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Antioxidant Capacity of Tempura Deep-Fried Products Prepared Using Barley, Buckwheat, and Job’S Tears Flours

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Antioxidant Capacity of Tempura Deep-Fried Products Prepared Using Barley, Buckwheat, and Job’S Tears Flours foods Communication Antioxidant Capacity of Tempura Deep-Fried Products Prepared Using Barley, Buckwheat, and Job’s Tears Flours Asuka Taniguchi 1, Nami Kyogoku 1,2, Hiroko Kimura 3, Tsubasa Kondo 3, Keiko Nagao 1 and Rie Kobayashi 1,3,* 1 Graduate School of Humanities and Life Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo 1738602, Japan; [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (K.N.) 2 Department of Food and Nutrition, Kanazawa Gakuin College, Ishikawa 9201392, Japan 3 Faculty of Home Economics, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo 1738602, Japan; [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (T.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-3-3961-7248 Received: 7 August 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: Tempura is a dish of battered and deep-fried foods, and wheat flour is typically used; however, barley, buckwheat, and Job’s tears have an antioxidant capacity. This study investigated whether replacing wheat flour with flours from these three crops in tempura affects the antioxidant capacity and deterioration of frying oil. Radical scavenging activity and polyphenol content of tempura were measured by chemiluminescence-based assay and the Folin–Denis method, respectively. The peroxide value, p-anisidin value, acid value, and polar compound of the oil used in frying were measured as indexes of oil deterioration post-frying due to oxidation. Although the frying oil of barley showed higher p-anisidin value than that of wheat, the oil samples’ deterioration level measured in this study was low. The antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content in the three flours samples were higher than those in wheat sample, with buckwheat producing the greatest values, followed by Job’s tears, and then barley. Thus, deep-fried products prepared using the three flours demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity owing to the abundance of antioxidant components. Therefore, tempura can be enjoyed in a healthier manner by using batter prepared using those flours, and substituting wheat flour with the three flours can increase the antioxidant capacity of deep-fried products. Keywords: tempura; deep-fried product; barley; buckwheat; Job’s tears; antioxidant capacity; oil deterioration; polyphenol 1. Introduction Tempura is a traditional Japanese dish that has gained popularity all over the world. It is prepared from a batter of water and flour; sea food or vegetable is lightly dipped in the batter and then instantly fried [1]. In general, wheat flour is used to prepare tempura; however, the structural characteristics of gluten present in wheat flour disturb the process of cooking high-quality tempura. The quality improvement of tempura has been studied: Nakamura et al. [2] used rice flour in their experiment; Matsunaga et al. [1] added different types of starch from various plants to wheat proteins, and Carvalho et al. [3] replaced water during batter preparation with ethanol and a CO2 injection. Each of the methods described above effectively improved the quality of tempura. Another study by Martínez-Pineda et al. [4] prepared tempura using batter with malt dextrin, ethanol, baking powder, and corn flour. They concluded that adapting batter ingredients according to the purpose was an effective strategy to improve the quality of deep-fried products. Despite these studies conducted on tempura quality, Foods 2020, 9, 1246; doi:10.3390/foods9091246 www.mdpi.com/journal/foods Foods 2020, 9, 1246 2 of 9 no research has examined the use of barley, buckwheat, and Job’s tears that do not construct gluten structure in preparing tempura. In addition, these flours have several health benefits [5–7]. Regular intake of these grains reduces the risk of several chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, the biofunctionality of these flours is an attractive option for people who are looking for healthier options. Studies have demonstrated that these grains have high antioxidant capacities [8,9]. However, few studies have focused on the antioxidant capacity of these flours in deep-fried products, especially tempura. We hypothesized that these flours of barley, buckwheat, and Job’s tears not only provide health benefits but also make cooking tempura easier and improve its texture. We hope that research on tempura prepared using these flours will help establish their wider use for these flours. The quality and palatability of tempura prepared using those flours have already been evaluated in our previous study [10]. Hence, this study examined the antioxidant capacity of tempura prepared using barley, buckwheat, and Job’s tears flours. In the human body, the antioxidant activity of foods sequesters reactive oxygen is generated by electron reduction during metabolism [11]. Usually, reactive oxygen acts on immune functions [12], but when these oxygen groups are over produced, they cause lifestyle-related disease. Although the human body has antioxidant enzymes to extinguish reactive oxygen [12], they are not enough to inhibit excess active oxygen. The peroxyl radical, which is secondarily generated from the oxidation of cell lipids by active oxygen generated with energy production, is a particularly toxic reactive oxygen species, which promotes serial oxidation and spreads cell disorder. To erase peroxyl radicals, which cannot be absorbed or sequestered by other means in the human body, antioxidant activity in foods is essential. Antioxidant components derived from foods for peroxyl radicals are expected to reduce the risks of lifestyle-related diseases. In addition, it is necessary to manage the quality of oil as tempura is a dish in which the ingredients are deep-fried in oil. In Japan, there are standards [13] for foods that use a lot of oil during cooking to manage oil quality. One of the rules has to do with peroxide value (PV) and acid value (AV). These are indexes of fat deterioration in foods. Oil deterioration causes a change in smell, taste, and color and decreases nutritive value. Deteriorated oil gives detrimental effects, such as nausea, abdominal pain, and lassitude to the human body. Thus, deterioration of oil is an important index and is related to health function. Since the deterioration mechanism of heated oil is complicated and its evaluation is necessary using multiple indicators, p-anisidin value (AnV) and polar compound (PC) were also examined. Therefore, the present study investigated whether the use of three flours of barley, buckwheat, and Job’s tears in preparing tempura could be useful for increased antioxidant capacity as a new added value. In this analysis, we evaluated the antioxidant capacity of their tempura based on peroxyl radical scavenging activity, polyphenol content, and oil oxidation. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Ingredients Barley flour (Fiber snow; six-row barley, JA Komatsushi), buckwheat flour (common buckwheat, Nikkoku Seifun Corp., Nagano, Japan), and Job’s tears flour (Akishizuku, Takada Hiryo–ten Co., Tochigi, Japan) were used. In addition to these flours, weak wheat flour (Hoshihime, protein content 8.8 g, Nikkoku Seifun Corp., Nagano, Japan) was used to compare with the three flours. 2.2. Preparation of Tempura Samples The water content ratio for tempura is usually 160% of the weight of the wheat flour. Water ratios for the barley, buckwheat, and Job’s tears flours were adjusted until the viscosity based on the steady flow measured using a rheometer (HAAKE MARS II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) of the resulting batters was consistent with that of the wheat-based batter [14]. These ratios were determined to be as follows: barley, 260%; buckwheat, 190%; Job’s tears, 190%. After adding water to Foods 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 9 Foods 2020, 9, 1246 3 of 9 water to each flour, they were stirred 60 times at a speed of once every second. The buckwheat and Job’s tears batter were left to rest for 30 min, and then they were stirred again 10 times. The four each flour, they were stirred 60 times at a speed of once every second. The buckwheat and Job’s tears batters were dispensed into silicon cups (φ30 mm, height 10 mm, Daiso Industries Co., Ltd., batter were left to rest for 30 min, and then they were stirred again 10 times. The four batters were Hiroshima, Japan) by 2.0 mL each and fried in canola oil (stored unopened in a dark and cool place, dispensed into silicon cups ('30 mm, height 10 mm, Daiso Industries Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan) The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for 140 s at a temperature of 180 °C–190 °C using a by 2.0 mL each and fried in canola oil (stored unopened in a dark and cool place, The Nisshin OilliO fryer (CDF-100, Cuisinart Compact Deep Fryer, Cuisinart, Stamford, CT, USA). After cooling for 1 Group, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for 140 s at a temperature of 180 ◦C–190 ◦C using a fryer (CDF-100, Cuisinart min, they were preserved in a freezer (MDF-300E1, deep freezer, Fukushima Industries Corp., Osaka, Compact Deep Fryer, Cuisinart, Stamford, CT, USA). After cooling for 1 min, they were preserved in a Japan) set at −80 °C for at least 24 h. In the following measurements, six tempura samples were milled freezer (MDF-300E1, deep freezer, Fukushima Industries Corp., Osaka, Japan) set at 80 ◦C for at least and analyzed in each test. − 24 h. In the following measurements, six tempura samples were milled and analyzed in each test. 2.3.2.3. PreparationPreparation ofof OilOil afterafter FryingFrying SamplesSamples AfterAfter frying,frying, thethe oiloil waswas usedused forfor PV,PV, AV,AV, AnV AnV and and PC PC analysis. analysis. FryingFrying oiloil samplessamples werewere heatedheated forfor 33 hh atat 180180 °CC ± 55 °C.C. DuringDuring thisthis time,time, 4848 samplessamples ofof tempuratempura werewere friedfried andand allowedallowed toto radiateradiate ◦ ± ◦ heatheat naturallynaturally afterafter heatingheating (Figure(Figure1 ).1).
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