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Fisheries Oceanography of the Bering and Chukchi Seas

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Fisheries Oceanography of the Bering and Chukchi Seas Oceanography,Oceanography, Ichthyoplankton,Ichthyoplankton, andand BottomBottom FishesFishes ofof BeringBering StraitStrait andand ChukchiChukchi SeaSea BrendaBrenda L.L. NorcrossNorcross1 BrendaBrenda A.A. HolladayHolladay1 MorganMorgan BusbyBusby2 KathyKathy MierMier2 1 School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks 2 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA RUSALCARUSALCA issue:issue: ClimateClimate variabilityvariability andand changechange detectiondetection ProblemProblem forfor fishfish –– LittleLittle toto nono baselinebaseline datadata forfor comparisoncomparison OurOur RUSALCARUSALCA objectiveobjective •• ToTo documentdocument thethe juvenilejuvenile fishfish andand ichthyoplanktonichthyoplankton speciesspecies inin thethe studystudy areaarea andand provideprovide aa baselinebaseline fromfrom whichwhich toto measuremeasure futurefuture changeschanges photo by Terry Whitledge “General”“General” knowledgeknowledge ofof fishfish •• FishFish communitycommunity structurestructure isis temperature/watertemperature/water massmass dependentdependent •• BeringBering SeaSea speciesspecies movemove intointo thethe ChukchiChukchi SeaSea inin warmwarm yearsyears •• ChangesChanges inin distributiondistribution ofof fishfish inin ChukchiChukchi SeaSea areare associatedassociated withwith influxinflux ofof warmwarm AlaskaAlaska CoastalCoastal WaterWater (Gillespie et al. 1997; Smith et al. 1997a, 1997b; Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 19) SpecificSpecific knowledgeknowledge ofof fishesfishes •• LarvalLarval BeringBering flounderflounder ((HippoglossoidesHippoglossoides robustusrobustus)) transportedtransported nearnear thethe coastcoast inin ACWACW (Wyllie-Echeverria et al. 1997) •• LarvalLarval arcticarctic codcod ((BoreogadusBoreogadus saidasaida)) areare foundfound inin bothboth ACWACW andand RCWRCW inin thethe northeastnortheast ChukchiChukchi SeaSea (Wyllie-Echeverria et al. 1997) •• HighestHighest abundanceabundance ofof adultadult arcticarctic codcod occursoccurs inin BSW,BSW, followedfollowed byby ACW,ACW, withwith lowerlower numbersnumbers inin RCWRCW (Gillespie et al. 1997) StartingStarting pointpoint:: ••ItIt isis speculatedspeculated thatthat thethe manymany frontalfrontal systemssystems inin ArcticArctic waterswaters affectaffect foodfood availabilityavailability andand funnelfunnel thethe highhigh productivityproductivity fromfrom thethe ChukchiChukchi throughthrough thethe upperupper trophictrophic levelslevels (Weingartner(Weingartner 1997)1997) HypothesesHypotheses •• TheThe frontalfrontal structurestructure ofof thethe ChukchiChukchi SeaSea definesdefines fishfish communitiescommunities (species(species compositioncomposition andand abundance)abundance) byby limitinglimiting transfertransfer amongamong waterwater massesmasses •• TheThe physicalphysical oceanographicoceanographic structuresstructures onon eithereither sideside ofof thethe frontsfronts shouldshould affectaffect fishfish habitathabitat SamplingSampling ObjectiveObjective •• CollectCollect fishfish eggs,eggs, larvaelarvae andand juvenilesjuveniles fromfrom specificspecific waterwater massesmasses toto estimateestimate relativerelative fishfish abundanceabundance andand distributiondistribution photo by Catherine Mecklenburg photo by Terry Whitledge Samples - Ichthyoplankton •Target fish eggs and fish larvae with quantitative collections by 60 cm paired Bongo plankton net, with 505 micron mesh, one oblique tow at each site •Additional fish larvae provided at sea by the zooplankton project (Hopcroft and Kosobokova) were used for trace elements analysis and for voucher collections •Incidental catches of larger invertebrate zooplankton by this project were provided to the zooplankton project and for trophic research (Iken and Bluhm) •Some larval fishes were provided to non-RUSALCA projects for genetics Samples – Juvenile groundfishes •Target small bottom fishes with quantitative collections by 3.05 m plumb-staff beam trawl, with 7 mm mesh and 4 mm codend liner; one quantitative tow per site •Additional fishes were provided to this project for trace elements analysis by the adult fish project (Mecklenburg et al.) •Fish tissues and invertebrates were provided by this project for trophic and community analysis (Iken and Bluhm) •Voucher specimens of juvenile and adult fishes were provided by this project to the adult fish project, and to various museums and institutes (e.g., ZIN, California Academy of Sciences, NOAA) •Tissues for fatty acid analysis were provided for a non-RUSALCA project (Alan Springer, UAF) Additional Samples – for Trace Elements Chemical Analysis At most stations Surface water Bottom water At VanVeen sites Sediment BeamBeam trawltrawl –– •• VeryVery successfulsuccessful atat collectincollectingg aa varietyvariety ofof smallsmall bottombottom fishesfishes (<200(<200 mm)mm) andand epibenthicepibenthic invertebratesinvertebrates •• ThisThis geargear cancan bebe fishedfished effectivelyeffectively overover mud,mud, sandsand andand gravelgravel substratessubstrates •• N=14 sites, each with one “quantitative” tow for area fished – These 14 tows are standardized to # individuals/1000m2; but as tow distance was calculated at only 5 sites, and was estimated based on ttowow duration and average towing speed for the otheotherr 9 sites, the abundance values are imprecise and must be interpreted with caution. •• N=5 tows over 3 sites with “non-quantitative” tows – Tows filled beyond codend (n=2 tows) – Net damage affecting retention of catch (n=3 tows) Beam trawl - heavy catch Codend filled with mud and tore net; lost much of the catch – not quantitative Net repair Net full beyond small-mesh codend - not quantitative Good catch! Southern Chukchi Sea Resident Chukchi = Winter Water water transported from Bering Sea •ACW isolated to east by strong front •BSW west of front mid-shelf •AW / SSC? Southwest Northern Chukchi Sea water from north •RCW = Winter Water north & central ¾from NW - Siberian Sea (Pickart) ¾from upper layers of Arctic Ocean or shelf water left from previous winter (Weingartner) Surface water masses MODIS IMAGE Four water masses - 1) Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC)* Bering into Chukchi Sea 2) Bering Shelf Water (BSW)* *Properties established 3) Anadyr Water (AW)* in Bering Sea and 4) Siberian Coastal Current (SCC) [East Siberian Sea] further south AW and BSW mix north of the strait to form Bering (Weingartner RUSALCA 2005) Sea Water in the Chukchi 2.2E-02 Distance4.4E (Objective-02 Function)6.6E-02 0 8.8E-02 75 Information50 Remaining (%)25 Cluster oftheaveragesalinity an Surface water masses: s6 100 0 s18 Warm-Fresh ACW s7 s107 s19 s20 s21 s22 s23 s24 <W BSW s55 s56 s57 arm-Fresh s25 s26 s58 s58B s52 s59 Cold-Salty AW /SCC? s54 s53 s8 s11 s9 s10 sA1R sA1U s12 s13 s10B s14 s15 s79 s27 s77 s78 d temperaturefrom0to20 m s76 s80 s44 s84 s87 Winter Water Bering ShelfWater Alaska CoastalWater s46 Res Coastal Current? Anadyr Water/Siberian s85 s85B s45 s47 i s48 dent Chu s83 s89 s88 s81 s82 s86 s73 s75 s73B s49 k s63 chi Very Cold-Salty RCW s64 s66 s65 s62 W s50 s68 a s51 s61 ter / s71 s74 s72 s106 s60 s67 s69 s70 s62B 175°E 180° 175°W 170°W 165°W 160°W Km Surface050 100 20 200 m: 300 EEE EE EE EEE Salinity and Temperature EEE 70°N EEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEE EE EE EEEEEEEEEEE E RCW 68°N ACW BSW E E E E E E E E E E 66°N RUSSIA E E ALASKA E E E E AW/ SCC? EE E E 64°N E 165°W RCW BSW ACW AW/ SCC? Ichthyoplankton clustered by station and by species (Catch per 10m2).25 45 23 01 Alaska Coast s6 s17 s18 s8 s107 s20 Mid & North s58 s10 s11 Stations s15 s23 s13 s25 s27 s62 s85 s106 North & West s73 AHEX GADID LIPSPP BSAIDA SPUNCT HSTENO LGIBBUS LASPERA OSMERID TCHALCO LUMPFAB LFABRICII LUMPSPP LUMPMAC AMONOPT GYMNOSPP GYMNOTRIC HROBUSTUS Species Station Clusters for Ichthyoplankton Species Abundance Station clusters: Station clusters: Surface 20 m: Ichthyoplankton temperature and Species salinity Abundance RCW BSW ACW AW/ SCC? Resident Chukchi Southern Chukchi Sea = Winter Water water transported from Bering Sea •ACW isolated to east by strong front •BSW west of front mid-shelf •AW / SSC? Southwest Northern Chukchi Sea water from north •RCW = Winter Water north & central ¾from NW - Siberian Sea (Pickart) ¾from upper layers of Arctic Ocean or shelf water left from previous winter (Weingartner) 1.5E-02 Distance 2.9E-(Objective02 Function)4.4E-02 0 5.8E-02 75 Information50 Remaining (%)25 s6 100 0 s18 s19 Warm-Fresh ACW Cool-<Fresh BSW s7 s21 s20 Clust Bottom watermasses: s8 sA1R sA1U s15 s22 e s107 s12 r oftheaveragesalinityan s14 s10B s9 s13 s10 s23 s24 s11 Cold-Salty AW /SCC? s25 s54 s58 s55 s56 s57 s58B s26 s53 s78 s59 s51 s52 s79 s27 s72 s64 s71 s70 d temperaturefrombot Winter Water Bering ShelfWater Alaska CoastalWater s65 Res Coastal Current? Anadyr Water/Siberian s69 s68 s66 s67 i s44 dent Chu s45 s75 s89 s106 s46 s83 s74 s76 s82 s87 k s62 chi s63 Very Cold-Salty RCW s84 s88 s73 W s73B s47 t s50 a om 20m s48 ter / s49 s61 s62B s85 s86 s85B s60 s77 s81 s80 175°E 180° 175°W 170°W 165°W 160°W Km Bottom0 5020 100 m: 200 300 EEE EE EE EEE Salinity and Temperature EEE 70°N EEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEE EE EE EEEEEEEEEEE E RCW 68°N AW/ SCC? E E E E E E E E E E 66°N RUSSIA E E ALASKA E E E E BSW ACW EE E E 64°N E 165°W 175°E 180° 175°W 170°W 165°W 160°W Km 85 050 100 200 300 EEEEE EE EEE !73 N=17 Beam Trawl Sites EEEE ! 70°N EEEE!EEEEE 6258 E EE!EEE!EEE E106E EE 107 EEEEEEEEEEE ! !E 68°N 20 23 E 18 E E E ! E E !E ! 25 17 E 27 E ! 15 !E RUSSIA E 66°N 13 E ALASKA ! E ! E 11 E ! !E 8 EE E 6 ! E 64°N !E 175°E 180° 175°W 170°W 165°W 160°W Km 050 100
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