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TABLE of CONTENTS Publication 25 MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY TABLE OF CONTENTS Publication 25. Geological Series 21. Letter of Transmittal, R. C. Allen....................................3 Climatic Conditions of Michigan by C. F. Schneider SURFACE GEOLOGY AND AGRICULTURAL with notes on the Northern Peninsula by Frank CONDITIONS OF MICHIGAN Leverett .............................................................................3 Modifying Effects of the Great Lakes. ............................3 BY FRANK LEVERETT Temperature...................................................................5 WITH A CHAPTER ON CLIMATE Frosts. ............................................................................6 BY C. F. SCHNEIDER Data on Northern Peninsula Frosts................................8 Precipitation....................................................................8 Drought...........................................................................9 Sunshine. .......................................................................9 Winds. ..........................................................................12 Relative Humidity. ........................................................12 General Climatic Data, 1886-1911...............................12 THE SURFACE GEOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. PART I.—THE NORTHERN PENINSULA. PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHAPTER I. Physiography of the Northern BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1917. Peninsula. .......................................................................13 General Geographical Features...................................13 Altitudes and Relief. .....................................................15 LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS The Drainage Systems.................................................15 1917 CHAPTER II. Glacial Features of the Northern BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, Peninsula. .......................................................................16 1917. The Moraines and their Significance............................16 The Outwash Aprons. ..................................................17 EX OFFICIO: Features Between the Moraines. .................................17 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, Drumlins................................................................. 18 HON. ALBERT E. SLEEPER. Eskers.................................................................... 18 THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Kames.................................................................... 18 HON. FRED L. KEELER Effect of the Ice Sheet on Rock Surfaces. ...................18 THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, CHAPTER III. Lake History...........................................20 HON. THOMAS W. NADAL. Lake History of the Peninsula ......................................20 Abandoned Shore Lines........................................ 20 DIRECTOR, Earlier Investigations and Discussions.......................20 R. C. ALLEN. Nature of the Present Investigations. .........................21 Lake Ontonagon.........................................................21 Lake Duluth................................................................22 SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS. Lake Algonquin. .........................................................23 Geologists.—Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Nipissing Great Lakes. ...............................................24 Ann Arbor; Prof. W. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti; Prof. E. C. Case, Deposits n Lake Beds. ...............................................25 Ann Arbor. CHAPTER IV. Notes On Agricultural Conditions.......25 Botanists.—Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Soil Classes by Counties .............................................27 Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Farm and Crop Data fom U. S. Thirteenth Census......31 Zoologists. —Prof, W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. CHAPTER V. Water Supply ..........................................31 Reighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. Underground Waters....................................................31 Public Water Supplies. .................................................32 Publication 25, Geological Series 21 – Page 1 of 65 PART II. THE SOUTHERN PENINSULA LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. CHAPTER I. Physiography of the Southern Peninsula. ...................................................................... 33 PLATES. General Geological Features and Geologic Terms..... 33 Plate II. Altitude map of the Northern Peninsula ...................14 Altitude......................................................................... 35 Plate III, A. Cut in moraine near Champion, Michigan...........17 Drainage Systems. ...................................................... 36 Water Power................................................................ 36 Plate III, B. Boulders on moraine north of Republic, Michigan.........................................................................17 CHAPTER II. Glacial Features..................................... 37 Plate IV, A. Striated ledge on hill, southwest part of Features Due to Early Stages of Glaciation. ............... 37 Champion.......................................................................19 Moraines and Their Outwash. ..................................... 38 Plate IV, B. Striae curving round a rock boss near Outermost Moraines in Michigan ...........................38 Ishpeming.......................................................................19 Kalamazoo-Mississinawa Morainic System...........38 Valparaiso-Charlotte Morainic System ..................39 Plate V, A. Glaciated rock boss near Champion ...................19 The Series of Slender Moraines ............................39 Plate V, B. Glaciated granite knobs, fourteen miles north of Glacial Drainage Between the Saginaw and Champion.......................................................................20 Michigan Lobes......................................................39 Plate VI, A. Rock surface near Ishpeming, illustrating Glacial Drainage and Lakes in the Huron-Erie protection from ice abrasion in the lee of a small Basin ......................................................................40 obstruction......................................................................20 Port Huron Morainic System and Lake Whittlesey 40 Relation of the Port Huron Morainic System to Lake Plate VI, B. Glaciated rock surface east of Ishpeming ..........20 Chicago..................................................................41 Plate VIII. Altitude map of the Southern Peninsula................35 The Cheboygan Moraine .......................................41 Plate IX, A. Colon Hill. A large kame or gravel hill in St. Features Between the Moraines. ................................ 42 Joseph County ...............................................................42 Till Plains................................................................42 Eskers and Kames.................................................42 Plate IX, B. Pre-Wisconsin till overlain by Wisconsin drift in the bank of Black River, Sanilac County ..............................42 Drumlins.................................................................43 CHAPTER III. Lake Features........................................ 43 Plate X, A. Pre-Wisconsin till on shore of Lake Huron near Richmondville, Sanilac County.......................................42 Introductory Statement. ............................................... 43 Plate X, B. Closer view of pre-Wisconsin till near Lake Chicago............................................................... 43 Richmondville.................................................................42 Outlet and Beaches ...............................................43 Lake Bed Deposits.................................................44 Plate XI, A. View south across Imlay outlet near Deanville, Tilting and Michigan Basin.....................................44 Lapeer County................................................................45 Lake Maumee.............................................................. 44 Plate XI, B. Pre-Wisconsin till below Wisconsin drift, separated Outlets, Beaches and Delta Deposits....................44 by old soil zone, in Sanilac County.................................45 First Lake Saginaw. ..................................................... 45 Plate XII. Mackinac Island from Round Island spit ................48 Lake Arkona. ............................................................... 46 Plate XIII. Battlefield beach on Mackinac Island battlefield, Later Lake Saginaw..................................................... 46 rear view looking north ...................................................48 Lake Whittlesey. .......................................................... 46 Plate XIV. Front view of Algonquin beach in Petoskey..........48 Lake Wayne................................................................. 47 Plate XV. Wave cut terrace in bluff of Algonquin shore west of Lake Warren. ............................................................... 47 Black River, Alcona County............................................49 Lake Lundy (Grassmere and Elkton Beaches). .......... 47 Beginnings of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair................. 47 FIGURES. Lake Algonquin............................................................ 48 Fig. 1. January mean temperatures, 1886-1911 .....................4 Nipissing Great Lakes. ................................................ 49 CHAPTER IV. Agricultural
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