DOCSLIB.ORG

Underdevelopment of Rural Tourism in Serbia: Causes, Consequences and Possible Directions of Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Underdevelopment of Rural Tourism in Serbia: Causes, Consequences and Possible Directions of Development UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TOURISM IN SERBIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT Gordana Radović1 *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Review Article The aim of this paper is to analyze the development of rural tourism in Serbia. The paper uses the method of survey Received: 15 May 2020 research, analysis, synthesis, comparative and statistical Accepted: 27 October 2020 methods. The author concludes that rural tourism in Serbia is underdeveloped. The reasons for this are numerous, and doi:10.5937/ekoPolj2004337R they primarily relate to problems and limitations in the UDC 502.131.1:338.48-44 development of supply, but also to the lack of demand. (1-22)(497.11) The consequences are the economic and social decline of rural areas. In order to develop rural tourism in Serbia, it Keywords: is necessary to adopt new strategic documents, regulations rural tourism, balanced and provide favorable continuous sources of financing rural development, financing, for the development of all segments of the offer. For the association, Serbia purpose of balanced rural development, it is necessary to form an association at the national level, which should JEL: R59 have branches in all administrative districts and play a key role in the further development of rural tourism in Serbia. © 2020 EA. All rights reserved. Introduction Tourism as a phenomenon, by its spatial, economic, sociological, psychological, cultural, political and other connotations, has no counterpart in any otherphenomenon of the modern world (Lakićević & Žarevac, 2014). Tourism has become increasingly important industry, and there are different approaches to defining and measuring the performance of a tourist destination (Durkalić et al., 2019). Rural tourism can be called a “model of rural development”. This model implies the development of non- agricultural activities, but also the development of agriculture as a primary activity in rural areas. Also, this model should make it possible to stop the departure of the working population from rural to urban areas. Factors influencing the development of rural tourism can be divided into factors influencing the increase of supply and factors influencing the growth of demand. Rural tourism in Europe has recorded a rapid growth in the second half of the twentieth century. 1 Gordana Radović, Ph.D, Scientific associate, Director, „Dnevnik-Poljoprivrednik“ AD Novi Sad, Serbia, Phone: +381 64 13 78 643, E-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9770-6306) http://ea.bg.ac.rs 1337 Economics of Agriculture, Year 67, No. 4, 2020, (pp. 1337-1352), Belgrade “The growth rate of tourist demand in rural areas on this continent has increased, in the period from 1980-2000 by 52%, which is by far the largest growth compared to other tourist regions” (Bošković, 2003, p.65). Affirmation of the development of rural tourism in Serbia has a base if we look at the availability of natural and social resources, the importance of agriculture, the possibility of rural development based on a multisector approach. Also, there is a need to slow down migration from rural to urban areas for the survival of Serbian villages. However, the average capacity occupancy in rural tourism in Serbia is only 4% (Program for the development of sustainable rural tourism in the Republic of Serbia, 2011), and the average capacity occupancy in rural tourism in the European Union is 25% (Bartlet, 2006). The European Union strongly supports sustainable development, allocating around 40% of the funds from the rural development budget, as an important component of sustainable development (Balaban et al, 2019, p.1185). CAP become a major instrument in promoting the green development of agricultural areas in European Union (Andrei & Darvasi, 2012; Popescu & Andrei, 2011). According to Gajić et al, (2017, p.912), public and state institutions as well as non-profit organizations play an important role in the development of rural tourism by providing resources, whether in the form of finance or some other form, helping to promote and improve the tourist offer of the region that are less developed. The authors Bakić & Hrabovski-Tomić, (2010, p.118), believe that the lower limit of profitability, i.e. utilization of accommodation capacities in tourism, is 60%. Having in mind the stated data, and the seasonal character of demand, we believe that self- financing is not a sufficient source, but quality external sources of financing are necessary for financing rural tourism. However, the author Radović, (2016, p.1062), states “self-financing has been a predominant source of financing of rural tourism in the Republic of Serbia so far.” The author Milenković, (2009), points out that most countries that have developed tourism also have strong stimulating and protectionist state measures in favor of the development of this activity. Thus, it can be concluded that in the process of rural tourism development, both in underdeveloped and developed countries, the support of the state plays a significant role. Rural tourism is recognized “as one of the tourist products of special importance for the development of tourism and as a key tourist product for most tourist destinations in Serbia” (Tourism Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2016 to 2025, 2016). The goals of rural tourism development in Serbia are: diversification of the rural economy, reduction of poverty and improvement of the quality of life of the population in rural areas, as well as preservation of the country’s cultural wealth, environmental protection and more balanced regional development (Program for the development of sustainable rural tourism in the Republic of Serbia, 2011). The countries in the region, which have significantly developed rural tourism in recent decades, have very active national associations of service providers. We believe that they are a significant driver of the development of this activity. The Association of 1338 http://ea.bg.ac.rs Economics of Agriculture, Year 67, No. 4, 2020, (pp. 1337-1352), Belgrade Tourist Farms of Slovenia has existed in Slovenia since 1997. This Association is active in the promotion, sale, creation of the Slovenian rural tourism product brand, market research, as well as education of farmers engaged in rural tourism. The most important activity of the Association is cooperation with state authorities in the process of adopting regulations and planning documents related to the development of rural tourism in this country. According to Vujko et al, (2016, p. 1466), “developed rural tourism in Slovenia contributes not only to higher profit gain by households, but also to a variety of tourism offer, preserving tradition.” There is Hungarian Federation of Rural and Agro tourism in Hungary. The most important goal of this Association is the realization of activities in order to enable the improvement of living conditions of the rural population through the development of rural tourism. The national associations of rural tourism service providers in Austria have the same goals - “Urlaub am Bauernhof in Ősterreich”, and in Romania - National Association of Rural Ecological and Cultural Tourism - ANTREC”. The group of authors Sin et al, (2020, p.631), conclude that „in Romania, areas with rich environmental and cultural landscape have specialised in rural tourism“. The evolution of the Romanian tourism before the EU accession is a good example that, there are positive results when the investors and the authorities follow the same way and have the same objectives (Roşu & Voicilaş, 2019, p.1036). The official data, listed in the Program for the Development of Sustainable Rural Tourism in Serbia, state that rural tourism is already developed in “some parts of Vojvodina, western and central Serbia” (Program for the development of sustainable rural tourism in the Republic of Serbia, 2011). There are no more specific official data on the development of rural tourism in Serbia, and this will be the subject of research in this paper. We present the potentials and problems in the development of rural tourism in Serbia based on the results of researches conducted in the last decade. According to the results of the research Cvijanović et al, (2016), Serbia does not have the development of rural tourism adequate to the resources at its disposal and in accordance with the fact that rural areas make up as much as 85% of its total territory. The authors Petrović et al, (2018, p.10), conclude that “in the last decades, Serbian rural tourism has not achieved a high level of development, which resulted in low competitiveness in the international travel market”. According to Dedeić, (2015, p. 35), the limitations for the development of rural tourism in Serbia are the economic backwardness of rural areas, unfavorable age and educational structure of the population, poor roads and underdeveloped tourist offer. The author Matijašević-Obradović, (2016, p.33), believes that „in order for the tourist activity to represent a significant element in the total gross domestic product of Serbia, in addition to economic investments, appropriate legal regulations are necessary”. According to the research Chroneos-Krasavac et al, (2018, p. 1573), “in many countries, rural areas are undergoing significant socio-demographic and economic changes, and this trend is also present in Serbia“. A group of authors Otović et al, (2018, p.50), points http://ea.bg.ac.rs 1339 Economics of Agriculture, Year 67, No. 4, 2020, (pp. 1337-1352), Belgrade out that “the competitive advantage of Vojvodina, in addition to agriculture, is, above all, rural tourism.” The authors Bošković et al, (2011, p.40), conclude that the future development of rural tourism in Vojvodina “will depend on state support, which must be much stronger and more active than before.” According to Muha, (2013, p. 129), „rural tourism in Vojvodina should contribute to the preservation of rural environment and cultural heritage, and also economically motivate local people to stay in the countryside”.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 the Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Balkans Arthur Bankoff
    1 The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Balkans Arthur Bankoff The earlier part of the Bronze Age in temperate southeastern Europe (c. 2200– 1500 B.C.) presents a confusing picture to the unwary archaeologist. Although over the years more publications have appeared in English, German, and French, many basic site reports and syntheses are only fully available in Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, or other indigenous languages. Often the names of apparently identical archaeological cultures change with bewildering abandon as one crosses modern national borders or even moves between regions of the same country. This part of the world has a history (beginning in the mid–nineteenth century) of antiquarian collecting and detailed specialist typological studies, especially of ceramics and metal objects, with far less effort expended on the more mundane aspects of prehistoric life. Only since the 1980s have studies become available that incorporate the analysis of plant and animal material from Bronze Age sites, and these are far from the rule. To some extent, this is due to the nature of the archaeological record, that is, the sites and material that have survived from the Early and Middle Bronze Age. With the exception of habitation mounds (tells) and burial mounds (tumuli), both of which have a limited distribution in the earlier part of the Bronze Age, most sites are shallow, close to the modern ground surface, and easily disturbed. Farming and urban development has been more destructive to these sites than to the more deeply buried sites of earlier periods. The typically more dispersed settlement pattern of the Bronze Age in most of this region results in smaller sites, more vulnerable to the vagaries of history than the more concentrated nucleated sites of the later Neolithic or Eneolithic (sometimes called Copper Age) of the fifth and fourth millennia B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourists Manifestations in the Development of Culinary Tourism in Banat (Vojvodina, Serbia)
    TOURISTS MANIFESTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULINARY TOURISM IN BANAT (VOJVODINA, SERBIA) Bojana KALENJUK 1, Dragan TEŠANOVIĆ 1, Snježana GAGIĆ2, Nikola VUKSANOVIĆ 1, Marija ŠKRINJAR3, 1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Novi Sad, Serbia 2University of Alfa, College of professional studies in management and business communication, Sremski Karlovci, Serbia 3 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Food Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Abstract: Vojvodina has a large number of tourist manifestations of food and drinks which attract many domestic and foreign tourists. Tourist manifestations represent an integral part of gastronomic tourism, which is defined as the tourist visit of primary or secondary food producers, restaurants for producing and serving food and certain destinations for tasting and experiencing the regional specialties, where food and drink are primary motivation for travel. Recognizing the importance of tourist manifestations in the development of tourism this manuscript has a task to investigate the tourist manifestations in the territory of Banat, in order to determine the most frequent types of events in districts (Kikinda - Northern Banat District, Zrenjanin – Middle Banat district and Pancevo - South Banat District) and period of taking place of events. The research will include analysis of food and drink events in 2011. Keywords: tourist events, manifestation, food, beverage, culinary tourism, Vojvodina, Banat. 1. INTRODUCTION Tourist manifestations contribute greatly to the formation of the destinations image, increasing the cohesion of the local community and its pride, and improving their quality of life (Bjeljac et al., 2003; Bjeljac, Ž., 2004; Hadžić, O., Bjeljac, Ž., 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Gastronomic Tourism in Rural Areas of Vojvodina (North Serbia) – Dispersion, Condition and Offer of Authentic Restaurants “Messuages”
    Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 100 (2018) 124-134 EISSN 2392-2192 Gastronomic tourism in rural areas of Vojvodina (North Serbia) – Dispersion, condition and offer of authentic restaurants “messuages” B. Kalenjuka, B. Cvetkovićb, D. Tešanovićc, M. Banjacd Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia a-dE-mail address: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] ABSTRACT The food offer is the best reflection of how preserved culture and tradition of peoples who inhabit specific areas are. In Vojvodina, they are most diverse in messuages (sr. “salaš”) (rural farm houses where people who were engaged in agriculture and cattle-breeding started living more than a century ago). Isolated from the modern world, messuages have nowadays gained popularity, and are often called the symbols of Pannonian Plain. This paper will try to show the dispersion, significance and possibilities of old Vojvodina households which were turned into very popular hospitality facilities with national and traditional food, and thus contributed to gastronomic tourism and rural development, as well as the economy of the region. What is even more valuable besides the preserved setting are preserved authentic tastes, local cuisine, mixture of influence of people who inhabited or who still inhabit this region, such as Hungarians, Slovaks, Serbs, Bosniaks, Ruthenians, Germans and other nations. Keywords: Gastronomic tourism, Food, Villages, Rural tourism, Vojvodina, Serbia ( Received 12 May 2018; Accepted 25 May 2018; Date of Publication 25 May 2018 ) World Scientific News 100 (2018) 124-134 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical and Economic Influences on the Colonisation of the Banat
    Geographica Pannonica No. 2, 20-25 (1998) Geographical and Economic Influences on the Colonisation of the Banat Bruce Mitchell School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, Englad Saša Kicošev Institute of Geography, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia Abstract In the following paper, the influence of selected factors on the developing settlement of the Banat is examined. These include the historical river network and marshes, the availability of building materials, fuel and drinking water, and the variety, location and extractability of raw materials. Mention is also made of the effect of some of these factors on the general state of health of the population. This is followed by a brief account of processes of colonisation in the Banat during the 18th and 19th centuries. The motivations of the colonists themselves, and of their rulers, the context in which they were operating, and a brief appreciation of the contributions of the various ethnic groups involved. Bounds and Area The Banat is a conventional label for a territorial entity whose existence, despite a remarkably chequered administrative history, is acknowledged by Serb, Romanian, German and Hungarian, and there is close agreement on its geographical bounds. The courses of the Danube, Tisa and Maros embrace the Banat on three sides: divided from the Bačka on the west by the southward flow of the Tisa (Hungarian, Tisza), the Banat is separated "naturally" from Srem and Serbia, and Wallachia by the broad stripe of the Danube as far as Orsova.
    [Show full text]
  • Turizam I Hotelijerstvo
    UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA GEOGRAFIJU, TURIZAM I HOTELIJERSTVO Naučno-stručni časopis iz turizma TURIZAM br. 11 Savremene tendencije u turizmu, hotelijerstvu i gastronomiji 2007. YU ISSN 1450-6661 UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA GEOGRAFIJU, TURIZAM I HOTELIJERSTVO Naučno-stručni časopis iz turizma TURIZAM br.11 Savremene tendencije u turizmu, hotelijerstvu i gastronomiji 2007. Glavni i odgovorni urednik dr Miroslav Vesković, dekan Urednik dr Jovan Plavša Redakcija dr Jovan Romelić dr Lazar Lazić mr Tatjana Pivac mr Vuk Garača Igor Stamenković Vanja Dragičević Uglješa Stankov Departman za geografiju, Lektor i korektor turizam i hotlijerstvo Jasna Tatić Anadol Gegić Izdavač Prirodno-matematički fakultet Departman za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad tel + 381 (0)21 450 104, 450105 fax + 381 (0)21 459 696 Design & Prepress Lazarus, Kać Štampa Futura, Petrovaradin Tiraž 300 Štampanje časopisa pomogao Pokrajinski sekretarijat za nauku i tehnološki razvoj, Novi Sad. Održivi razvoj I turizam ..................67 Mr Tamara Kovačević SustainaBle Development Značaj Podunavačkih bara potencijalne Sadržaj and Tourism ...........................................67 turističke destinacije u regionalnom razvoju Zapadnog Pomoravlja ................... 131 Mr Vuk Garača Savremeni OBliCI U turizmu ..............5 Siniša S. Ratković Dr Nada I. Vidić Contemporary Forms in Tourism ..5 Sopotnički vodopadi u funkciji Turističke vrednosti muzejskih
    [Show full text]
  • Time Evolution of a Rifted Continental Arc: Integrated ID-TIMS and LA-ICPMS Study of Magmatic Zircons from the Eastern Srednogorie, Bulgaria
    LITHOS-02763; No of Pages 15 Lithos xxx (2012) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Time evolution of a rifted continental arc: Integrated ID-TIMS and LA-ICPMS study of magmatic zircons from the Eastern Srednogorie, Bulgaria S. Georgiev a,⁎, A. von Quadt a, C.A. Heinrich a,b, I. Peytcheva a,c, P. Marchev c a Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland b Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland c Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria article info abstract Article history: Eastern Srednogorie in Bulgaria is the widest segment of an extensive magmatic arc that formed by conver- Received 24 December 2011 gence of Africa and Europe during Mesozoic to Tertiary times. Northward subduction of the Tethys Ocean Accepted 10 June 2012 beneath Europe in the Late Cretaceous gave rise to a broad range of basaltic to more evolved magmas with locally Available online xxxx associated Cu–Au mineralization along this arc. We used U–Pb geochronology of single zircons to constrain the temporal evolution of the Upper Cretaceous magmatism and the age of basement rocks through which the Keywords: magmas were emplaced in this arc segment. High precision isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon ages – ID-TIMS (ID-TIMS) was combined with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICPMS) for LA‐ICPMS spatial resolution within single zircon grains. Eastern Srednogorie arc Three tectono-magmatic regions are distinguished from north to south within Eastern Srednogorie: East Balkan, Geodynamic evolution Yambol–Burgas and Strandzha.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender (In)Equalities in Rural Tourism in Vojvodina
    J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2018) Vol. 20: 1341-1352 Business and/or Pleasure - Gender (In)Equalities in Rural Tourism in Vojvodina J. Cikic1*, T. Jovanovic2, and M. Nedeljkovic1 ABSTRACT Gender gaps limit rural women’s entrepreneurial potentials, preventing them to benefit from development activities. In this study, we assumed that there were gendered differences in rural tourism business. To examine this issue, we studied owners and employees in 57 rural tourism enterprises during the 2014 in seven districts of Vojvodina. The questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to examine main characteristics of managers and employees in rural tourism but also their perception of potentials and obstacles in rural tourism development. Results have shown gender differences in rural tourism regarding staff characteristics, motivation, business problems and knowledge, and innovation. Also, results have indicated the necessity of complementary use of qualitative and quantitative methodology in researching gender- tourism relations. Keywords: Lifestyle entrepreneurship, Micro-entrepreneurship, Rural development, Rural women. INTRODUCTION opportunities and outcomes. Rural gender mainstreaming is especially important in Being closely related to the matters of (semi)periphery societies such as Serbia. In power, decision-making, and possession of such societies, rural women are often capitals (both in public and private sphere), unemployed and less educated. Their gender regimes are one of the major issues household work and activities in family care in rural development. They are socially, are underappreciated. Being formally culturally, economically, historically, and unemployed, rural women often have no Downloaded from jast.modares.ac.ir at 3:58 IRST on Friday October 1st 2021 legally configured set of roles, positions, social and retirement insurance.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronze Age Tell Communities in Context: an Exploration Into Culture
    Bronze Age Tell Kienlin This study challenges current modelling of Bronze Age tell communities in the Carpathian Basin in terms of the evolution of functionally-differentiated, hierarchical or ‘proto-urban’ society Communities in Context under the influence of Mediterranean palatial centres. It is argued that the narrative strategies employed in mainstream theorising of the ‘Bronze Age’ in terms of inevitable social ‘progress’ sets up an artificial dichotomy with earlier Neolithic groups. The result is a reductionist vision An exploration into culture, society, of the Bronze Age past which denies continuity evident in many aspects of life and reduces our understanding of European Bronze Age communities to some weak reflection of foreign-derived and the study of social types – be they notorious Hawaiian chiefdoms or Mycenaean palatial rule. In order to justify this view, this study looks broadly in two directions: temporal and spatial. First, it is asked European prehistory – Part 1 how Late Neolithic tell sites of the Carpathian Basin compare to Bronze Age ones, and if we are entitled to assume structural difference or rather ‘progress’ between both epochs. Second, it is examined if a Mediterranean ‘centre’ in any way can contribute to our understanding of Bronze Age tell communities on the ‘periphery’. It is argued that current Neo-Diffusionism has us essentialise from much richer and diverse evidence of past social and cultural realities. Tobias L. Kienlin Instead, archaeology is called on to contribute to an understanding of the historically specific expressions of the human condition and human agency, not to reduce past lives to abstract stages on the teleological ladder of social evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Food As Intangible Cultural Heritage the Česnica Among
    Lingvistika FOOD AS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE — * THE ČESNICA AMONG S ERBS IN R OMANIA Svetlana Ćirković The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2003) ** shift- ed the focus away from material culture to living cultural practice and events that form the foundation of group identity and collective memory. “The ‘intangible cultural heritage’ means the practices, rep- resentations, expressions, knowledge, skills—along with the associated instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces—that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting re- spect for cultural diversity and human creativity”. UNESCO’s list of the elements of intangible that these countries began to develop an inven- cultural heritage attracted worldwide attention tory of culinary practices, which also constructs and the number of candidates for inclusion has a systematic narrative about them (Di Giovine, increased. Brulotte 2014: 13). Food appeared for the ^ rst time on UNES- Heritage cuisine is becoming a subject of re- CO’s world heritage list of world heritage in 2010 search for many anthropologists who point out with two culinary practices and one product: the that it is a dominant feature even in remote, French gastronomic meal, traditional Mexican impoverished regions, connecting individuals cuisine—ancestral, ongoing community culture, through time and place with the discourse of the Michoacan paradigm 1—and gingerbread cra heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: the FURTHEST
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE FURTHEST WATCH OF THE REICH: NATIONAL SOCIALISM, ETHNIC GERMANS, AND THE OCCUPATION OF THE SERBIAN BANAT, 1941-1944 Mirna Zakic, Ph.D., 2011 Directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation examines the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) of the Serbian Banat (northeastern Serbia) during World War II, with a focus on their collaboration with the invading Germans from the Third Reich, and their participation in the occupation of their home region. It focuses on the occupation period (April 1941-October 1944) so as to illuminate three major themes: the mutual perceptions held by ethnic and Reich Germans and how these shaped policy; the motivation behind ethnic German collaboration; and the events which drew ethnic Germans ever deeper into complicity with the Third Reich. The Banat ethnic Germans profited from a fortuitous meeting of diplomatic, military, ideological and economic reasons, which prompted the Third Reich to occupy their home region in April 1941. They played a leading role in the administration and policing of the Serbian Banat until October 1944, when the Red Army invaded the Banat. The ethnic Germans collaborated with the Nazi regime in many ways: they accepted its worldview as their own, supplied it with food, administrative services and eventually soldiers. They acted as enforcers and executors of its policies, which benefited them as perceived racial and ideological kin to Reich Germans. These policies did so at the expense of the multiethnic Banat‟s other residents, especially Jews and Serbs. In this, the Third Reich replicated general policy guidelines already implemented inside Germany and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Active Tourism on Economic Development – Example of the Fruška Gora National Park (Vojvodina, North Serbia)
    ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online) Impact of active tourism on economic development – example of the Fruška Gora National park (Vojvodina, North Serbia) Mirjana PenićA*, Miloš DragosavacB, Aleksandra VujkoB, Snežana BesermenjiA Received: May 19, 2016 | Revised: August 25, 2016 | Accepted: September 11, 2016 DOI: 10.18421/GP20.03-06 Abstract Over the past few years, there has been intensified research about active tourism development in the area of Fruška Gora National Park and its impact on economic and business development, namely, po- tential development of certain economic categories within the given area and the gravitating area of the national park. Based on this, the main hypothesis has been formulated. It explains that more inten- sive development of tourism trends (for which favourable preconditions exist) in Fruška Gora National Park have positive impact on the overall economic development of the gravitation zone, which includes the area of the city of Novi Sad (Serbia). The primary goal of this study was to investigate the attitudes of respondents about Fruška Gora National Park as a tourism resource suitable for development of ac- tive tourism, and to show existing and potential impacts of the economic categories. The survey was conducted in prominent cycling, hiking and equestrian clubs in the city of Novi Sad, and on a random sample of the residents of Novi Sad (the sample of 303 respondents). The data were processed with the SPSS program (version 17.0). To determine the frequency of specific deviations chi-square test was used. Keywords: active tourism, economic development, Fruška Gora National Park, Vojvodina, Serbia Introduction induce positive impact through a series of direct and In the comprehensive economic development tour- indirect economic changes within certain categories ism is recognized as an important economic activity, (Sterrer, 1993; Gajić, 2010; Gajić, Ivkov, 2010), not only an important export product and engine for growth in the area observed but also within the whole grav- of overall economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Challenges in Special Nature Reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” and Preparations for Its Proclamation of Biosphere Reserve
    ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online) Management Challenges in Special Nature Reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” and Preparations for its Proclamation of Biosphere Reserve Vladimir StojanovićA*, Stevan SavićA Received: October 2013 | Revised: December 2013 | Accepted: December 2013 Abstract Management of protected natural wetland habitats and flooded plains is a real challenge in nature pro- tection. Such areas consist mainly of mosaic ecosystems, highly sensitive to all natural changes, espe- cially to those of anthropogenic origin. Special nature reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” is one of the larg- est and most important wetland habitats in this part of Europe. The area is under protection, but for centuries it has been influenced by numerous economic activities. The institutions for nature protec- tion and protected area management face numerous challenges regarding this issue. The paper focus- es on the research of the landscape changes in “Gornje Podunavlje” and its surroundings. They have be- come a sensitive issue under the circumstances when “Gornje Podunavlje” and its broader areas have been nominated for biosphere reserve status. Key words: protected area, landscape changes, “Gornje Podunavlje”, management, biosphere reserve, Mura – Drava – Danube. Introduction ularization of protection through educational activities Since its foundation, Special nature reserve “Gornje and tourism development, which directly needs wild, Podunavlje” has been managed by Public Enterprise pristine and preserved nature. Vojvodinašume in Petrovaradin. Active measures have On the grounds of confronted opinions, it seems been prescribed for this protected area. However, the that all this area is urgently in need for the principle area has been strongly influenced by agriculture, fish- of sustainable development in exploitation of the re- ing, forestry and meliorations for centuries, leaving vis- sources and nature protection.
    [Show full text]