of the contents of information technology. It is worthy of noting that after the release of Vision 2030: America’s Strategies in Post-western World, this series report of about Strategic Prospect Initiatives at the year’s end of 2012, Brent Scowcroft International Security Research Center under the American Atlantic Ocean Council launched the report, Vision 2030: the Strategy of America’s Response to the Next Technology Revolution co-compiled by Mathew Burrows, Robert Manning and so on (Atlantic council 2013). It pointed out that the world is on the cusp of coming the next round of major technological reform and this ‘third industrial revolution’ represented by manufacturing technology, new energy and smart city would will exert major clout in reshaping the © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou 2018 1 Y. Pan, Strategic Research on Construction and Promotion of China’s Intelligent Cities, Strategic Research on Construction and Promotion of China’s Intelligent Cities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6310-7_1 2 1 A Global Review on Smart City Development future of political, economic and social development trends It recommended that the American government top up research and development expenditure to maintain the leading edge in the science and technology sector. In recent years, the US government is deploying financial funds to boost the infrastructure construction in some of the key smart cities; through a variety of fiscal and financial policies to guide enterprises, universities and colleges, as well as various research institutes to act as the main body to make innovation in businesses and industrial model; I through the governmental outsourcing, procurement from companies, and attracting companies to get involved in the construction and operation to build smart cities with Internet, Internet of Things, broad band and other network mix as the base. The construction of Information infrastructure, intelligent grid, intelligent transportation, smart medical and other construction are the key points of current smart construction in the US. In terms of information infrastructure construction, Obama has incorporated broadband network construction into the national policy level in January, 2009. In March, 2010, FCC officially announced the next ten years development plan of the US high-speed broadband network, which will increase the broadband speed by 25 times, which make the average speed of Internet transmission for 100 million households improving from 4 to 100 Mbps. In terms of smart grid construction, Boulder city in Colorado launched the intelligent grid city project in August 2008, becoming the first city ever carried out intelligent grid construction. In February 2009, the United States released the “Economic Recovery Plan”, intended to invest 11 billion US dollars to build a new generation of intelligent grid which a variety of control equipment would be installed. In June the same year, the US Department of Commerce and the Department of Energy jointly issued the industry standards for the first batch of intelligent grid, marking the US intelligent grid project was officially launched. Intelligent transportation construction mainly involves traffic monitoring, intelligent control of traffic signals, non-stop charge, vehicle infrastructure integration and autonomous vehicles, intelligent traffic management system as well as other fields, which basically realize the functional support for traffic security, avoidance of traffic accidents, provision of accident rescue and speedy restore of traffic order in accident scenes. In terms of smart medical construction, in 2002, America advocated escalation of information technology building for medication to make sure that bulk of Americans own electronic record on health in the upcoming decade in 2004, it initiated ‘all-people e-archive project on health’ and gradually set up National Health Information Network (NHIN). It also built regional health information network in different regions. In 2009, Obama explicitly proposed electronization on health archive of all American citizens and announced that it would input 20 billion dollars for development of information technology system of health archive. Use of 1 A Review on Smart City Development Abroad 3 internet-sharing e-archive to replace archives by paper helps boost medication efficiency, bring down errors of repetitive diagnosis and medication, reduce medication cots and attain genuine sharing of health information among medication outfits and mutual consistency among different systems. 2. Development Trend Accurate and reliable city remote network. With internet of things, internet, broadband network and cloud computation interweaving, accurate, visible, reliable and intelligent city operation management network can cover all city factors and validly back up secured and reliable operation of cities. Virtual, individualized and handy life style for residents. The new generation of intelligent information infrastructure would serve as a portal for all people to get access to the internet, other people or things anytime and anywhere. Remote medication, remote education, digital entertainment and other internet public services help optimize people’s study, work and living environment. Booming digital economy and intelligence industry. Creation and use of knowledge, intensive new and high-tech industry of knowledge and technology and modern service industry form most pivotal pillar sectors in smart cities. Efficient and transparent governmental management. Open data, high efficiency, transparency and timely and seamless public services will become major characteristics of American government. The governmental organization will be further flattened and the business chain will attain integrated management, which would largely boost administration efficiency, bring down administration costs and further spur public participation to the process of democratic governance. 1.2 EU 1. Status Quo In order to boost advancement of smart city in Europe, EU is putting into force initiatives to spur development of smart city by three stages, i.e., ‘i2010’ strategies (European Commission 2005), Europe 2020 strategies and ‘smart city and com- munity, European innovative partner initiatives’. Under the overall planning, it would progressively advance and assist membership countries with development of smart cities. The EU Commission has put information and communication technology as strategic development keys for 2010 in Europe and enacted Roadmap on Research of Internet of Things Strategies. In 2007–2013, EU input around 2 billion euros to research and development of information and communication technologies. Net Works Forum of EU launched Intelligent Cities Applications and Requirements white paper in May, 2011 that stressed low carbon, environmental and green development. After that, EU alleged that it wanted to deem ‘intelligent city’ as major development content for the 8th Scientific Framework Designing (FP8). 4 1 A Global Review on Smart City Development Smart city construction in Europe adopted the form of cooperation between government and companies. The government would carry out unified planning and organization while the company gets actively involved in co-launching smart city construction. Its organization models mainly cover multiple forms such as governmental investment management, participation of research outfits and non-profit outfits, public-private joint venture building and management, investment and development in telecommunication companies and so forth that reflected diversified development under the overall framework as well as characteristics combining natural talent with human activities. 2. Development Trend Smart city construction in Europe closely combines city information system with economic development, city management and public services, optimizes city management decisions and technology innovation, extends industrial space and roundly boost city life quality. Extensive public participation and top-to-bottom information response mechanism can spur high fusion of city construction with the society, makes economic and social development intelligent and sustainable. It mainly contains the following five points: it will forge ubiquitous network, intensify smart city network infrastructure building, stress green information and communication technology, attain transformation of low-carbon economy, put internet of things as a pivotal round for smart city construction in EU, encourage public participation, stress social infrastructure

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