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Equine Digestive Head Neck 1.Pdf 10/12/2016 Learning Objectives for My Lectures Recognize the importance of the head. List the functions of the digestive system. Correlate the anatomy with the clinical study. EQUINE UPPER Understand the parts and boundaries of oral cavity and its DIGESTIVE SYSTEM anatomical features. List and give description to the salivary glands. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Describe the anatomy of the tongue. Prof. of Anatomy and Embryology Cairo University Describe the anatomy of the pharynx. 10516 Introduction Key terms Why the head is important? Herbivores What are the functions? Carnivores Prehension Omnivores Mastication Vegetarian Chemical digestion Vegan Absorption Elimination of wastes Key terms Key terms Digestive or gastrointestinal Lingual/glossal = tongue Stomatitis mouth tube/tract (GIT) Gingiva = gum (mucosa = gastroenteric over the jaws, it is less Gingivitis gingiva sensible, no glands) Alimentary canal = gut Entery ---- intestine Glossitis tongue Oris ---- oral ---- mouth Peristalsis Labial --- lip Cheilitis lips Buccal --- cheek Pharyngitis pharynx Dento = donto ----- teeth Esophagus esophagitis 1 10/12/2016 Boundaries of the maxillary sinus: Approach to RMS Approach to CMS Maxillary Sinus Width of mandible and Oral mucosa maxilla 1st line of defense Smooth, shiny, pink . Maxilla is wider than mandible . Outside of upper cheek teeth and inside of Stratified squamous epithelium lower teeth ecome sharp 2 10/12/2016 Capillary refill time (CRT) Oral cavity Boundaries Rostrally --- lips Laterally --- cheeks Dorsally --- Hard palate Ventrally --- tongue and mucous membrane Caudally --- isthmus faucium DOG Isthmus faucium Divisions of the oral cavity The oral cavity communicates with the oro-pharynx Oral cavity through the isthmus faucium (aditus pharyngis) It is bounded by soft palate --- dorsally Oral cavity Oral vestibule root of tongue --- ventrally proper palato-glossal fold --- laterally Labial v. Buccal v. The space within between incisors between cheek the teeth and lips teeth and cheek Labial Vestibule Structures within oral vestibule Labial vestibule Buccal vestibule Labial glands Buccal glands --- dorsal and ventral Frenula labii --- fold of m.m. from lip to gum Parotid papillae (papilla salivalis) --- opening of the parotid duct at the level of the 3rd upper cheek teeth. Flehmen Vomeronasal reaction organ 3 10/12/2016 Oral cavity •Oral cavity proper – within the dental arcades •Vestibule -- between the teeth and cheeks Sublingual floor of oral cavity Pre-frenulum part • Frenulum linguae • 2 sublingual caruncles - Rostrolateral to the frenulum linguae - Surrounded by lymphoid tissue (Sublingual tonsil) 3 Compartments - The mandibular ducts open here • Orobasal organ: rudiment of rostral sublingual salivary glands in reptiles. Pre-frenulum part 2 Sublingual recesses 2 Sublingual recesses Hard palate Extends from incisors to last • Two sublingual folds on either side molars (of equal width) of frenulum linguae (openings of sublingual s.gl). They end @ Boundries: sublingual caruncles. Rostrally and Laterally ----- by the upper dental arch • Pterygomandibular fold: vertical Caudally ----- soft palate fold caudal to last molar (extends between upper and lower jaws) 4 10/12/2016 Bony support of hard p. Features of hard palate Palatine raphe: median line joining the 2 halves of the palate Palatine ridges (Rugae): 18 curved ridges on either side of p. raphe Clinical: Alpaca Incisive papilla: Palatoschisis = cleft palate Cheiloschisis = cleft lip (hare lip) Palatocheiloschisis = both Oval elevation of mucous membrane at the rostral end of the p. Aspiration Pneumonia raphe (just cd to central incisors). It conceals the orifices of the incisive ducts (obliterated in equine and represented by 2 small depressions). Incisive (nasopalatine) duct: Incisive duct or nasopalatine duct: 3 1 4 2 5 6 Small tube of m.m. extends oblique in the palatine fissure. Its palatine end is blind and the nasal end communicates with the vomeronasal organ. 5 10/12/2016 Palatine venous plexus Soft palate Def. musculo-mucosal curtain, extends from the caudal end of the hard palate, separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. Soft palate Features of the soft palate • 15 cm (very long, so no mouth breathing). • Vomit occurs through nostril. Structure: 1- epithelial covering: i. Ventral surface: Stratified squamous epithelium as hard palate. ii. Dorsal surface: respiratory epithelium as nasal cavity (PSCC) 2- Palatine glands (about 1 cm. thickness) 3- Tendinous aponeurosis --- replaces bony support. Def. musculo-mucosal curtain, extends from the caudal end of the hard palate, separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. Folds (arches) of the soft palate Palato-glossal arch (anterior pillar): m.m pass from soft p. to base of tongue. Palato-pharyngeal arch (posterior pillar): from s.p. to sides of pharynx (the 2 folds fuse at entrance of the oesophagus, forming intrapharyngeal opening Tonsillar fossa ---- the space between ant. and post. Pillars and contain the tonsil 6 10/12/2016 DDSP 1- things go wrong!!! 2- epiglottis 3- dynamic endoscope 4- examination 5- softpalate • The bookmark at the time of intermittent DDSP Notice the nasopharynx and how the rostral portion of the soft palate billows dorsally and ventrally into the airway during inhalation and exhalation repectively. 7 10/12/2016 Musculature of the soft palate 1. Tensor veli palatini 2. Levator veli palatini 3. Palatinus 4. Palatopharyngeus soft palate Origin Insertion Action Nerve Muscles Palatine Free edge 1. Palatinus Shorten s.p. bone of s.p Elevates Pharynge the s.p. al branch during of vagus 2. Levator veli s.p. (X) palatini Muscular swallowing process of to close petrous the temporal bone choanae + lateral surface of Pass around auditory tube hamulus of Tenses s.p. Mandibul 3. Tensor veli pterygoid ar of مرجيحة palatini bone into Trigeminal aponeurosis of s.p. shortens the palatine s.p. and draws aponeurosis and As 4. Palatophary- pharyngeal the larynx and the lateral border palatinus ngeus muscle raphe esoph. toward of the palatinus Muscle the root of the muscle tongue Normal DDSP 8 10/12/2016 Hyoid apparatus 9 10/12/2016 Pharynx pharynx Pharyngeal muscles Def. Structure: Constrictors: Muscles (constricors 5 and dilator 1) Rostral Group soft palate Middle group Ca. group Regions 3 Dilators Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngeopharynx Openings of pharynx Single • Isthmus faucium (aditus pharynges) • Aditus laryngis • Aditus oesophageus Paired • Openings of auditory tube (Eustachian tubes) Tongue • Choanae 10 10/12/2016 Regions Apex Body Root fixation Mucous membrane Mandible & myoglosus M Median dorsal cartilage Hyoid bone Frenulum linguae Frenulum linguae lingual glands --- in submucosa of the root and lateral surface Glosso-epiglotic fold Palato-glossal fold Extrinsic muscles Blood vessels and nerves Lingual papillae Lingual muscles Mechanical --- filiform Intrinsic Extrinsic Longitudinal, vertical and Styloglosseus Gustatory: transverse Hyoglosseus genioglosseus fungiform --- apex Vallate --- 2-3 no. between body and root folliate --- 2-3 cm just rostral to palatoglossal arch Origin Insertion action 11 10/12/2016 Innervation of tongue Filiform papillae Sensation (pain, Taste Motor temperature) Rostral 2/3 Lingual of chorda Mandibular of tympani of Trigeminal (V) facial n. (VII) Hypoglossal n (XII) Caudal 1/3 glossopharyngeal n. (IX) 12.
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