6 X 10.Three Lines .P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86703-0 - Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects Richard Sandbrook, Marc Edelman, Patrick Heller, and Judith Teichman Index More information

Index

AcciónDemocrática(AD) see Venezuela empire 43, 124, 132, 134–36, 185, 188, Afghanistan 60 193, 196–97 Africa 36, 50, 123, 125, 126, 127 bureaucratic authoritarianism 20 civil conflicts 57–58, 60 colonialism/legacies 43–44, 136 “Chicago boys” (Chile) 161, 173 democracy in 130–32, 134, 137 CalderónGuardia, Rafael Angel 98, 99, neoliberal reforms 51–52, 220 202 social-security systems in 9, 38–39, 40, Calderonismo 99, 100, 101 41, 127, 220 Canada 213 African Growth and Opportunity Act Cancún218 (AGOA) 217 Cape Verde 16 African National Congress (ANC) 16, 182 capitalism 178 see also neoliberalism Afro-Creoles 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 7, 238–39 138, 194 Caribbean 36, 43, 183, 222, 247 Algeria 59 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) 217, 221 Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana CCSS (Costa Rican social-security (APRA) 98 system) 112, 113, 114, 115, 119 Allende, Salvador 147, 149, 157, 158 Central America 9, 187–88, 193, 196, 202 Angola 16 Central American Common Market anti-globalization movement 8 (CACM) 101, 103, 106 Argentina 7, 16, 20, 56, 94, 165, 234 Central American Free Trade Agreement Arias, Oscar 113 (CAFTA) 119, 120, 121 Aylwin, Patricio 151 Chávez, Hugo see Venezuela Chile Bangalore 84, 142 agrarian structure 188, 190–92 Bangladesh 42 civil society 168, 171–72, 208–10 Batlle y Ordónez,José16 export-led growth 161–64, 165, 166–67, Belgium 99 170, 174 Bello, Walden 8 labor unions 167–68, 170–71 Bernstein, Eduard 12–13, 32 new economic model (1973–1989) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 72 160–64 Blair, Tony 27–28, 231 radical-mobilization phase 157–60, 192 Bolivia 57, 234 rural sector 153, 155–57, 158–59, 192, Botswana 127 199–200 Brazil 16, 207, 218 social-security programs 149–53 economy 20, 116, 228 socioeconomic profile 10–12, Table 1.1 inequality in 8 Third Way 147–48, 151–52, 153–54, politics of 7, 32, 234, 238–41 164–69, 173, 174, 178 Workers Party (PT) 7, 238–41 urban sector 158, 159 see also “Lula” Chile Solidario 152, 169, 172, 221 Bretton Woods system 213, 215 China 5, 131 Britain 140, 184, 213, 251 economy 5, 218, 220

284

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86703-0 - Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects Richard Sandbrook, Marc Edelman, Patrick Heller, and Judith Teichman Index More information

Index 285

Christian Democratic Party (PDC, Creoles 125, 126, 127, 136, 203 Chile) 156–60, 199 critical junctures 198–205 civic network (Mauritius) 138 Croce, Benedetto 12 clientelism 28, 40, 47–48, 148–69, 209 Cuba 93, 147 defined 45–46 as obstacle to social democracy 242 debt crisis 42, 49–50 Cochin (Kerala) 75, 76, 195, 237 de la Torre, Victor Raúl Haya 98 CODESA (Costa Rican Development Denmark 29–30, 197, 219, 251 Corporation) 104, 106, 107, 111 dependency approach 44 Cold War 32, 199, 201 developmental state, social-democratic Colombia 57, 88, 96 23–25, 123, 145, 207 Communismo a la tica 98, 202 Dutch empire 131 Communist Party of Chile 199 Communist Party of India (CPI) 66, 80, East Asia 36, 127, 182, 185, 221, 235, 247 238 Easterly, William 4 electoral victory (Kerala) 74, 189, 195, Economic Commission for Latin America 204–05 and the Caribbean (ECLAC) 6, 103 and social-justice movements (Kerala) Ecuador 7–8, 61, 234 74–75, 77–79, 204 Egypt 59 Communist Party of India (Marxist) [CPI El Salvador 42, 94, 106, 187, 193 (M)] 12, 26, 66, 67, 223 “end of history” 4 in Kerala 65, 66, 195, 238 Engels, Friedrich 12, 19 and democratic decentralization Estado empresario (entrepreneurial 89–91 state) 101, 104 and mass organizations 71, 72, 195 Estado gestor (managerial state) 101 as a social movement party 77, 81 Europe 181, 185, 198 in West Bengal 17, 67, 78, 81, 186 colonialism 43, 187 program 65 interwar politics 180, 181, 184, 189 Concertación(Chile) 27, 147, 154, 164, social-democratic regimes in 6, 235 173, 210 see also social democracy, in the core ambiguous character of 147, 251 European Union 129, 140, 146, 170 economic and social reforms 151–52, economy 217, 218, 225 164–73, 221, 223 Evans, Peter 185, 249 Congress Party (India) 44, 75, 79, 195, Export-Processing Zone (EPZ) 123, 125, 204 129, 140–41, 143, 204 ideology of 72, 77, 80, 206 Ezhavas (caste in Kerala) 72, 75, 76 socialist wing in 74, 75, 238 CORFO (Production Development farmers, independent family Corporation, Chile) 104, 155, see smallholders; peasants 159–60, 163, 170, 174, 248 Figueres, José(“Pepe”) 93, 99–102, 104, corporatism 28–29, 40, 47–48, 182 119, 202, 252 Costa Rica FOSIS (Solidarity and Investment Fund, agrarian structure 187–88, 192–93 Chile) 152, 172 civil society 208 France 140, 144, 184 class and state formation 95–98 empire 124, 132–37, 188, 193 economy 94, 105–06, 111–17 FRAP (Popular Action Front) 158, 159 “golden age” 101–05, 112 Frei, Eduardo 149, 151, 157, 158, 159 human development indicators Frente Amplio (Uruguay) 7 market reforms and impact 94–95, Frente Popular (Chile) 154–56, 191, 199 107–10, 111–17, 120–22 Friedman, Milton 213 resistance to market reforms 107–08, 117–19 G7 216, 225 social-democratic junta 98–101 G21 212, 218 socioeconomic profile 10–12 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade see also Estado empresario; Estado gestor (GATT) 215–16, 218

286 Index

Germany 180, 183, 200 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 128, Giddens, Anthony 228 130, 140 globalization 32 and neoliberal reform policies 24, 33, effects at national level 5–6, 8–9, 23, 34, 53–54 32–34, 35, 219–20 role of state 69, 146 neoliberal variety 8, 207, 208, 210, stabilization and adjustment programs 213–19 50–51, 107, 108, 125, 126, 127, and social democracy 219–25, 227–29, 214–15, 244 253–54 western dominance of 8, 19 social-democratic variety 8 Iran 60 see also inequality; neoliberalism Islamism 58–60 Gómez, Juan Vicente 16, 244 Italy 183 Gramsci, Antonio 184, 211 IVM (Costa Rica) 112, 113 Great Depression 20, 154, 189 Guatemala 94, 187, 193 Jamaica 9, 16, 17, 187 Gutiérrez, Lucio 7, 234 Japan 185 Jaurès,Jean 12 Habermas, Jürgen179, 184 jenmies (landlords in Kerala) 74 Hayek, Friedrich von 213 Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Kautsky, Karl 12 Initiative 54 Kerala Hirschman, Albert O. 3 agrarian structure 74–77, 187, 194–96 Honduras 94, 106, 187, 193–207 caste system 72–73 Human Development Index 127 civil society 71–72, 208 economy 68, 82–84 Ibaˇnez,Carlos 157 impact of liberalization 82–86 ICE (Costa Rican Electricity labor unions 71–72, 83 Institute) 100, 105, 119–20, 121 People’s Campaign for Decentralized import-substitution industrialization Planning 88–91, 251 (ISI) 21, 24, 103, 104, 125, 155, politics of social citizenship 66–67, 159, 161, 163, 173, 243, 250 68–73, 87–91 India 144, 187 poverty reduction 69 democracy in 66, 72, 73, 207 socioeconomic profile 10–12, Table 1.1 economy 5, 81–82, 142, 218, 220, see also CPI (M) 228 Keynesian economics 14, 20 identity politics 60, 87, 183 Kirchner, Néstor 7 labor unions 71, 182 Kohli, Atul 81, 207 politics of social citizenship 44, 67, 71 KSKTU (Korea) 71 poverty reduction 69 Kerala Karshaka Sangham (KSS) 195 social-security systems in 40, 42, 70 Indonesia 59, 116 Lagos, Ricardo 7, 151, 169, 170, 237 Industrial Relations Act (IRA, Landless Workers Movement (Brazil) 61 Mauritius) 129, 134 land reform 17, 42, 69, 75, 78, 79, 194, inequality 5, 36–37, 229 195, 204 informal sector 37, 52, 230 “late-late industrializers” 20 in Kerala 38, 70, 71 latifundistas (estate owners) 190, 199 and social security 37, 39, 151, 153 Latin America 98, 118, 190, 201 information and communications colonial legacy 43–44 technology (ICT) 143, 144 debt crisis 214 inquilino 189, 191, 199, 200 democracy in 20, 21, 148 Institutionalized Revolutionary Party (IRP, economy 105, 109, 121, 159, 220, 222 Mexico) 47 and neoliberal reform 5, 51–52, 111, INTEL 115, 116, 117 247, 252 Inter-American Development Bank povertyin36 (IDB) 94, 113, 120, 121, 215 recent rise of left in 7–8, 233, 234–35

Index 287

and social democracy 29, 181, 182 Namboodiripad, E. M. S. 90 social-security systems in 9, 39, 40, 41, Namibia 127 147, 150, 220 National Party (Chile) 157, 158 Left Democratic Front (LDF, Kerala) 72, neoliberalism 83, 85, 88, 195, 251 challenges to social democracy 52, LoméConvention 140, 218 56–57, 174, 242–43, 246–51 Luebbert, Gregory M. 180, 200 negative impact of policy reforms 4–6, “Lula” da Silva, Luiz Inácio 7, 238 51–52, 55–58, 169 reform efforts 4–8, 24, 50–51, 101, 210, Madagascar 125, 126, 127, 143 215–19 Malabar (Kerala) 74–77, 78, 195, social-democratic alternatives to 6–9 238 see also globalization Malaysia 59, 220 neopatrimonialism 46, 57, 123 Manley, Michael 9, 17 see also clientelism Mappila Rebellion 75 neostructuralism 6–7 MAPU (Chile) 158 Netherlands 219, 251 Mapuche 159 New Zealand 12, 170 market reform see neoliberalism Nicaragua 94, 106, 107, 110, 188, 193, Marxism 12–13, 98, 199 234, 252 Mauritius Nigeria 207 agrarian structure 188, 193–94 North-American Free Trade Agreement civil society 135–36, 208 (NAFTA) 217 cultural diversity 125–26 Norway 197 economy 125, 126–27, 139–45 and globalization 139–45 Oduber, Daniel 104 labor unions in 132 Organisation for Economic Cooperation policy and institutional design 137–39 and Development (OECD) 121, social-security programs 127–30 180, 222, 225 socioeconomic profile 10–12, 127 state building 124–26 Pakistan 59 structural foundations of social Panama 107, 225 democracy 131 Panchayat 17, 73, 89 Mauritius Labour Party (MLP) 133–38, Partido de LiberaciónNacional (PLN, 140, 203 Costa Rica) 93, 104, 117, 120 Mexico 47, 48, 56, 116 patron-clientelism see clientelism economy 218, 220, 222 participatory budgeting 241 Zapatista movement 61, 234 peasants 149–50, 156, 179, 192, 200 middle classes 21 see also smallholders Middle East 48, 58–60 People’s Campaign for Decentralized middle peasantry 180–81, 205 Planning see Kerala see also smallholders Peru 42 minifundistas (very small landowners) 149, Philippines 116 150, 153, 159, 190 Picado, Teodoro 99 see also smallholders Pinochet, Augusto JoséRamón164, 192, Moore, Barrington 179–80, 181, 192, 198 197 government of 147, 153, 173, 190, 196, Mora, Manuel 99 210 Morocco 59 Polanyi, Karl 86, 210, 232 Mouvement Militant Mauricien populism 9, 21, 28–29, 148, 165, 186, (MMM) 124, 125–26, 129, 130, 242–46 132, 134, 140, 194, 203, 206 Porto Alegre (Brazil) 48, 241 Mozambique 16, 127 Post-Washington Consensus 4, 36 Mulroney, Brian 213 see also neoliberalism Multifibre Agreement (MFA) 217 poverty 36, 37 Muslim Brotherhood 59 PROCHILE 162, 163, 166

288 Index

Przeworski, Adam 18, 87 South Asia 36, 124, 131, 187, 190 Public Distribution System (PDS, South Korea 170, 207, 220, 235 Kerala) 70, 85 welfare state 9, 18, 182, 230 Punnapra-Vayalar (Kerala) 204 Southern Cone 182, 200 Soviet Union 187 Ramgoolam, Sir Seewoosegur 128, 137, Spain 96, 183 138, 140 Sri Lanka 9, 17, 187, 245–46 Reagan, Ronald 213, 214 stagflation 14 Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stiglitz, Joseph 5, 19, 232 Stephens 80, 181, 183 Structural Adjustment Loans (SALS) 108 Sudan 60 San José 97, 108 Sweden 12, 13, 184, 197, 219, 251 Sanabria, Victor 99 Switzerland 184, 197 Sandinista 106, 107 Sangh Parivar 67 Taiwan 9, 18, 141, 142, 220, 230, 235 Seattle, protest in 218 Telengana 205 Senegal 16 Thailand 84, 116 Sierra Leone 57 Thatcher, Margaret 213 Singapore 142, 170, 220 “third wave” of democracy 35 small farmers see smallholders Third Way 117, 121, 210, 231, 251 smallholders 31, 194, 195 Third World Network 8 and social security 151, 153, 189, 196 Travancore (Kerala) 75–77, 79, 194, 195, and social democracy 31, 180, 192, 204, 237 196–98, 211, 235, 237 Turkey 59 see also middle peasants Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC, Ulate, Otilio 99 Costa Rica) 117 United Democratic Front (UDF, social democracy 3–4, 12–15, 177–78, 234 Kerala) 85, 195 and capitalism 178–80, 187–90 United Fruit Company 100 and civil society 183–84, 206–10 United Nations Conference on Trade and in the core (European) 13, 14–15, Development (UNCTAD) 142 29–30, 178, 180, 182 United Nations Development Programme defined 14–15, 18–19 (UNDP) 93, 127, 153 and neoliberalism 15, 54–55, 212, United Nations Economic Commission for 220–25 Latin America (ECLA) 103 in the periphery 9–10, 19–22, 25–28 United States 93, 107, 197 classic social-democracy type 27, 124, external intervention 22, 161, 187 134, 225–26 and neoliberalism 213, 214, 216 radical social-democracy type 26–27, trade and capital 120, 146, 170, 217, 226, 237–38 218 Third-Way type 27–28, 227, 237, UP (Popular Unity) government, 250–53 Chile 157–60, 165, 198, 200, 206 and political parties 186–87, 206 Uruguay 7, 9, 16, 22, 27, 94, 234 and state 184–86 Uruguay Round (GATT) 53 Social Democratic Party (PSD, Costa US Agency for International Development Rica) 99 (USAID) 107, 113 Social Democratic Party (PSDB, Brazil) 238 Vargas, Getúlio20 social policy, in global periphery 38 Vásquez, Tabaré7 socialism 16, 178, 182, 203 Venezuela 7, 9, 16, 17, 22, 56, 234, 243–45 Socialist International 16 AcciónDemocrática(AD) 244–45 Socialist Party (PS, Chile) 154, 155, 168, Chávez, Hugo 7, 17, 56, 245 186, 199, 219–25, 227 Somoza, Anastasio 106 Washington Consensus 4, 5, 16, 215, 247 South Africa 56, 143, 144, 182 see also neoliberalism

Index 289

welfare state 13, 14, 15 stabilization and adjustment programs and balance of class power 183, 223 50–51, 107, 108, 113, 125, 126, and trade openness 180, 219, 221 127 West Bengal 17–18, 26 western dominance of 8, 19 see also CPI(M), in West Bengal World Trade Organization (WTO) 8, 19, Workers Party (PT) see Brazil; “Lula” 25, 95, 124, 146, 215–19, 250 World Bank 48, 69, 116, 163 and neoliberal reform 33, 34, 114, 215, Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) 46 250 Zambia 39 and poverty 53–55, 108, 172 Zapatistas see Mexico role of state 69, 247 Zimbabwe 56