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EJONS 4. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL KIEV, 2018 AND HEALTH SCIENCES INSECT PESTS IN PISTACHIO PRODUCING AREAS OF TURKEY Cevdet KAPLAN, Mustafa Cemal CİFTCİ, Suna CAKMAK Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Siirt, Turkey Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is one of the most important agriculture crops in Turkey and is an important source of income for famers. Pistachio production in Turkey ranks third in the world after Iran and the United States. One of the most important factors limiting yield and quality in pistachio growing areas is insects. Injurious insects can feed on fruites, leaves, buds, shoot, branches, trunk and root of pistachio trees causing weakening of trees, reduction fruit yield an even drying. The number of insect pest identified in the areas of pistachios in Turkey is around 50 species. However, about 10 of them can cause economic damage and applied control measures against them. The most common and widespread pistachio insect pests are psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer), twig borer moth (Kermania pistaciella Amsel), the pistachio scale insects (Suturaspis pistaciae Lindinger, Pistaciaspis pistaciae Arch.), the pistachio root beetle (Capnodis cariosa pallas), bark (twig borer) beetle (Hylesinus (Megastigmus pistaciae Walker) and the stink bugs ( Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, Campylomma lindbergi (Hoberlandt). The control of most of these pistachio pests relies almost on pesticides. However, for most pistachio pests, sanitation procedures are the primary means of control. Key words: Pistachio pests, Pistacia vera, Turkey GİRİŞ Antep fıstığı (Pistacia vera) Türkiye’nin en önemli tarımsal ürünlerindendir. Üreticiler için önemli bir gelir kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Dünyada Yakındoğu, Akdeniz Bölgesi ve Asya’nın batı bölgelerinde çoğunlukla yetiştirilmektedir. Dünyada en önemli Antepfıstığı üretimi yapan ülkeler ABD, İran, Türkiye ve Suriye’dir. Antepfıstığı “Altın Ağacı”, “Kralların Meyvesi”, “Yeşil Altın” gibi adlarla anılmaktadır. Antep fıstığı çerezlik olarak yaygın olarak tüketilmektedir. Ayrıca baklava ve çikolata yapımında da çok önemlidir. Özellikle kuru olarak ihraç edilerek üreticilere önemli bir gelir kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Antep fıstığı özel iklim istekleri nedeniyle her yerde yetişmemektedir. Bu durum Dünyadaki yetiştirici ülkeleri kısıtlarken Türkiye’de de ancak belirli yörelerde yetişebilmektedir. Antepfıstığı, periyodisite gösteren bir meyve türü olduğundan üretim yıllara ve ülkelere göre değişimler göstermektedir. Türkiye’de meyve veren 47.766 bin meyve vermeyen 19.466 bin ağaç olduğu ve bunlardan yıllara göre 78.000-170.000 ton meyve elde edilmektedir. Dünyadaki başlıca üretici ülkeler İran, ABD, Türkiye ve Suriye’dir. Tablo :1 Ülkeler İtibariyle Dünya Antep Fıstığı Üretimi (Ton) Pay (2016) Sıra Ülke 2015 2016 Değişim 1 ABD 127.000 317.515 150% 47,8% 2 Türkiye 145.000 160.000 10,3% 24,1% 3 İran 210.000 150.000 -28,6% 22,6% 4 Suriye 25.000 20.000 -20% 3,0% FULL TEXT BOOK www.ejonscongress.org www.iksadkongre.org Page 10 EJONS 4. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL KIEV, 2018 AND HEALTH SCIENCES 5 Afganistan 5.000 5.000 0% 0,8% 6 Çin Halk 4.200 4.200 0% 0,6% Cumhuriyeti 7 Yunanistan 4.000 4.000 0% 0,6% 8 İtalya 2.500 2.500 0% 0,4% 9 Avustralya 1.150 1.150 0% 0,2% Genel Toplam 523.850 664.365 26,8% 100% Kaynak: Uluslararası Sert Kabuklu ve Kuru Meyve Konseyi – INC Tablo 2. Türkiye’de Antep fıstığı ağaç sayısı ve üretimi (2013-2017) Ağaç sayısı Yıllar (Bin) Üretim (Ton) Meyve veren Meyve vermeyen 2013 38.116 12.006 88.600 2014 39.330 11.153 80.000 2015 40.597 11.633 144.000 2016 42.570 17.193 170.000 2017 47.766 19.460 78.000 Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo?alt|_id=1001 Türkiye’de ağırlıklı olarak Antep fıstığı Güneydoğu, Akdeniz ve Ege Bölgelerinde yetiştirilmektedir. Antepfıstığı üretimi en çok Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Adıyaman, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Kilis, Diyarbakır ve Siirt ilinde yapılmaktadır. Siirt ilinde son yıllarda çok geniş alanda yeni Antep fıstığı bahçeleri kurulmaktadır Son yıllarda iklimde meydana gelen değişimler, Antep fıstığı üretim alanlarının giderek artması yeni zararlı türlerin ortaya çıkmasına yada mevcut olanların yoğunluklarının ve zarar derecelerin armasına neden olmuştur. Antepfıstığı üretiminde karşılaşılan en önemli sorunlardan biri de bitki koruma sorunlarıdır. Antepfıstığı yetiştiriciliğinde; ağaç kurumaları, çiçek ve meyve dökümleri iklimsel koşulların seyrine, fizyolojik etkenlere, bahçe içerisindeki erkek ağaçların sayısı ile hastalık etmenleri ve zararlı böcek türlerinin oluşturduğu zarar derecesine göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Özellikle zararlı böcek türleri çiçek ve küçük meyve dökümüne neden olan faktörler içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmasının yanı sıra, meyve tutumundan sonra da oluşturduğu zararlar nedeniyle verimi önemli ölçüde düşürmekte, ağacı zayıflatarak bir sonraki yılın ürün miktarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Nitekim Davatchi (1958), İran'da Antepfıstıklarında zararlı böcek türlerinin % 50 oranında ürün kayıplarına neden olduğunu bildirerek zararlı böcek türlerinin neden olduğu ürün kayıplarının önemini belirtmektedir. Türkiye’de Antepfıstığı ağaçlarında zararlı böcek türlerin tespiti ve mücadelesi ile ilgili yapılan bir çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmaların ( Günaydın, 1978; Mart et.all 1995; Bolu et. all 1999; Kaplan Çınar, 2000; Karadağ Mart, 2004; Bolu Uygun, 2005; Özgen Tok, 2009; Özgen ve Karsavuran, 2011) büyük bir kısmı Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda 50’nin üzerinde zararlı böcek tespit edilmiştir. Ancak bunlardan bir kısmının Antepfıstığında gerçek zararlara neden olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Antepfıstığını kullanan sektörlerin bazılarının düşük ilaç kalıntısı olamayan ürünleri tercih FULL TEXT BOOK www.ejonscongress.org www.iksadkongre.org Page 11 EJONS 4. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL KIEV, 2018 AND HEALTH SCIENCES etmeleri son yıllarda Antep fıstığı bahçelerinde zararlılara karşı biyolojik ve entegre mücadele uygulamalarında artış gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Siirt İlinde 2015-2017 yıllarında Antep fıstığı bahçelerinde yapılan gözlemlerde belirlenen Antep fıstığı zararlıları ve daha önceki yıllarda Türkiye’de Özellikle Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde yapılan çalışmalar değerlendirilmiş ve önemli zararlı böcek türleri ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. MATERYAL VE METOT Bu çalışma materyalini Siirt İlinde 2015-2017 yıllarında Siirt İli Antep fıstığı bahçelerinde yapılan surveylerde belirlenen böcek türleri ve önceki yıllarda Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalarda belirlenen Antep fıstığında zararlı böcek türleri oluşturmuştur. Siirt Antep fıstığı bahçelerinde bulunan zararlı böcek türlerin tespiti için Antep fıstığı yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı Siirt Merkez, Aydınlar, Kurtalan, Eruh, Şirvan ve Pervari ilçelerinde ilçe merkezleri ve 24 köyde toplam 66 bahçede survey ve gözlemler yapılmıştır. Antepfıstığı bahçelerinde bulunan zararlı böcek türlerin tespitinde darbe yöntemi, gözle ile inceleme yöntemi, kültüre alma yöntemi ve eşeysel çekici tuzaklar kullanılmıştır. ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR Türkiye’de ntep fıstığı üretim alanlarında 50’den fazla zararlı böcek türü belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen türlerin ancak bir kısmı zaman zaman belirli yörelerde önemli zararlara neden olmaktadır. Türkiye’de Antepfıstığı üretim alanlarında tespit edilen ve bazı durumlarda önemli zararlara neden olan böcek türleri Tablo 3’te verilmiştir. Ayrıca diğer böcekler ve kırmızı örümcekler Antep fıstığı ağaçlarında bazen önemli olabilmektedirler. Tablo 1. Antep fıstığı ağaçlarında görülen önemli zararlı böcek türleri Takım Tür Hemiptera Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut.) Suturaspis pistaciae (lind)) Lepidosaphes pistaciae (Archangelskaya) Anapulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimer Eulecanium rugulosum Ashmead Campyloma lindbergi Hob Dolycoris baccarum L. Acrosternum heegeri Fieber Idiocerinus stali (Fieb.) Lepidoptera Kermania pistaciella Ams Thaumetopoea solitaria Frey. Schneidereria (=Recurvaria) pistaciicola Coleoptera Capnodis cariosa Pall. Sephenoptera tapesi Marseul Chatoptelis (Hylesinus) vestitus M.-R. Polydrusus roseiceps Pes. Labidostomis longimana Linnaeus,1758 Hymenoptera Megastigmus pistaciae Walk Dermaptera Forficula sp. FULL TEXT BOOK www.ejonscongress.org www.iksadkongre.org Page 12 EJONS 4. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL KIEV, 2018 AND HEALTH SCIENCES Hemiptera En yaygın ve yoğun olan tür Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut.) ‘dir. Türkiye’nin Antepfıstığı üretimi yapılan tüm bölgelerinde yayılış göstermektedir. Kışı ergin dönemde geçirmekte bölgelere göre değişmek üzere nisan ayı başından ve ortalarından itibaren kışlamış erginleri görülür. Mayıs sonu ve haziran ayı başlarında nimf yoğunluğunda artış görülür. Ağustos ayı sonlarında sıcaklıklar azaldıktan sonra yoğunluğunda artış görülmektedir. Kasım ayına karda erginleri doğada görülmektedir. Najafpour et all. (2010). İran’da A. pistaciae’nin Antepfıstıklarında ana zararlı olduğunu, nisan- ekim ayı arasında doğada bulunduğu, yoğunluğun temmuz sonunda yükselmeye başladığını, Ağustos ve sonraki dönemde yoğunluğun yükseldiğini belirtmektedir. Yaprak psilidi’ne karşı ekonomik zarar eşiğini (20-30 nimf/yaprak) aştığında kimyasal mücadele yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda biyolojik mücadelesine yönelik çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu zararlıya karşı Anthocoris minki kitle üretim çalışmaları devam etmektedir.. Suturaspis pistaciae Türkiye’nin tüm bölgelerinde yaygın olan
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    2 Agriculture and Forestry, Volume 62. Issue 4: 1-288, Podgorica, 2016 Agriculture and Forestry - Poljoprivreda i šumarstvo PUBLISHER - IZDAVAČ University of Montenegro – Univerzitet Crne Gore Biotechnical faculty, Podgorica - Biotehnički fakultet, Podgorica Bul. M. Lalića 1, 81000 Podgorica, Crna Gora (Montenegro), P.Box 97, Tel.: +382 20 268434; +382 20 268437; Fax: +382 20 268432 Web: www.agricultforest.ac.me; E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD - REDAKCIJA Milić ČUROVIĆ, Editor in chief - glavni i odgovorni urednik (BTF), Miomir JOVANOVIĆ, Co-Editor, Secretary General - sekretar redakcije (BTF), Igor PAJOVIĆ, Co-Editor, Technical editor - tehički urednik (BTF), Luka FILPOVIĆ, Technical editor - tehički urednik (CIS, UCG), Ana TOPALOVIĆ (BTF), Slavko MIJOVIĆ (BTF), Momčilo RADULOVIĆ (BTF), Nataša MIRECKI (BTF), Božidarka MARKOVIĆ (BTF), Jelena LATINOVIĆ (BTF), Radmila PAJOVIĆ (BTF), Aleksandra DESPOTOVIĆ (BTF) Ardian MACI (ALB), Che Fauziah ISHAK (MYS), Drago CVIJANOVIĆ (SRB), Dusan KOVACEVIC (SRB), Dusan PETRIC (SRB), Elazar FALLIK (ISR), Emil ERJAVEC (SLO), Franc BAVEC (SLO), Goran BAROVIC (MNE), Gordan KARAMAN (MNE), Guangyu SUN (CHN), Hamid CUSTOVIC (BIH), Hubert HASENAUER (AUT), Ignacio DIAZ-MAROTO (ESP), Jasmina HAVRANEK (CRO), Joachim MÜLLER (GER), Juan Antonio Ballesteros CANOVAS (CH), Lydia PEREVEDENTSEVA (RUS), Mico OLJACA (SRB), Mihailo NIKOLIĆ (SRB), Milan MEDAREVIC (SRB), Naser SABAGHNIA (IRI), Naldo ANSELMI (ITA), Naveen KUMAR, (USA), Paraskevi LONDRA (GRE), Peter DOVC (SLO), Reinhard EDER (AUT), Renzo MOTTA (ITA),
  • ŞTEFAN NEGREA Phd (November 09, 1930 – February 20, 2019)

    ŞTEFAN NEGREA Phd (November 09, 1930 – February 20, 2019)

    IN MEMORIAM ŞTEFAN NEGREA PhD (November 09, 1930 – February 20, 2019) A life dedicated to the study on the creatures of the dark and damp underground caves A life dedicated to speleology – Light from the dark The scientific community of Romanian biologists, as well as many lovers of nature or hiking, have been deeply saddened by the news of the famous biospeleologist Dr. Ștefan Negrea’s disappearance, witness to the renaissance of the Emil Racoviţă Institute of Speleology in Bucharest, later becoming one of its most renowned scholars, known everywhere at home and abroad for his papers of speleology, ecology and zoology, especially for those on cladoceran crustaceans and chilopods. Dr. Ștefan Negrea left us discreetly, lonely after the loss of his dear wife and collaborator on the road of science – Dr. Alexandrina Negrea – Didina, as he usually called her. Dr. Ștefan Negrea left behind a radiant light of his speleological and hydrobiological research in Romania and abroad. Dr. Ștefan Negrea highlighted the life and work of some great personalities of Romanian biology. ROM. J. BIOL. – ZOOL., VOLUME 64, Nos. 1–2, P. 3–16, BUCHAREST, 2019 4 In memoriam Ştefan Negrea PhD 2 Dr. Ștefan Negrea spoke to scientists, and to the media, about the caves in our country and elsewhere, showing their treasures, the creatures of the world without sun, with their amazing adaptations. Dr. Ștefan Negrea worked at the Institute of Speleology of the Romanian Academy, an institution reborn after 1956, under the direction of Emeritus Professor Constantin Motaș (1891–1980). We can say that Ștefan Negrea was linked by speleology, for life, mostly due to Professor Constantin Motaş, who later, prefacing a book, characterized him as follows: “Ștefan Negrea is a naturalist by vocation, and in his veins is flowing a restless blood of an explorer…”.
  • Labidostomis Diversifrons Lefevre على أشجار الفستق الحلبي في سورية

    Labidostomis Diversifrons Lefevre على أشجار الفستق الحلبي في سورية

    بوفاعور وب ومحدان-اجملةل السورية للبحوث الزراعية 4)4(:140-144. اكنون ا ألول/ديس ميرب 2017 140 التسجيل اﻷول لخنفساء Labidostomis diversifrons Lefevre على أشجار الفستق الحلبي في سورية مازن بوفاعور*)1( و ارمي ب وحمدان )1(. مركز بحوث السويداء، الهيئة العامة للبحوث العلمية الزراعية، دمشق، سورية. )*للم ارسلة: د. مازن بوفاعور. البريد اﻹلكتروني: [email protected](. تاريخ القبول: 26/02/2017 تاريخ اﻻستﻻم: 2017/09/14 الملخص أجري مسح حقلي لعدد من حقول الفستق الحلبي في محافظة السويداء، سورية، أظهرت نتائج المسح انتشار نوع حشري جديد يسجل ﻷول مرة في سورية وهو من رتبة غمديات اﻷجنحة Coleoptera وفصيلة خنافس اﻷوراق Chrysomelidae وهو النوع Labidostomis diversifrons Lefevre, 1876، تم تصنيفه اعتمادا على دراسة المواصفات المورفولوجية للحشرة. تسبب بالغاتها ضر ا ر كبي ا ر على شجرة الفستق الحلبي بتعرية اﻷشجار بشكل كامل، ولوحظ وجود عوائل أخرى للخنفساء، حيث أنها تتغذى على بعض النباتات العشبية مثل نبات الخس البري Lactuca virosa ونبات Polygonum arenastrum. الكلمات المفتاحية: Labidostomis diversifrons، الفستق الحلبي، خنفساء، مواصفات مورفولوجية، Lactuca virosa، سورية. المقدمة: تصيب شجرة الفستق الحلبي Pistacia vera العديد من اﻵفات الحشري ة من أهمها كابنودس الفستق الحلبي Capnodis cariosa، ثاقبة براعم الفستق الحلبي Hylesinus vestitus، بسيل ﻻ الفستق الحلبي Agonoscena pistaciae، م ن تد رن حواف أوراق الفستق الحلبي Forda riccobonii، دودة ثمار الفستق الحلبي Recurvaia pistaciicolla )ال س لتي وإبراهيم، 1986(. ينتمي النوع L.diversifrons إلى رتبة غمدية اﻷجنحة Coleoptera وعائلة خنافس اﻷوارق Chrysomelidae وتحت عائلة Clytrinae وجنس Bieńkowski, 2009(Labidostomis(. يضم جنس Labidostomis أكثر من 70 نوعا (Warchalowski, 1985) مو زعة في شمال أفريقيا وأوروبا وآسيا، حيث تتن وع العوائل النباتي ة التي تتغذى عليها اﻷنواع التابعة لهذا الجنس، فهي تشمل الكرمة وال ص فصاف وال لوز، والفستق، والحمضي ات، والمشمش، والقطن والحبوب ) ;Sorauer 1954; Balachowsky and Remaudiere, 1963 .)Jolivet, 1979 مع العلم أن يرقات الحش ارت غالبا ما توجد تحت الحجارة قريبا من أعشاش النمل، ولكنها ليست مرتبطة بشكل مباشر مع النمل، في محفظة مصنوعة من براز الحشرة والفضﻻت المحيطة بها (Zaitsev, 1990; Steinhausen, 1996(.
  • Cryptocephaline Egg Case Provides Incomplete Protection from Generalist Predators (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

    Cryptocephaline Egg Case Provides Incomplete Protection from Generalist Predators (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2014, Article ID 176539, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/176539 Research Article Cryptocephaline Egg Case Provides Incomplete Protection from Generalist Predators (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Matthias Schöller Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universitat¨ zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Matthias Scholler;¨ [email protected] Received 14 September 2014; Accepted 15 December 2014; Published 30 December 2014 Academic Editor: Jan Klimaszewski Copyright © 2014 Matthias Scholler.¨ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The egg case of Cryptocephalus rufipes (Goeze) is described and illustrated. In laboratory trials, eggs of field-collected C. rufipes were observed for larval emergence (untreated control) or exposed to two species of generalist predators, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) or Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) in no-choice experiments. The behaviour of the predators upon contact with the C. rufipes eggs was observed. The number of hatching larvae was counted and compared. In the presence of each of the two species of predators, larval emergence was significantly reduced. Eggs that were not protected by an egg case were completely consumed by the predators. C. rufipes eggs were therefore incompletely protected from the studied generalist predators. This is the first study showing experimentally the protective function of cryptocephaline egg case. 1. Introduction to the ground after the female finished building the egg case [3],andthentheeggsaredifficulttofindandobserveamong Leaf beetles in the subfamilies Cryptocephalinae and Lam- the leaf litter.

  • Leaf Beetle Decline in Central Europe (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae S.L.)?*

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 856: 115–135Leaf (2019) beetle decline in Central Europe (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae s.l.)? 115 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.856.32564 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Leaf beetle decline in Central Europe (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae s.l.)?* Angelique Wendorff1, Michael Schmitt1 1 Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Allgemeine & Systematische Zoologie, Loitzer Str. 26, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany Corresponding author: Michael Schmitt ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Biondi | Received 19 December 2018 | Accepted 13 February 2019 | Published 17 June 2019 http://zoobank.org/13713C89-7CC9-42BB-AA23-CD2FFE5D8E40 Citation: Wendorff A, Schmitt M (2019) Leaf beetle decline in Central Europe (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae s.l.)? In: Schmitt M, Chaboo CS, Biondi M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 8. ZooKeys 856: 115–135. https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.856.32564 Abstract Based on 168,674 records in the database ChryFaun changes in distribution and abundance of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae s.l.) in Central Europe were analysed from 1900 through 2009. From the first decade (1900–1909) to the last (2000–2009) the number of records per decade increased by factor 26, from 1513 to 41,269. The number of species increased from 395 in decade 1 to 606 in decade 10, but only 532 were reported in decade 11. The number of species with fewer records increased from 1990 although the total number of records increased continuously. Decrease and increase is found likewise in mono-, oligo-, and polyphagous species. Twenty-two species (3.0%) have not been reported since 1990, and 42 (5.8%) since 2000.