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RADAR IN METEOROLOGY RADAR IN METEOROLOGY: BATTAN MEMORIAL AND 40TH ANNIVERSARY RADAR METEOROLOGY CONFERENCE EDITED BY DAVID ATLAS American Meteorological Society Boston 1990 © American Meteorological Society 1990 Originally published by American Meteorological Society Boston in 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this publication in scientific and educational works is hereby granted, provided the source is acknowledged. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-0-933876-86-6 ISBN 978-1-935704-15-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-935704-15-7 Typeset and printed in the United States of America by Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Section openers designed by Helga Hardy. Published by the American Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02176. Richard E. Hallgren, Executive Director Kenneth C. Spengler, Executive Director Emeritus Evelyn Mazur, Assistant Executive Director Arlyn S. Powell, Jr., Publications Manager Editorial support provided by Laura Westlund, Pamela Jones, Jon Feld, Linda Esche, Brenda Gray, Harold Nagel, and Susan McClung. Table of Contents Preface . 1x Acknowledgments . x1 Tribute to Professor Louis J. Battan Xlll I. HISTORY 1 Early Developments of Weather Radar during World War II . 3 ].0. Fletcher 2 Weather Radar in the United States Army's Fort Monmouth Laboratories . 7 Donald M. Swingle 3 Radar Meteorology at Radiation Laboratory, MIT, 1941 to 1947 . 16 Isadore Katz and Patrick f. Harney 4 Weather Radar at MIT . 22 Pauline M. Austin and Spiros G. Geotis 5 A History of Weather Radar Research in the U.S. Air Force . 32 James I. Metcalf and Kenneth M. Glover 6 Radar Meteorology at the National Severe Storms Laboratory, 1964-1986 . 44 Edwin Kessler 7 A History of Radar Meteorology in the United Kingdom· . 54 J.R. Probert-fones 8 The Stormy Weather Group (Canada) . 61 R.H. Douglas 9 History of Radar Meteorology in Japan . 69 Nobuhiko Kodaira and ]ira Aoyagi 10 Radar Meteorology in India: A Brief Historical Perspective . 77 S.M. Kulshrestha 11 Radar Meteorology in The People's Republic of China . 80 Yu-Mao Xu 12 Early Foundations of the Measurement of Rainfall by Radar 86 David Atlas and Carlton W. Ulbrich v 13 Advances in Precipitation Physics Following the Advent of 'Weather Radar . 98 A.S. Dennis and W.F. Hitschfeld 14 Polarization Diversity in Radar Meteorology: Early Developments . 109 Thomas A. Seliga, Robert G. Humphries, and fames I. Metcalf 15 Foundations of Severe Storm Detection by Radar . 115 Ralph f. Donaldson 16 The Early Years of Doppler Radar in Meteorology . 122 R.R. Rogers 17 The History of Radar Studies of the Clear Atmosphere . 130 Kenneth R. Hardy and Kenneth S. Gage 18 Lightning Investigation with Radar . 143 Earle R. Williams, Vladislav Mazur, and Spiros G. Geotis II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19a Technology of Polarization Diversity Radars for Meteorology 153 V.N. Bringi and A. Hendry 19b Technology of Polarization Diversity Radars for Meteorology: Panel Report . 191 fames I. Metcalf 20a Signal Processing for Atmospheric Radars . 199 R. Jeffrey Keeler and Richard E. Passarelli 20b Signal Processing: Panel Report . 230 · Dusan S. Zrnic 21a UHF JVHF Radar Techniques for Atmospheric Research and Wind Profiler Applications . 235 f. Ro"ttger and M.F. Larsen 21b Clear-Air Radar Technology: Panel Report . 282 Ben B. Balsley 22a Meteorological Radar Observations from Mobile Platforms . 28 7 Peter H. Hildebrand and Richard K. Moore 22b AirbornejSpaceborne Radar: Panel Report . 315 David P. Jorgensen and Robert Meneghini 23a Cloud Microphysics and Radar . 323 A.R. Jameson and D.B. Johnson vi 23b Cloud Microphysics and Radar: Panel Report . 341 Kenneth V. Beard and Robert M. Rauber 24a Convective Dynamics . 348 Peter Ray 24b Convective Dynamics: Panel Report . 391 R. Carbone, B. Foote, M. Moncrieff, T. Gal-Chen, W. Cotton, · M. Hjelmfelt, F. Roux, G. Heymsfield, and E. Brandes 25a Radar Observations of Tropical Weather Systems . 401 Frank D. Marks, Jr. 25b Tropical Meteorology: Panel Report . 426 Edward Zipser, Alan Betts, Frank Ruggiero, and Barry Hinton 26a Organization and Internal Structure of Synoptic and Mesoscale Precipitation Systems in Midlatitudes . 433 K.A. Browning 26b Mesoscale Organization and Processes: Panel Report . 461 David B. Parsons, Bradley F. Smull, and Douglas K. Lilly Appendix: Notes on the Physical Mechanisms of Mesoscale Precipitation Bands, Kerry A. Emanuel 27a Radar Research on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer . 477 Earl E. Gossard 27b The Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Panel Report . 528 Robert A. Kropfli 28a Radar Observations of the Free Atmosphere: Structure and Dynamics . 534 Kenneth S. Gage 28b Radar Observations of the Free Atmosphere: Panel Report 566 W.H. Hooke III. OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS 29a Precipitation Measurement and Hydrology . 5 77 Jiirg Joss and Albert Waldvogel - Appendix A: Radar Data Processing and Short-Period Forecasting in the United Kingdom, C.G. Collier 29b Precipitation Measurement and Hydrology: Panel Report . 607 Paul L. Smith 30a Severe Thunderstorm Detection by Radar 619 Donald W. Burgess and Leslie R. Lemon vii 30b Severe Storm Detection: Panel Report . 648 Joseph H. Golden 31a The Application of Weather Radar to Aviation Meteorology . 65 7 T. Theodore Fujita and John McCarthy 31b Aviation Meteorology: Panel Report . 682 James Wilson References . 689 Current Addresses of Contributors . 777 Index . 781 viii Preface This volume, dedicated to the memory of Professor Louis topics such as nowcasting, severe storm detection, and J. Battan, had its origin in the 40th Anniversary Radar hazards to aviation such as low-level wind shear. Radar Meteorology Conference, which took place in Boston on has led the way in remote sensing of the atmosphere and 9-13 November 1987. The conference commemorated the its applications span virtually the entire discipline. More­ anniversary of the first radar conference held at the Mas­ over, its use continues to expand as the dream of putting sachusetts Institute of Technology on 14 March 1947. A weather radar in space approaches reality. At the same tribute to Professor Battan follows this preface. time, the impressive technological advances in this and After four and a half decades from the beginning of related fields provide further assurance that exciting pro­ radar in World War II, those of us nearing the end of our gress will continue. The chapters on the technology of sig­ careers thought it would be useful to look back and doc­ nal processing, polarimetry, air and spacebome radar, and ument from whence we came, to take stock of the advances wind profiling systems are illustrative of the latest devel­ which have been made since then, and to exploit our joint opments and trends and point to future system designs. wisdom in setting the agenda for the future. In accordance One of my goals as editor was to provide some sort of with these goals, both the conference and this volume were synthesis. I tried to do this mainly through the cross-ref­ organized in three broad segments: history, critical reviews erencing among the various chapters, the reduction of re­ of progress and status, and panel reports providing a dundancy, the filling of significant gaps, and the resolution broader perspective and a look into the future. of conflicts where desirable. In some cases, I deliberately The histories (Chapters 1-18) cover the people, events left conflicting ideas to depict the controversy that sur­ and institutions that played pivotal roles during the first rounds a particular subject. For example, in several papers two decades of radar studies. In some cases the institutional about polarization diversity, opinion is divided as to and national histories bring us up to the present time. Re­ whether or not measurements of differential reflectivity grettably, a report was not available from the Soviet Union, will enhance the accuracy of radar measurements of rain­ where seminal work was done from the late 1940s. fall. I also retained many overlapping references to The reviews in Chapters 19 through 31 cover techno­ NEXRAD (Next Generation Weather Radar) because they logical, scientific and operational topics. These were writ­ provide differing viewpoints as to how this radar may best ten by experts in each of the subject areas. Following each be used in addressing the various problems. review is a panel report on the same subject. The latter, With minor exceptions related to format and organiza­ authored by one or more scientists, represents a broad tion, I made no attempt to standardize writing style. Thus, consensus of a group of specialists who met in advance of each chapter has its own distinct flavor depending upon the conference to critique preliminary versions of the re­ the style of the author. views and subsequently prepared a report aimed at pro­ The book is especially timely since the field is about to viding a balanced view, filling in gaps, and identifying explode with the forthcoming widespread installation of avenues of the most promising research and development the most modem Doppler radars throughout the United for the decades ahead. States. These include the Next Generation Weather Radar, Altogether the work involved more than 200 participants UHF and VHF wind profiling radars, and Terminal Doppler and authors. The volume is therefore literally a product Weather Radars for wind shear detection. In Western Eu­ of the entire community and represents a compendium of rope modem weather radars are being integrated into a knowledge in this field that is not likely to be replicated cooperative network. New operational and research sys­ for many years. It will be of value to students, scientists tems have been installed in Germany, Spain, Italy, Japan and technologists, and members of the operational com­ and the People's Republic of China, among others.
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