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6 X 10.Three Lines .P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86703-0 - Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects Richard Sandbrook, Marc Edelman, Patrick Heller, and Judith Teichman Index More information Index Acci´onDemocr´atica(AD) see Venezuela empire 43, 124, 132, 134–36, 185, 188, Afghanistan 60 193, 196–97 Africa 36, 50, 123, 125, 126, 127 bureaucratic authoritarianism 20 civil conflicts 57–58, 60 colonialism/legacies 43–44, 136 “Chicago boys” (Chile) 161, 173 democracy in 130–32, 134, 137 Calder´onGuardia, Rafael Angel 98, 99, neoliberal reforms 51–52, 220 202 social-security systems in 9, 38–39, 40, Calderonismo 99, 100, 101 41, 127, 220 Canada 213 African Growth and Opportunity Act Canc´un218 (AGOA) 217 Cape Verde 16 African National Congress (ANC) 16, 182 capitalism 178 see also neoliberalism Afro-Creoles 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 7, 238–39 138, 194 Caribbean 36, 43, 183, 222, 247 Algeria 59 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) 217, 221 Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana CCSS (Costa Rican social-security (APRA) 98 system) 112, 113, 114, 115, 119 Allende, Salvador 147, 149, 157, 158 Central America 9, 187–88, 193, 196, 202 Angola 16 Central American Common Market anti-globalization movement 8 (CACM) 101, 103, 106 Argentina 7, 16, 20, 56, 94, 165, 234 Central American Free Trade Agreement Arias, Oscar 113 (CAFTA) 119, 120, 121 Aylwin, Patricio 151 Ch´avez, Hugo see Venezuela Chile Bangalore 84, 142 agrarian structure 188, 190–92 Bangladesh 42 civil society 168, 171–72, 208–10 Batlle y Ord´onez,Jos´e16 export-led growth 161–64, 165, 166–67, Belgium 99 170, 174 Bello, Walden 8 labor unions 167–68, 170–71 Bernstein, Eduard 12–13, 32 new economic model (1973–1989) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 72 160–64 Blair, Tony 27–28, 231 radical-mobilization phase 157–60, 192 Bolivia 57, 234 rural sector 153, 155–57, 158–59, 192, Botswana 127 199–200 Brazil 16, 207, 218 social-security programs 149–53 economy 20, 116, 228 socioeconomic profile 10–12, Table 1.1 inequality in 8 Third Way 147–48, 151–52, 153–54, politics of 7, 32, 234, 238–41 164–69, 173, 174, 178 Workers Party (PT) 7, 238–41 urban sector 158, 159 see also “Lula” Chile Solidario 152, 169, 172, 221 Bretton Woods system 213, 215 China 5, 131 Britain 140, 184, 213, 251 economy 5, 218, 220 284 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86703-0 - Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects Richard Sandbrook, Marc Edelman, Patrick Heller, and Judith Teichman Index More information Index 285 Christian Democratic Party (PDC, Creoles 125, 126, 127, 136, 203 Chile) 156–60, 199 critical junctures 198–205 civic network (Mauritius) 138 Croce, Benedetto 12 clientelism 28, 40, 47–48, 148–69, 209 Cuba 93, 147 defined 45–46 as obstacle to social democracy 242 debt crisis 42, 49–50 Cochin (Kerala) 75, 76, 195, 237 de la Torre, Victor Ra´ul Haya 98 CODESA (Costa Rican Development Denmark 29–30, 197, 219, 251 Corporation) 104, 106, 107, 111 dependency approach 44 Cold War 32, 199, 201 developmental state, social-democratic Colombia 57, 88, 96 23–25, 123, 145, 207 Communismo a la tica 98, 202 Dutch empire 131 Communist Party of Chile 199 Communist Party of India (CPI) 66, 80, East Asia 36, 127, 182, 185, 221, 235, 247 238 Easterly, William 4 electoral victory (Kerala) 74, 189, 195, Economic Commission for Latin America 204–05 and the Caribbean (ECLAC) 6, 103 and social-justice movements (Kerala) Ecuador 7–8, 61, 234 74–75, 77–79, 204 Egypt 59 Communist Party of India (Marxist) [CPI El Salvador 42, 94, 106, 187, 193 (M)] 12, 26, 66, 67, 223 “end of history” 4 in Kerala 65, 66, 195, 238 Engels, Friedrich 12, 19 and democratic decentralization Estado empresario (entrepreneurial 89–91 state) 101, 104 and mass organizations 71, 72, 195 Estado gestor (managerial state) 101 as a social movement party 77, 81 Europe 181, 185, 198 in West Bengal 17, 67, 78, 81, 186 colonialism 43, 187 program 65 interwar politics 180, 181, 184, 189 Concertaci´on(Chile) 27, 147, 154, 164, social-democratic regimes in 6, 235 173, 210 see also social democracy, in the core ambiguous character of 147, 251 European Union 129, 140, 146, 170 economic and social reforms 151–52, economy 217, 218, 225 164–73, 221, 223 Evans, Peter 185, 249 Congress Party (India) 44, 75, 79, 195, Export-Processing Zone (EPZ) 123, 125, 204 129, 140–41, 143, 204 ideology of 72, 77, 80, 206 Ezhavas (caste in Kerala) 72, 75, 76 socialist wing in 74, 75, 238 CORFO (Production Development farmers, independent family Corporation, Chile) 104, 155, see smallholders; peasants 159–60, 163, 170, 174, 248 Figueres, Jos´e(“Pepe”) 93, 99–102, 104, corporatism 28–29, 40, 47–48, 182 119, 202, 252 Costa Rica FOSIS (Solidarity and Investment Fund, agrarian structure 187–88, 192–93 Chile) 152, 172 civil society 208 France 140, 144, 184 class and state formation 95–98 empire 124, 132–37, 188, 193 economy 94, 105–06, 111–17 FRAP (Popular Action Front) 158, 159 “golden age” 101–05, 112 Frei, Eduardo 149, 151, 157, 158, 159 human development indicators Frente Amplio (Uruguay) 7 market reforms and impact 94–95, Frente Popular (Chile) 154–56, 191, 199 107–10, 111–17, 120–22 Friedman, Milton 213 resistance to market reforms 107–08, 117–19 G7 216, 225 social-democratic junta 98–101 G21 212, 218 socioeconomic profile 10–12 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade see also Estado empresario; Estado gestor (GATT) 215–16, 218 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86703-0 - Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects Richard Sandbrook, Marc Edelman, Patrick Heller, and Judith Teichman Index More information 286 Index Germany 180, 183, 200 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 128, Giddens, Anthony 228 130, 140 globalization 32 and neoliberal reform policies 24, 33, effects at national level 5–6, 8–9, 23, 34, 53–54 32–34, 35, 219–20 role of state 69, 146 neoliberal variety 8, 207, 208, 210, stabilization and adjustment programs 213–19 50–51, 107, 108, 125, 126, 127, and social democracy 219–25, 227–29, 214–15, 244 253–54 western dominance of 8, 19 social-democratic variety 8 Iran 60 see also inequality; neoliberalism Islamism 58–60 G´omez, Juan Vicente 16, 244 Italy 183 Gramsci, Antonio 184, 211 IVM (Costa Rica) 112, 113 Great Depression 20, 154, 189 Guatemala 94, 187, 193 Jamaica 9, 16, 17, 187 Guti´errez, Lucio 7, 234 Japan 185 Jaur`es,Jean 12 Habermas, J¨urgen179, 184 jenmies (landlords in Kerala) 74 Hayek, Friedrich von 213 Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Kautsky, Karl 12 Initiative 54 Kerala Hirschman, Albert O. 3 agrarian structure 74–77, 187, 194–96 Honduras 94, 106, 187, 193–207 caste system 72–73 Human Development Index 127 civil society 71–72, 208 economy 68, 82–84 Ibaˇnez,Carlos 157 impact of liberalization 82–86 ICE (Costa Rican Electricity labor unions 71–72, 83 Institute) 100, 105, 119–20, 121 People’s Campaign for Decentralized import-substitution industrialization Planning 88–91, 251 (ISI) 21, 24, 103, 104, 125, 155, politics of social citizenship 66–67, 159, 161, 163, 173, 243, 250 68–73, 87–91 India 144, 187 poverty reduction 69 democracy in 66, 72, 73, 207 socioeconomic profile 10–12, Table 1.1 economy 5, 81–82, 142, 218, 220, see also CPI (M) 228 Keynesian economics 14, 20 identity politics 60, 87, 183 Kirchner, N´estor 7 labor unions 71, 182 Kohli, Atul 81, 207 politics of social citizenship 44, 67, 71 KSKTU (Korea) 71 poverty reduction 69 Kerala Karshaka Sangham (KSS) 195 social-security systems in 40, 42, 70 Indonesia 59, 116 Lagos, Ricardo 7, 151, 169, 170, 237 Industrial Relations Act (IRA, Landless Workers Movement (Brazil) 61 Mauritius) 129, 134 land reform 17, 42, 69, 75, 78, 79, 194, inequality 5, 36–37, 229 195, 204 informal sector 37, 52, 230 “late-late industrializers” 20 in Kerala 38, 70, 71 latifundistas (estate owners) 190, 199 and social security 37, 39, 151, 153 Latin America 98, 118, 190, 201 information and communications colonial legacy 43–44 technology (ICT) 143, 144 debt crisis 214 inquilino 189, 191, 199, 200 democracy in 20, 21, 148 Institutionalized Revolutionary Party (IRP, economy 105, 109, 121, 159, 220, 222 Mexico) 47 and neoliberal reform 5, 51–52, 111, INTEL 115, 116, 117 247, 252 Inter-American Development Bank povertyin36 (IDB) 94, 113, 120, 121, 215 recent rise of left in 7–8, 233, 234–35 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86703-0 - Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects Richard Sandbrook, Marc Edelman, Patrick Heller, and Judith Teichman Index More information Index 287 and social democracy 29, 181, 182 Namboodiripad, E. M. S. 90 social-security systems in 9, 39, 40, 41, Namibia 127 147, 150, 220 National Party (Chile) 157, 158 Left Democratic Front (LDF, Kerala) 72, neoliberalism 83, 85, 88, 195, 251 challenges to social democracy 52, Lom´eConvention 140, 218 56–57, 174, 242–43, 246–51 Luebbert, Gregory M. 180, 200 negative impact of policy reforms 4–6, “Lula” da Silva, Luiz In´acio 7, 238 51–52, 55–58, 169 reform efforts 4–8, 24, 50–51, 101, 210, Madagascar 125, 126, 127, 143 215–19 Malabar (Kerala) 74–77, 78, 195, social-democratic alternatives to 6–9 238 see also globalization Malaysia 59, 220 neopatrimonialism 46, 57, 123 Manley, Michael 9, 17 see also clientelism Mappila Rebellion 75 neostructuralism 6–7 MAPU (Chile) 158 Netherlands 219, 251 Mapuche 159 New Zealand 12, 170 market reform see neoliberalism Nicaragua 94, 106, 107, 110, 188, 193, Marxism 12–13,
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