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SWIMMING V Edited by Krystyna Zatoń Marek Rejman Krystyna Antoniak-Lewandowska Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu SCIENCE IN SWIMMING V Edited by Krystyna Zatoń Marek Rejman Krystyna Antoniak-Lewandowska Wrocław 2014 EDITORIAL BOARD Ryszard Bartoszewicz, Wojciech Cieśliński, Beata Irzykowska (sekretarz), Lesław Kulmatycki, Andrzej Pawłucki, Krystyna Rożek-Piechura (przewodnicząca) Andrzej Rokita, Alicja Rutkowska-Kucharska, Anna Skrzek, Marek Woźniewski SCIENTIFIC BOARD Prof. Krystyna Zatoń (Chairman) (University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland) Dr hab. Ewa Dybińska (Professor of University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland) Prof. Tadeusz Koszczyc (University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland) Prof. Juliusz Migasiewicz (University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland) Prof. Romuald Olszański (Military Institute of Medicine, Gdynia Poland) Prof. Patrick Pelayo (University of Lille 2, Lille, France) Dr Jan Prins (Professor of University of Hawaii, USA) Dr hab. Marek Rejman (University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland) Dr Piotr Siermontowski (Military Institute of Medicine, Gdynia Poland) Dr Antonio J. Silva (Professor of University of Villa Real, Portugal) Dr hab. Wojciech Wiesner (Profesor of University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland) Prof. Marek Zatoń (University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland) REVIEWERS Prof. Tadeusz Bober Prof. Robert Keig Stallman Dr hab. Jarosław Domaradzki (Professor of University School of Physical Education, Wrocław) PROOFREADING COVER DesIGN Prof. Robert Keig Stallman Marek Rejman Agnieszka Piasecka-Ceccato Anna Miecznikowska Author’s correcting and proofreading The publication was co-financed with resources from fund of Marshal’s Office of Lower Silesian Region, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław and Society for the Promotion of Science in Physical Education and in Sport. © Copyright by Wydawnictwo AWF Wrocław, 2014 ISBN 978-83-89156-45-7 Wydawnictwo Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu 51-612 Wrocław, al. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego 35 www.awf.wroc.pl/wydawnictwo Edition I CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER I: DIDACTICS IN SWIMMING Andrzej Pawłucki Sport as a utopian competition of equal opportunities .................................... 6 Magdalena Chrobot, Karolina Łozińska The use of visual information in teaching swimming to people of various age .................................................................................. 23 Andrzej Klarowicz, Aleksander Smoliński, Michał Kędrak Swimming talent, level of aspirations and kinesthetic efficiency .................. 36 Anna Kwaśna, Stefan Szczepan, Aleksandra Spirydowicz The impact of preferred music on heart rate, subjective perception of exertion and swimming effectiveness ........................................................ 53 CHAPTER II: BIOLOGY IN SWIMMING Grzegorz Konieczny, Krystyna Antoniak-Lewandowska, Daria Rudnik The effect of recreational breaststroke swimming on the posterior curves of the lower spine ..................................................... 64 Wojciech Seidel, Bartosz Bolach The variability of the stroke index (SI) in swimming for people with disabilities ............................................................................................. 74 Marcin Jaszczak Pressure differentials on swimmers’ hands and swimming direction ............ 83 Alicja Stachura, Jakub Karpiński, Wojciech Sadowski, Ryszard Karpiński Somatic construction of young swimmers ..................................................... 91 Stefan Szczepan, Szymon Bereźnicki, Krystyna Zatoń, Anna Kwaśna The relationship between body composition and performance results in people engaged in recreational swimming ............................................... 102 CHAPTER III: SWIMMING peRFORMANCE AND LIFesAVING Jakub Karpiński, Alicja Stachura, Ryszard Karpiński, Wojciech Sadowski Analysis of swimming pacing patterns at the Polish Championship and the European Championship in 2012 ....................................................114 Ewa Dybińska, Maciej Usidus, Katarzyna Kucia-Czyszczoń The evolution of performance in the 50, 100 and 200 m freestyle events in the Polish Championships and the European Championships between 1922 and 2012 ............................................................................... 122 Wiesner Wojciech Identification of risks in water parks: a survey of customers and lifeguards ......................................................................... 137 PREFACE Monographs “Science in Swimming” have been issued periodically since 2007. From the beginning the intention of the authors was to create a forum for the exchange of up to date research results and their transfer into teaching and coaching practice. Science in Swimming passes the message that swimming as an element of physical culture is developed thanks to the involvement of teachers, trainers, and passionate research scientists. The monograph included works devoted to the issues of learning and teaching swimming, swimming training, recreational swimming and swimming for the disabled. Both the broad spectrum of issues presented in the monograph, and the interpretation obtained by the authors of the research results have a well-estab- lished base in the fields of the humanities, teaching physical education, pedagogy, psychology, biology, physiology and biomechanics. The tangible result of research activities is to obtain objective feedback from the research subject, i.e. the people who learn to swim, or train swimming, or simply people who treat swimming as recreational activity. The concept of “Science and Swimming” and the level of research published in subsequent editions of the monograph gave it a permanent place in world special- ist publications, which is confirmed by the positive reviews of the opinion leaders in the International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education [2012, 6 (4), 366–367 and 2013, (7), 407–408]. According to the reviews, “Science in Swimming” is a source of unique knowledge, exchange of ideas and a place for establishing cooperation creating new quality in the science of swimming. We therefore offer our sincere thanks to the authors of published works and their reviewers: Professors Tadeusz Bober, Robert Keig Stallman and dr Jarosław Do ma- radzki (Associate Professor of University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw) whose work hard contributed significantly to the Science in Swimming V. Editors CHAPTER I DIDACTICS IN SWIMMING Science in swimming V, 2014, 6–22 Sport as a utopian competition of equal opportunities1 Andrzej Pawłucki University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Poland [email protected] Abstract The paper discusses a causal model of pursuance of a sport utopia. By way of a regres- sive analysis, reaching back to the primary metaphysical premises, it explains the key reasons for achieving the sport utopia. The recent cases of breaking the sport ontic order by sprinters and swimmers, who violated the rules of proper conduct in their personal lives, show how easily the state of sport anti-utopia can be reached. The applied regressive analysis model reveals that the success of sport utopia, being a variety of social utopia, is determined by authoritative judges managing the common good of the sport family. There is a reason why the sport community is referred to as the sport family. Maintaining familial relationships is a utopia itself, i.e. a daunting but feasible task. And although the hope of each family, also of the “sport family”, are its children, only the adult family members – capable of assuming the respon- sibility for the common good – can maintain order in the family and render all its activities sensible. Similarly, the successful organization of competitions in a sport family aimed at perfection according to the family’s ideals is only possible, if the order of competitions is preserved by: a) judges-categorizers responsible for main- taining sexual-somatic equality; b) judges-classifiers responsible for ontic equality (extra-sexual physicality) of the gymansion ascetics; c) judges-exposers responsi- ble for revealing ontic inequalities of doping abusers; and d) judges-moderators responsible for the moral equality between competitors. If it had not been for these judges’ authoritative enforcement of moral and ontic equality among athletes, then – without diminishing the athletes’ contribution to the creation of fair competition – it could be assumed that the liberally, relativistically and individualistically disposed athletes would not have been able to tackle their humanistic tasks by themselves. Key words: sport, fairness, fair play, morality, moral relativism INTRODUCTION The recent cases of violation of the ontic order by sprinters – who deceived themselves, their competitors and the stadium community – and by swimmers, who are allegedly members of the Olympic family, but play nice children from good families in daylight, and then at night, show their true face attending houses of ill repute seeking filthy en- tertainment, show how easily one can destroy the sport order. Those who are unfair in their personal life will not seek decency in their sport life, even if there was some 1 This article is the english version of the article Sport jako utopia konkursu równych szans first re- ported in the “Rozprawy Naukowe AWF we Wrocławiu”, 2014, 44, p. 3–20. The paper is an enlarged and revised version of a chapter from the volume Kultura
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