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The Abundance and Diversity of Larval and Juvenile Fish in a Tropical Estuary

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The Abundance and Diversity of Larval and Juvenile Fish in a Tropical Estuary Estuaries Vol. 17, No. 16, p. 216-225 March 1994 t i t i The Abundance and Diversity of Larval and i i Juvenile Fish in a Tropical Estuary i i i t ‘1.TITO DE hlORUS i L. TITODE bfoRXrs i Hjdrobiologie-UR 2C Centre Orstom de Cajenne BP 163 97323 Cajenne Cedex i France 3 L .%ESTRACT: The larval and juvenile fish of the Cayenne river estuary (French Guiana, South herica) were sampled at two stations from June 1989 until October 1990. A total of 52,989 individuals from 39 species, some still incompletely identified, were collected. Three families, Engraulidae, Gobiidae and Sciaenidae, accounted for over 97% of the total number of juveniles. The analysis of data over his period showed low diversity, and a difference in diversity benveen i the two sampling locations (H = 1.24 and 1.68). The results conform to some theoreticd models of abundance that suggest a relative equilibrium of juvenile assemblages. In contras, the seasonal variations in diversity and abundance and the results of a correspondence analysis showed significant differences in species distribution and in their relative abundance at the two sampling locations at certain periods, mainly in the rainy season. Our study indicates that. in spite of an apparent stability, the year to year variation in salinity and freshwater inputs could affect juvenile recruitment of some species and induces modifications in the composition of larval and juvenile estuarine fish assemblages. Introduction tive descriptions of assemblages, but they contain no biological information. Theoretical species X number of studies deal with fish communiries I within estuaries and coastal lagoons (see reviews by abundance models attempc to describe the infor- ! Yanez-Arancibia 1985; Day 1989). Such systems are mation gathered in a community (Poole 1974; Ma- known as major nursery grounds for many aquatic gurran 1958) and to explain the spatial distribu- i species. Generally rich in food, they also provide tion of the species within a given habitat and the i protection against predators of larvae and juve- sharing of the available resources (Magurran 1988). I niles, thus allowing both rapid growth and a low ! rate of mortality. However, little is known about To what extent can some of the observed varia- I abundance and diversiry of ichthyoplankton in es- tions be related to simple factors like rainfall and tuaries, and spatiotemporal variation in these as- salinity? semblages is poorly understood. Materials and Methods Our study was carried out in the Cayenne River 1 estuary in French Guiana. Estuaries may be consid- STUDYSITE I ered “unpredictable environments” in which phys- The study was conducted in the Cayenne River ical and chemical factors vary widely in space and estuary (French Guiana, South America, 4O80’N if time (Bruton 1989; Whitfield 1990). The goals of 52“20‘W), an area 3 km in length and 1-13 km in ! our study were to characterize this variation in the width. There is considerable tidal influence (inter- Cayenne estuary and to answer the following ques- tidal range up to 3 m). It is an “homogenous” tions about ichthyoplankton assemblages in this estuary (Yanez-Arancibia 1987) having almost no environment: vertical saliniv gradient. The rainv season occurs Is the larval and juvenile fish assemblage a stable from December to June, with maximum rainfall communiy within an unstable environment? If generally observed in &fay and June. only biotic factors, such as interspecific competi- tion, play a role in the composition of a commu- StmtPLINc METHODS nity,. such a community is at an equilibrium of spe- Two locations were chosen based on differences cies richness. Yet an equilibrium may never be in physical characteristics (position, types of bot- reached if abiotic factors are predominant. tom, and water depth). The first (hereafter named Can this assemblage be described by any of the middle), located in the middle of the estuary, is species abundance models currently in use (Poole characterized by a mud bottom and an average 19‘74; Magurran 1988)? Species richness, species depth of 5 m at low tide. The second location diversity, and equitability provide partial quantita- (called sandy). near the river mouth and 2.5 km 1994 Estuarine Research Federation 216 O160-8347/94/01E0216-1 0$01.50/0 O, R.S.T.O.M. Fends Documentaire N” i 45at50 downstream from the first location. is character- rayes of beins easv to calculate and of sivin: ari ized bv a sandv bottom 2nd an average depth of intuitive image of species distribution. N,,,,,is the 1-'2 in deep at low tide. Sainplin:, conducted $,vith number of individuals of the most abundant spe- --a 1,N)O-pm mesh conical zooplankton net rk.ith a cies: N is the Cotai number ûf iiidi\iduals. , o-cm dianieter mouth, was done once a niorith durin: spring tides from J~iiielcJS9 to October 1990..A 3-min sample (horizontal surface hnull U'AS taken howl\. during one 12-h tidal cvcle at each location and the sample \vas then preseiyed in 55 formalin. The volurne of filtered sb':uer !vas mea- w-ed usin? 1 mechmical RmvuiPrPr, .ind salinir:. readinss $$'ere taken ;+,¡th an .kT.AG(I) refrrnctome- ter. ID ESTIFICXTION Lnr.al and juvenile fish were cateyJrized accord- ing- to Hubbs' [ 194Yi terminoloy. ijmenile period begins when the fins are full-,, differentiated). The captured fish ranged from 3 mm to abolit 70 mm J'.T,~~~~~.&\II L..UXl..kL .kSSES[BLACES: in >tandard length. -41juseniles Mere identified io (zO rW.ÆSPU ND ESCE ;L\ii\LiS I5 species and lanae to faniilv. The Inn-al component beins iinpi~rtantin some The adult kevr used to make fainils-level identi- samples, a correspondence anal\-sis I C.li, using the fications were from Eigenrnann 119121, Pavo program .lDD;U3 [.'issociation pour le Develop- (194.9),Le Bail et al. (1954.a. bi, and Rojas-Beltran pemenc De I'.-'mal~se de Donnees], was done on I 198-I.i. Species identification (whenever possible I the monthlv mean densities including juveniles was done usinq FV3itehead 119731 and Cen-igon md lamae froin both locations [monchly densities 119871 for Engraulidae. and Chao 19731 and Fi- of 53 taxa (JV~I'17 mol. This essentiails descriptive scher t 13751 For Sciaenidae. multivariate method has the advantage of simpli- hing larse data sets wich little loss of information CH;IIL-\CTERIZATION OF JL~XENILE and identifiing interrelations among variables. .~SSE?.~B LAG ES : (~TRALLD .ATA The analvsis produces composite factors: che first Shannon-Wiener diversitv indices i H';(3larqa- explains the nia-uimum of :-ark" (or inertial in lef 1955) cvere calculated (total number of juve- the dacn set along a sinsle axis, and all subsequent niles of each species in each jlte) and compared factors esplain the masimum amount of the re- using a Student i-test i Hutcheson 1970). maining variance. These new factors i or axes I al- Total nimber of juvendes caughr. at each loca- low plottin9 nf the variabilis of multidimensional tion and che percentage of each specie5 $-%erecal- data in .z reduced space. culated to plot ab~indancelog cumes, and ficted. if possible. to species abundance models (Poole Resuits 1974: Magurran 19EiSi. JCXXILE .~SSEMBLACES ?If.ONTHLY D.4T.i [hvfid1Dnm-AbunÙunr~ and Di-Jtns.itv Monthlv calculations of several diversin indices The list 13f different species collecred, the total were used to highlight seasonal variations. each in- number of juveniles per species. and their relative dex being more sensitive to a different component abundance and ranking are $ven in Table 1. .A of diversitv: total of 33.361 juseniles (and 19,629 larvae, from 59 species from both locacions were collected and Sp7pnt.s Ririinrss: .S sorted. Three families, Engraulidae, Cobiidae and This index Sives only rough information and Sciaenidae, comprised oser 97'% of the total num- does not take into account the second component ber of juseniles. ,>f diversit.:. the relative Lbundance of different Diversic.? indices i H'ì calculated for the middle species. Ihchness is calculated 3s the number of I H' = 1.24) and iandv IH'= l.68i locacions dif- species. fered iiqnificanrlv IC = 3.14: with df = 31,379: critic4 value at 1%: 2.5761. .+i a rule, Shannon 3~ry~-P,~rkm'sDommnnre h&x: ii = "4 diversitv indices ~3rvfrom 1.3 to 3.5 in che field This indes is more sensitive to the rtbundance !hIar?alef 1972I. The Casenne River esruan is the inox cornmon species 3nd has rhe ndvan- thus a lo>%densirt. habitac:vlch respecr io the num- 21 8 A. Tito de Morais and L. Tito de Morais T=\BLE 1. List of the species collected ac the middle and at the sandy locations. Number of individuals of a given species (N), total of juveniles (Nj), percent of a given species (N/NJ %), and rank. Sfiddlc Sandy Specics (juveniles) N N/y x Rank N N/X: "o Rmk Anchoviella lepidentostob 10,539 67.688 1 7,106 39.942 1 r -- Anchoa spinifer 1,980 12.717 2 1,347 i.3il S Cobiidae sp. 2. 1,316 8.452 3 5,809 32.651 2 Gobiidae sp. 1 487 3.128 4 1,173 6.593 4 Stellijèr rastrifn 35 1 2.254 3 110 0.618 11 Engraulidae sp. 4 194 1.246 6 270 1.518 'i Otlontognathus mucmnatus 123 0.790 m 18 0.101 19 Engraulidae sp. 2 120 0.7771 8 412 2.316 6 htherinidae 113 0.526 9 133 0.748 9 Gobiidae sp. 4 , 56 0.360 10 35 0.197 13 Macrodon anc1;lodon 49 0.315 Il 29 0.163 14 Gobiidae sp.
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