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Use of Solar Combi Systems and Solar Cooling and Air- Conditioning in Residential Buildings

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Use of Solar Combi Systems and Solar Cooling and Air- Conditioning in Residential Buildings Use of solar combi systems and solar cooling and air- conditioning in residential buildings Nikolaou Christoforos SID: 3302120017 SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Information and Communication Systems November 2013 THESSALONIKI – GREECE i Use of solar combi systems and solar cooling and air- conditioning in residential buildings Nikolaou Christoforos SID: 3302120017 Supervisor: Professor Agis M.Papadopoulos SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Information and Communication Systems November 2013 THESSALONIKI – GREECE ii Abstract This dissertation was written in the context of the MSc in Energy Systems of the International Hellenic University. As a main objective, the dissertation examines the use of an integrated so- lar system (solar combi+ system), for the provision of environmentally friendly DHW, heating, and air-conditioning services in residential buildings. Although still in an initial market stage, the solar combi+ system is considered by many a very promising concept that can eventually alter the whole market of the conventional HVAC and DHW systems. For the purpose of this thesis much research has been initially conducted on the existing litera- ture and several projects curried out by the E.U. providing an overview of the market of the so- lar thermal systems and a brief description of the various system components and configura- tions. In order to find the potential of the solar combi+ systems to cover the DHW, heating and cool- ing loads, a number of energy simulations were then curried out using the Polysun V. 6.1 simu- lation software. The simulations refer to a solar combi+ system installed on a typical detached house in the region of Rapperswill, a small Swiss town near Zurich. Two main parameters where studied, namely the solar collector surface and the storage tank volume in an effort to find the combination of the two parameters that would maximize the solar contribution. Τhe study is also extended to other simulation scenarios, trying to cover a wide range of possible cases and is supplemented by a financial and a parametric analysis in order to evaluate the eco- nomic feasibility of such a system. The analysis conducted confirmed the great potential of the solar combi+ system, providing high solar fractions and considerably primary energy savings. However, the economics of the system appeared at the time of this study dubious, at least for the maritime temperate climate of the town of Rapperswill. Christoforos Nikolaou 23 October 2013 iii Acknowledgements For the completion of this dissertation, the contribution of some people was very important and Ι would like at this point to thank them. Special thanks are owed to my supervisor, prof. Agis M. Papadopoulos, director of the Process Equipment Design Laboratory of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, for his invaluable guid- ance, support and supervision from the beginning until the completion of this dissertation. I am deeply grateful for the opportunity he offered me to cooperate with him and improve my re- search skills. I would also like to express my gratitude to Ms Vasiliki Drosou, head of the Solar Thermal Sys- tem department of CRES for all the valuable information and bibliographical material she pro- vided me without which the dissertation would be impossible to be accomplished. In addition, many thanks should be given to Dr. Georgios Martinopoulos of the International Hellenic University, for all the knowledge he imparted me about solar thermal energy and its applications, during the solar energy systems course. This knowledge formed the basis but also a motive for the selection and conduction of this dissertation. Finally, thanks are also owed to all the people who supported me during this difficult task and especially to my family who gave me the opportunity and plenty of moral support to carry out this Msc program. v Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... v CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... xi 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem definition .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aim of thesis ................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Structure of thesis .......................................................................................................... 4 2 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Solar thermal market ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Solar combisystems .................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 General characteristics of solar combisystems ............................................... 10 2.2.2 Solar combisystems classification ..................................................................... 12 2.3 Solar cooling ................................................................................................................. 14 2.3.1 Solar cooling processes ...................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Solar cooling market development .................................................................... 16 2.4 Solar combi+ systems ................................................................................................. 18 3 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS .................................................. 21 3.1 Heat production subsystem ....................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Solar collectors ..................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Auxiliary heat source ........................................................................................... 27 3.1.3 Heat storage ......................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Cold production subsystem ........................................................................................ 29 vii 3.2.1 Closed cycles - Chillers ....................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Open cycles - Desiccant systems ...................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Cold storage .......................................................................................................... 35 3.2.4 Auxiliary vapor compression chiller ................................................................... 37 3.2.5 Cooling towers ...................................................................................................... 37 3.3 Heat distribution systems ........................................................................................... 38 3.3.1 Air distribution system ......................................................................................... 38 3.3.2 Water distribution system .................................................................................... 39 4 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 43 4.1 Solar combisystems .................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Solar cooling systems ................................................................................................. 45 4.3 Solar combi+ systems ................................................................................................. 47 5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ................................................................................. 53 5.1 Climatic and topographic data ................................................................................... 54 5.2 Buildings and loads ..................................................................................................... 56 5.2.1 Buildings description ............................................................................................ 56 5.2.2 Assumptions made .............................................................................................. 57 5.2.3 DWH load .............................................................................................................. 58 5.3 System description ...................................................................................................... 59 5.3.1 Reference - Conventional system ..................................................................... 59 5.3.2 Solar combi+ system ..........................................................................................
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