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After the Flow: Landscape Response to the Emplacement Of AFTER THE FLOW: LANDSCAPE RESPONSE TO THE EMPLACEMENT OF HOLOCENE LAVA FLOWS, CENTRAL OREGON CASCADES, USA by NATALIA IRMA DELIGNE A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Natalia Irma Deligne Title: After the Flow: Landscape Response to the Emplacement of Holocene Lava Flows, Central Oregon Cascades, USA This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Geological Sciences by: Katharine V. Cashman Chairperson Gordon E. Grant Member Alan W. Rempel Member Joshua J. Roering Member Daniel G. Gavin Outside Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Natalia Irma Deligne iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Natalia Irma Deligne Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geological Sciences September 2012 Title: After the Flow: Landscape Response to the Emplacement of Holocene Lava Flows, Central Oregon Cascades, USA Effusive volcanic eruptions repave landscapes rapidly with lava flows, resetting the underlying landscape and ecosystem. The unique physical properties of lava pose interesting challenges for recovery, as lava flows can be highly permeable while lava itself is dense, sterile, and generally inhospitable towards life. This dissertation examines two aspects of landscape recovery following lava flow emplacement: (1) hydrologic adaptation of surface and groundwater to recent volcanism and (2) plant colonization of young lava flows. I examine two sites in the central Oregon Cascades: the c. 3 ka Sand Mountain volcanic field (SMVF), located in the headwaters of the McKenzie River, a critical water resource for the state of Oregon, and the c. 1.5 ka Collier Cone lava flow, originating on the north flanks of North Sister volcano. My investigation of the SMVF and upper McKenzie River watershed reveals a complex volcanic history with profound impacts on the configuration and short-term discharge of the McKenzie River: lava flows from the SMVF and other Holocene vents have buried, dammed, and altered the path of the McKenzie River. Moreover, given the large groundwater contribution from the SMVF to the McKenzie River, I estimate that SMVF activity caused McKenzie River discharge in present-day Eugene, Oregon to iv decrease by up to 20% for days to months at a time; future regional mafic volcanic activity could have a similar impact. The SMVF and the Collier Cone lava flow are notable for the juxtaposition of barren exposed lava and mature forests on the same or similarly aged lava flows. I use a combination of LiDAR analysis, field observations, and soil characterization to examine soil and vegetation at these two sites and find that the presence of an external soil source greatly facilitates plant establishment, growth, and survival. Here, external soil sources are syn- or post-eruptive tephra (SMVF) or flood-borne deposits (Collier Cone lava flow). External soil appears to provide a substrate for plants to grow in along with key nutrients and sufficient moisture; overall, external soil sources are key for the initial recovery following an effusive volcanic disturbance. This dissertation includes co-authored material submitted for publication. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Natalia Irma Deligne GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom California Institute of Technology, Pasadena DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Geology, 2012, University of Oregon Master of Science by Research, Natural Hazards, 2006, University of Bristol Bachelor of Science, Geology, 2004, California Institute of Technology AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Physical volcanology Landscape evolution PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching and Research Fellow, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, 2007 - 2012 Seismic Data Analyst, Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 2005 - 2007 Teaching Assistant, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 2004 Laboratory Assistant, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 2001 - 2004 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Good Citizen Award, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, 2011 and 2012 Graduate Student Research Grant, Mazamas, 2010 vi Thayer Scholarship, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, 2008 and 2009 Kleinman Grant for Volcano Research, US Geological Survey, 2008 Conference Support, IAVCEI General Assembly, 2008 Howard Reynolds Memorial Prize in Geology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 2004 Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship, California Institute of Technology, 2001 and 2002 PUBLICATIONS: Riddick, S., Schmidt, D.A. & Deligne, N.I. in press. An analysis of terrain properties and the location of surface scatterers from persistent scatterer interferometry. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Cashman, K.V., Soule, S.A., Mackey, B.H., Deligne, N.I., Deardorff, N.D. & Dietterich, H.R. in press. How lava flows: New insights from applications of lidar technologies to lava flow studies. Geosphere. Deligne, N.I., Coles, S.G. & Sparks, R.S.J. 2010. Recurrence rates of large explosive volcanic eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth 115: B06203. Cashman K.V., Deligne, N.I., Gannett, M.W., Grant, G.E. & Jefferson, A. 2009. Fire and water: Volcanology, geomorphology, and hydrogeology of the Cascades Range, central Oregon. In: O’Connor, J.E., Dorsey, R.I. & Madin, I.P. (eds.) Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field Trips through the Dynamic Landscape of the Pacific Northwest: Field Guide 15, pp. 539-582. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, US. Mosenfelder, J.L., Deligne, N.I., Asimow, P.D. & Rossman, G.R. 2006. Hydrogen incorporation in olivine from 2 – 12 GPa. American Mineralogist 91: 285-294. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Kathy Cashman, for being incredibly supportive as I followed my curiosity into uncharted territory, and for expecting rigor and clarity in scientific thought, execution, and communication. Kathy has profoundly shaped the scientist I am today. I have also been fortunate to have a fantastic committee – Dan Gavin, Gordon Grant, Josh Roering, and Alan Rempel – who have been very generous with their ideas, energy, resources, and time. Thank you. I also thank Qusheng Jin, Andrew Marcus, and David Schmidt who served on earlier versions of my committee. Many people went above and beyond what could be reasonably expected to help me over the course of my PhD. I am deeply indebted to Rick Conrey, who taught me how to approach volcanic mapping, freely shared his extensive geochemical database, and analyzed over 100 XRF samples for me on his own dime. I am constantly humbled by his generosity, knowledge, and enthusiasm. I also thank the following people for sharing their data with me: Nick Deardorff (LiDAR data for the Collier Cone lava flow, acquired through a 2006 NCALM graduate student grant), and Duane Champion (paleomagnetic data for the Sand Mountain volcanic field). Karl Morgenstern (Eugene Water and Electric Board) and Ian Madin (Oregon’s Department of Geology and Mineral Industries) made acquisition of the upper McKenzie River LiDAR possible. I am lucky to have had great field assistants: Kathy Cashman (rower extraordinaire!), Jim Cleavenger, Nick Deardorff, Brent Deyo, Ariana Everson, Ali Furmall, Emily Gottesfeld, Kyle House, Daniele Mckay, Win McLaughlin, Leland O’Driscoll, Nick Tanushev, Robin Tuohy, Lucy Walsh, Brian Webb and Josh Roering’s river mechanics class. For the days I was alone in the field, Corina Cerovski-Darriau, Scott viii Maguffin, Kristin Sweeney, and Nick Tanushev provided me with a safety net – thank you for participating in Operation Staying Alive. Linn County Parks and Recreation provided me with free rowboat rental in exchange for a map. Chad Everson and Brian Cochran from the Eugene Dive Club worked hard to collected a sample from a 40 m deep tree at altitude in frigid water. I have also enjoyed wonderful days in the field exploring, talking with, and learning from the Cashman and Roering groups and associates, Jim O’Connor and the Collier glacier photomatching crew, and the Kleinman grant and Yeehow teams. In the lab, Willy Amidon guided me through 3He sample preparation from afar and then ran my samples at Caltech the weekend prior to his move to Middlebury College. The Bridgham and Gavin labs provided me with space and resources to conduct my soil analyses; I am particularly grateful to Lorien Reynolds and Erin Herring for always having the time for me despite their packed schedules. The Wallace lab let me monopolize the picking scope for weeks, and Kathryn Watts helped me with sample preparation. The Cashman lab, in particular Daniele Mckay and Hannah Dietterich, kept me sane and happy. I am grateful to have been part of a great department – many thanks to the faculty, office staff, and grad students who make it the special place that it is. Finally, I thank my parents for instilling in me a sense of wonder towards the world and determination for figuring things out, and
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