Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Lens Key CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEK, DEN HAAG
Brunner, M.
Major timber trees of Guyana - a lens key/ M. Brunner, L.J. Kucera, E. Zurcher, illustrations by A Hirzel; Wageningen: The Tropenbos Foundation. Ill.+ 1 floppy disc, 1 slide, 1 booklet. (Tropenbos series; 10) With index., ref. ISBN 90-5113-022-8 NUGI 824 Subject headings: timber trees; Guyana.
© 1994 Stichting Tropenbos, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No partof this publication, apartfrom bibliographic data and brief quotations in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print photocopy, microform, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission.
Cover design: Diamond Communications Cover photo (inset): Cross section of Hymenolobiumflavum Kleinh. (photo by A Hirzel). Printed by: Krips Repro bv, Meppel Distribution: Backhuys Publishers, P.O. Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, The Netherlands MAJOR TIMBER TREES OF GUYANA A LENS KEY
M.BRUNNER L.J. KUCERA E. ZURCHER
ILLUSTRATIONSBY A. HIRZEL
The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Chair of Wood Science, Ziirich, Switzerland
1994 TROPENBOS SERlES
The Tropenbos Series presents the results of studies and research activities related to the conservation and wise utilization of forest lands in the humid tropics. The series continues and integrates the former Tropenbos Scientific and Technical Series. The studies published in this series have been carried out within the international Tropenbos programme. Occa sionally, this series may present the results of other studies which contribute to the objec tives of the Tropenbos progranune.
Stichting Tropenbos TROPENBOS Wageningen \ffi;J The Netherlands CONTENTS
FOREWORD ...... 7
1 IN"TRODUCTION ...... 9
2 EXPLANATORYNOTES ...... 11 2.1 Lens Key: Aims and Methods 2.1.1 Tools 2.1.2 Preparing the sample 2.1.3 Features
2.2 Description by Species ...... 13
2.3 Indices ...... 14 2.4 Appendices
3 LIST OF IN"CLUDED SPECIES...... 15
4 FEATURES AND TREATMENT OF DATA ...... 19 4.1 Explanations and Illustrations of Features
4.2 "UniWoods 2.0"-Software-Manual ...... 37 4.2.1 Information on the software 4.2.2 Data input for a known sample ...... 38 4.2.3 Data input for an unknown sample ...... 42 4.2.4 Further resources ...... 46
5 DESCRIPTION BYSPECIES ...... 49
6 LITERATURE ...... 165
IN"DEX OF SCIENTIFIC PLANT NAMES ...... 166
IN"DEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES ...... 170
LEGEND OF FIGURES...... 178
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 182
APPENDICES ...... 183 Synoptic Tables by Species Check List with Macroscopic Features for Field-Work Transparent Scale Grid Floppy Disk
FOREWORD
Wood anatomical atlases with photographs and descriptions of woods of different species are publications that are useful for many years. Atlases published in the 1930's are still used in the 1990's, and will continue to be valuable referencesfor years to come. This publication is in the tradition of such atlases. In the 1990's there is an appreciation and a concern for con serving biodiversity, with particular emphasis on tropical forests. Proper utilization of wood and avoiding waste might be considered part of a conservation strategy. This book with its identification key to the woods of the major timber trees of Guyana is a contribution to such a strategy. The first step in the proper utilization of a wood is knowing what species it is, so that it will be correctly processed and an end-use appropriate for its properties will be cho sen.
Hand lens keys are useful not only for professional wood scientists, but for anyone with a curiosity or need to know the identity of a piece of wood. The audience for hand lens keys includes not only professional wood scientists, but anyone, including carpenters and crafts men. Hand lens identification does not require expensive equipment, but a good eye, and some attention to detail. Even though it is at times necessary to use microscopic features of woodfor identification, when dealing with a limited number of species from a limited geo graphic area, macroscopic features, those features easily seen with a hand lens, often are sufficient for wood identification. Hand lens identification might be considered "low tech" because sample preparation is so easy. When this "low tech" approach is combined with the ready access to computers that now exists the result is an "improved" identification process, as computer-aided wood identification programs and databases speed the process of com parison. This work provides a detailed introductionto features useful for hand lens identifi cation, and a useful computerized key for woods of the Guyanas. It is a thoughtfully con structed work that will benefit a wide audience. As many of the woods included in the key occur outside of Guyana, it is usefulfor anyone with an interest in woods from Central and South America.
E.A. Wheeler Raleigh, NorthCarolina, USA
7 8 1 INTRODUCTION
The tropical rain forests are still being destroyed over immense areas by fire deforestation, felling and through road-building. The danger to the environment and the burden this de struction places upon it are comparable to the thinning of the ozone layer, the on-going exterminationof diverse species of animal and plant life, and the insidious contamination of air, water and earth with chemicals. The widespread, common awareness of these problems in industrial nations is not more than two decades old. The problem of environmental de struction, on the other hand, is as old as civilization itself. Seemingly though, only tribal groups of indigenous people have been able to live in harmony with their environment by pursuing a natural sustainable growingcycle. The flowers of the Greek and Roman cultures, by contrast, were responsible for vast felling and climatical changes within the Mediterra nean basin. The awareness of environmental problems - and, above all, the implementation of the necessary changes - have three prerequisites: peace, prosperity and insight. Armed conflicts this century clearly show that wars are ruthless vis-a-vis the environment, whether natural or cultural. Environmental problems are pushed aside wherever they infringe on the fulfilment of elementary needs such as food, clothing or housing, as is the case in many developing tropical countries. And finally, specialized knowledge is essential to successfully tackle the analysis of complex problems, and in order to find solutions to them.
The endangered tropicalrain forests cannotbe effectively protected with any single measure. While Forest Service, laws, satellite supervision and international conferences all have a part to play, more is needed. The prerequisites of peace, prosperity and insight must be striven for. fu order to achieve these aims it is above all necessary to check the self-interest of the individual and that of nations; that of the former through society and of the latter through international organizations. We have to learn to share with others who are less fortunate. It is important that the value of the rain forests is raised in the estimation of the people of the countries concerned: one does not destroy that which one values highly. This, however, has to include an environmentally friendly use of the forest. If one starts to ques tion all changes, one ends up by questioning civilization itself, as each school, hospital, road and railway built also means the loss of a piece of nature. fudeed, nature itself can be said to be in a state of "dynamic balance" which takes changes into account, such as the change fromegg-laying dinosaursto mammals 70 million years ago. fu the same way, changes in the rain forestscannot be excluded. But the senseless destruction of the rain forestsmust stop in order to ensure their ultimate survival. This can only be achieved by applying fitting solu tions to the problem and by a differentiated management system of the forest. A long-term and nature-friendly policy must be implemented which takes both the needs of a sustainable forest plantation and the legitimate needs of peopled reservations into account. The goal is clearly defined, the way is long, and time is running out. This book is a modest contribution to attaining that goal.
The project that led to this book was developed in 1989 within the framework of a multi disciplinary research initiative of the TropenbosFoundation. fu the summer of that year, Mr. Ben J.H. ter Welle, then co-ordinator of Tropenbos Guyana, approached various research institutes, of which the Swiss Federal fustitute of Technology in Ztirich was one, with the proposal of sharing the administration of the project. After preliminary discussions and negotiations at the beginning of 1990, Prof. Dr. Hans Heinrich Bosshard, who at the time held the Chair of Wood Science and Wood Technology, agreed to undertake the part of the project labelled A 2.2. Prof. Dr. Ladislav J. Kucera was entrusted with working out a con cept and led the project through all its phases. The definitive (i.e. already identified) sam ples were made available by Tropenbos (collection Marcel Polak); some additional samples
9 were supplied by Dr. Regis B. Miller, Madison, Wisconsin, U. S.A., as well as from our own Xylothek.
In a first step, Mrs. Teresa Geisinger tested ways and means of obtaining an optimal cross section cut; boiling and cutting with a special knife proved to be the better method as op posedto sanding. In years of painstaking work she also prepared all the samples. Mrs. Alice Hirzel was responsiblefor the macro pictures and carried out all the photographical work in the dark room. She also further developed our macro picture technique. The actual descrip tion of macroscopic features was the basis of an ETH diploma thesis from Mr. Matthias Brunner in 1992. An innovative part of this work was the development, together with Mr. Otmar Baumann, of a computer software programme for wood identification. Even though the diploma work was well done and well received, the head of the project decided on im provements and additions, which were consequently carried out by Mr. Matthias Brunner and Dr. ErnstZil.rcher. Many useful suggestions came fromDr. Livia Bergamin Strotz and a former colleague, Dr. Karel Bonsen, who actively supported the project at the beginning. The maps were drawn by Mr. HR. Rypkema from the information collected by Dr. Marcel Polak, both of theHerbarium Division, University of Utrecht. Mrs.Ursula Stockermade up a meticulous register and Mrs. Angela Rast took care of the English translation. The authors wish to thank the above-mentioned people for their work and also those who - like Mrs. Stephane Croptier - helped in testing the software, in collecting additional information from literature and in checking the data of the camera-ready manuscript. They also wish to thank all others who helped the project along with advice and suggestions, especially Mr. Frederic Beaud for the design of the synoptic tables. The execution of the project was financedfrom the funds of the Chair of Wood Science of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zil.rich, except the maps with the geographic distribution of the species and the printing of the camera-ready manuscript.
This book serves as a handy tool in the identification of 115 of the most important wood species in Guyana. At the same time, it contains a lot of information on the geographical distribution, tree shape, structure and other characteristics of wood. In contrast to a micro scopic examination, a macroscopic one is always more difficult and more uncertain. Never theless, it is useful in the field and does not require a lot of time or money. Users will find this bookhelpful in three ways:
- by being able to identifyan unknown species, to gain more information on the tree and its wood, - by being able to test and to confirm the identity of a speciesthought to be known and - by ascertaining whether an unknown wood is one of the main Guyanese species.
Questions of this nature come from biologists, teachers, researchers, carpenters and crafts men as well as from customs offices. The accompanying software enables a computer-aided description and identification, although many questions can be answered by consulting the book alone. The pack also includes a transparent scale grid for the determination of quanti tative structural features. Apart fromthese things, the user will need at least one very sharp knife and a hand-held lens. The features and the work to becarried out are described step by step. One important feature of the book is that the user can supplement it with additional wood species. The authors wish the user success and would welcome any criticism or sug gestions for improvement.
10 2 EXPLANATORY NOTES
2.1 Lens Key: Aims and Methods
What possibilities does this book offer? Tue- identification key which has been constructed for this field guide is based on a computer programme. It is complemented by a synoptical key if a computer is not available. The identification system is adaptable and allows specifications of the given descriptions, as well as additions of other species at any time. Because it depends not only on the sample but also on the user's knowledge and preferences, the sequence of features for description and identification is flexible (features can even be omitted!). Furthermore, the system works with different tolerances for errors which allow the user to take into account uncertainties of the descriptions. Apartfrom the identifying function, the system delivers information on the entered species, which can be viewed as a list on the screen or printed.
2.1.1 Tools A razor blade or sharp knife, a glass of water, the transparent scale grid with reference markings for measuring and evaluating different tissue types, a hand lens with a maximum magnification of 12 times, a pencil, the check-list with macroscopic features for field-work (the supplied form in the appendix is recommended to be used in copies), either a computer with the software "UniWoods2. 0" (see chapter 4.2), or the synoptic tables by species (see appendix). A printer and additional, specialized literature are of advantage but not abso lutely essential.
2.1.2 Preparing the sample The raw wood sample is cut or split in such a way that it can be easily examined later with the hand lens. Most features can be examined during field work in a clean cross section. If possible, we recommend the preparation of a cube of about 2 cm edge. Cross, radial and tangential surfaces should be vertical to one another and the radial and transverse surfaces should be aligned to the rays. The sample should not consist of juvenile wood and, whenever possible, should be taken from the heartwood (necessary in determining the colour of the heartwood). If the species investigated is a light wood, the cross section of the cube can be cut with a very sharp knife so that the structure is clearly visible. With hard types of wood, we recommend that the cube is first soaked and then boiled in a solution of 1 part water to 1 part glycerine. The boiling lasts it depends from several hours to 5-6 days in the maximum. This procedure facilitatesa clean cut across the grain.
2.1.3 Features The necessary features for description and determination are divided into two groups: - Group1: Features that have a code and are numbered from1- 95 . - Group 2: Features that have no code and therefore no number, but that nevertheless supply additional information important for the determination of the species.
Group Information on Features
Group 1 Vessels Visibility, arrangement, inclusions, diameter, density, proportion of solitary vessels Axial parenchyma Visibility, arrangement, parenchyma bands (absolute width, mutual distance, relative width) Ground fibre tissue Proportion of area Rays Visibility, relative width, absolute width, frequency, height Anatomical Growth rings, storied structures particularities Physical properties Density, heartwood colour, lustre, odour Group2 Additional features Canals, included phloem, oil or mucilage cells, other features
11 Programme structure Information as to the goal, degree of difficulty, tools, surface to be examined, method of evaluation and classificationis listed under each feature of chapter 4.1.
Degreeof difficulty I Features with one rectangle are generally easy to determine and can usually be classi fied under measurable criteria. They are therefore burdened with relatively less uncer tainty. II Features with two rectangles are generally more difficult to determine and therefore more difficult to classify. They are burdened with relatively greater uncertainty.
Classification The classification codes use two differentkinds of boundaries of classification: quantitative and qualitative. They are therefore either boundaries of dimension or boundaries that meas ure anabstract quality. - Quantitative: >(greater than),< (smaller than),<= (smaller or equal to). For example: <= 0.1 mm (smaller than 0.1 mm or equal to 0.1 mm) >0.1 - 0.2 mm (greater than 0.1 mm but not more than 0.2 mm). - Qualitative: For example: "distinct" or "indistinct".
Only one classification of a feature can be chosen, unless stated otherwise under "Method".
Illustrations An effort was made to limit the use of scientific terms. For those not familiar with the terms used, typical pictures are used to visualize their meaning in chapter 4.1. Such visual com parisons are more efficient than long, written definitions and replace the explanations of a glossary. The depicted features are often marked with arrows and their size is occasionally compared with black bars and rectangles (Figs. 14-17, 42-43,46, 54-56, 61-64) such as used with the transparent scale grid.
Specific information is given in the chapters 4. 1 and 4.2.
12 2.2 Description by Species
Abaremajupunba (Willd.)Britten & Killip Huruasa
A - Synonym: Pithecellobiumjupunba(Willd.) Urban 8 ..... Vernacular names: H= (Ar), Klaipio (C), Kwatapuna (M), Kwatpain (W), Onlkorong (Ak), Soapwood (Cr)
F .....,.. Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous woodof low lo medium density. Heartwood basically brO\m or shades of brovm and darker thanthe sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent.
Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. fa1remely sparse to some\\hat span;e. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and > 4 ves sels. Inclusions present. Diameter generally mediwn to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parench)ml indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal \'asicentric. Proportion of ground tissue fibrH large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The \\idth compared to the vessels is v.; of vessel-siz<, to smaller ofthan half vessel-size. Rliys narrow. Sparse lo numerous !'ll)S per5 mm, \'er)'low to low.
G ..... Numbers of features in the by: I 2 3 4 < 6. 7 g 9" 10 II 12 13 14 15; 16 17 18 19 20 2i l) 23 24 25 26 27 28 .29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ;!§" 37 38 39 4o 41 42 43 44 45 46 4? 48 49 so SI 52 53 54 55 56 S? 58 39 60" 61 62 63:� 65 66 67 .,£.ll 6( 70, 71 tf 73 74. 15 76 n: 78 79 80 §1 82 83 &4 85 86 87 88 89 90 9T 92 � ' A) Synonyms The synonyms areimplemented from the Tropenbos Foundationand Polak (1992). B) Vernacular name(s) The vernacular names are listed in alphabetical order, with an abbreviation forthe language to which a given name belongs in parentheses. These are all Amerindian languages, except for the Creole language. The following abbreviations are used: Ak =Akawaio An=Arecuna Ar =Arawak C =Carib Cr =Creole M =Macushi P =Patamona W =Wapisiana Wr=Warrau The vernacular name most commonly used in Guyana is given on the right hand side of the top line of each page with a description of the species being referred to. Most vernacular names were taken fromMennega et aL (1988). 13 Knowledge of the vernacular names is of vital importance for communication with local experts in forest work. On the other hand, knowledge of scientific names is often indispen sable when consulting botanicalliterature, Polak (19 92). C) Field characteristics and distribution The information was excerpted from AM. Polak, Major Timber Trees of Guyana, A Field Guide, 1992. Detailed information about the forest- and soil types is found in the same book. Concerning the informations about tree height: e.g. "-30 m" means that the average tree of the pertinent species is 30 m high. "-30 (-40) m" means that the average tree is 30 m high and that the upper limit of height is ea. 40 m. D) Map The hatched drawings show the distribution of the pertinent species. They were executed and put at our disposal by Mr.H.R. Rypkema and Mr. AM. Polak, University of Utrecht. The scale is ea. 1: 45'000'000. E) Figures The magnification scale is 10. The two photographs (40 x 60 mm each) show the cross section of different individuals of the pertinent species to emphasize the anatomical vari ability. Because of this fact and the limited number of samples available, there are - in a few cases - features given in the written description which cannot be seen on the photographs. F) Written description The description is split up into physical properties and structural features on the one hand, and anatomical features on the other hand. Non occurring features of a pertinent species are not especially mentioned in the text (e. g. "no distinct odour" or "axial parenchyma/fibres not storied"). G) Numbers of features in the key The numbers go from1t o95 and each number stands for a feature. A shaded number signal izes the occurrence of that particular feature. The numbers are the same as those used in the computerized key. 2.3 Indices In order to facilitate the search for information on a particular species, indices are provided for both the scientific and the vernacular names of the species included in this field guide. These indices also serve as a dictionary for those who want to know the scientific equivalent of a local name, or vice versa. The legend of figures identifies the actual samples used throughout this work, particularly for the pictures. 2.4 Appendices A) Synoptic tables by species B) Check list with macroscopic features for field-work C) Transparent scale grid D) Floppy disk The disk contains three files: ident2.exe (to identify an unknown sample), entry2. exe (to change or add data), and uniwoods.dat(comprises all the data; this file cannot be executed!). The software is explained in chapter 4.2. 14 3 LIST OF INCLUDED SPECIES No Species name Family name Vernacular name Abarema jupunba (Willd.) Mimosaceae Huruasa Britton & Killip 2 Acosmium praeclarum (Sandw.) Papilionaceae Blackheart Yakovlev 3 Alexa imperatricis (Schomb.) Baillon Papilionaceae Haiariballi 3a Alexa leiopetala Sandw. Papilionaceae Haiariballi 4 Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Papilionaceae Koraro Splitg. ex Pulle 4a Andira inermis (Wrigth) DC. Papilionaceae Koraro 5 Aniba hypoglauca Sandw. Lauraceae Yellow silverballi 6 Antonia ovata Pohl Loganiaceae Inyak 7 Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson Apocynaceae Shibadan 7a Aspidosperma album (V ahl)Benoist Apocynaceae Shibadan 8 Aspidosperma vargasii A DC. Apocynaceae Currywood 9 Astronium ulei Mattick Anacardiaceae Bauwaua 10 Bagassa guianensis Aublet Moraceae Cow-wood 75a Buchenavia fanshawei Exell & Combretaceae Fukadi Maguire 11 Calophyllum lucidum Benth. Guttiferae Kurahara 12 Carapaguianensis Aublet Meliaceae Crabwood 12a Carapa procera A DC. Meliaceae Crabwood 13 Catostemma commune Sandw. Bombacaceae Common baromalli 14 Catostemma fragrans Benth. Bombacaceae Sand baromalli 14a Catostemma altsonii Sandw. Bombacaceae Baromalli 15 Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae Red cedar 16 Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Lauraceae Greenheart Rohwer, Richter& van der Werff 17 Chrysophyllum pomiferum (Eyma) Sapotaceae Limonaballi, Paripiballi Penn. 18 Clathrotropis macrocarpa Ducke Papilionaceae Aromata 18a Clathrotropis brachypetala (Tul.) Papilionaceae Aromata Kleinh. 19 Couratari guianensis Aublet Lecythidaceae Wadara 19a Couratari glon'osa Sandw. Lecythidaceae Wadara 19b Couratari multijl.ora (J.E. Smith) Lecythidaceae Smooth-leaf wadara Eyma 20 Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Caesalpiniaceae Dakama Sandw. 20a Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist Caesalpiniaceae Huruhurudan 21 Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Papilionaceae Tatabu Amshoff 22 Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd. Papilionaceae Tonka bean 23 Eperuafalcata Aublet Caesalpiniaceae Soft wallaba 24 Eperua grandiflora (Aublet) Benth. Caesalpiniaceae Ituri wallaba 24a Eperua jenmanii Oliver Caesalpiniaceae Ituri wallaba 24b Eperua schomburgkiana Benth. Caesalpiniaceae Ituri wallaba 25 Eperuarubiginosa Miq. Caesalpiniaceae Watapa 26 Eschweilera alata A.C. Smith Lecythidaceae Guava-skin kakaralli 15 No Species name Family name Vernacular name 27 Eschweilera decolorans Sandw. Lecythidaceae Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27a Eschweilera coriacea (A. OC.) Mori Lecythidaceae Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27b Eschweilera parviflora (Aublet) Lecythidaceae Fine smooth-leaf Miers kakaralli 27c Eschweilera wachenheimii (Benoist) Lecythidaceae Fine-leaf kakaralli Sandw. 28 Eschweilera sagotiana Miers Lecythidaceae Common black kakaralli 28a Eschweilera pedicellata (L.C. Rich.) Lecythidaceae Kakaralli S.Mori 28b Eschweilera subglandulosa Lecythidaceae Black kakaralli (Steudel ex 0. Berg) Miers 29 Goupia glabra Aublet Celastraceae Kabukalli 30 Humiria balsamifera (Aublet) Humiriaceae Tauroniro A. St. Hil. var. balsamifera 31 Hyeronima alchomeoides Allemao Euphorbiaceae Suradan 32 Hymenaeacourbaril L. Caesalpiniaceae Locust 32a Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber Caesalpiniaceae Locust 33 Hymenolobiumflavum Kleinh. Papilionaceae Koraroballi 34 Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. Mimosaceae Maporokon 35 lryanthera lancifolia Ducke Myristicaceae Kirikaua 35a lryanthera macrophylla Warb. Myristicaceae Kirikaua 36 Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don Bignoniaceae Futui 37 Laetia procera (Poeppig) Eichler Flacourtiaceae Warakairo 38 Lecythis confertiflora (A.C. Smith) Lecythidaceae Wirimiri S. Mori 39 Lecythis corrugata Poit. Lecythidaceae Wina 40 Lecythis zabucajo Aublet Lecythidaceae Monkey pot 41 Licania alba (Bernoulli)Cuatr. Chrysobalanaceae Kautaballi 41a Licania laxiflora Fritsch Chrysobalanaceae Kauta 4lb Licania majuscula Sagot Chrysobalanaceae Kautaballi 42 Licaria cannella (Meisner) Kosterm. Lauraceae Brown sil verballi 43 Loxopterygium sagotii Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Hububalli 44 Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.)Chev. Sapotaceae Bulletwood 45 Mora excelsa Benth. Caesalpiniaceae Mora 46 Mora gonggrijpii (Kleinh) Sandw. Caesalpiniaceae Morabukea 47 Moronobea coccinea Aublet Guttiferae Manniballi 48 Ocotea canaliculata (Rich.) Mez Lauraceae White silverballi 48a Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez Lauraceae Kurahara silverballi 48b Ocotea oblonga (Meisner) Mez Lauraceae Soft kereti 48c Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist Lauraceae Hard kereti 49 Ocotea rubra Mez Lauraceae Determa 50 Ocotea tomentella Sandw. Lauraceae Baradan 51 Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) Papilionaceae Barakaro B.D. Jackson 52 Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke Papilionaceae Korokororo 53 Parahancomia fasciculata (Lam.) Apocynaceae Dukali Benoist 54 Parinari campestris Aublet Chrysobalanaceae Burada 54a Parinari rodolphii Huber Chrysobalanaceae Burada 55 Peltogyne venosa (Vahl)Benth. Caesalpiniaceae Purpleheart 56 Platonia esculenta (Arruda) Guttiferae Pakuri Rickett & Stafleu 16 No Species name Family name Vernacular name 57 Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.)Baehni Sapotaceae Kokoritiballi 58 Pouteria guianensis Aublet Sapotaceae Asepoko 59 Pouteria speciosa(Ducke) Baehni Sapotaceae Suya 60 Protium decandrum (Aublet) Burseraceae Kurokai Marchand 61 Pterocarpus rohrii Yahl Papilionaceae Hill corkwood 62 Quassia simarouba L.f. Simaroubaceae Simarupa 63 Sacoglottis guianensis Benth. Humiriaceae Sand dukuria 64 SchejJlera decaphylla (Seemann) Araliaceae Blunt-leaf karohoro Harms 65 SchejJlera morototoni (Aublet) Araliaceae Pointed-leaf karohoro Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin 66 Sclerolobium guianense Benth. Caesalpiniaceae Kaditiri 66a Sclerolobium micropetalum Ducke Caesalpiniaceae Thin-skin kaditiri 67 Sterculia rugosa R. Br. Sterculiaceae Rough-leaf maho 67a Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Sterculiaceae Smooth-leaf maho Schumann 68 Swartzia benthamiana Miq. Papilionaceae Itikiboroballi 68a Swartzia sprucei Benth. Papilionaceae Itikiboroballi 68b Swartzia xanthopetala Sandw. Papilionaceae Itikiboroballi 69 Swartzia leiocalycina Benth. Papilionaceae Wamara 70 Symphonia globulifera L.f. Guttiferae Manni 71 Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandw. Bignoniaceae White cedar var. monophylla Sandw. 72 T abebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Bignoniaceae Hakia Nicholson 73 Talisia squarrosa Radlk. Sapindaceae Moroballi 74 Terminalia amazonia (J.F. Gmelin) Combretaceae Hill fukadi Exell 75 Terminalia dichotoma G. Meyer Combretaceae Swamp fukadi 76 Tetragastn"s altissima (Aublet) Swart Burseraceae Haiawaballi 77 Trattinickia rhoifolia Willd. Burseraceae mu 77a Trattinickia demerarae Sandw. Burseraceae Thick-skin ulu 78 Vatairea guianensis Aublet Papilionaceae Arisauro 79 Virola micheliiHeckel Myristicaceae Hill dalli 80 Virola surinamensis (Rolander) Myristicaceae Swamp dalli Warb. 81 Vitex stahelii Mold. Verbenaceae Hakiaballi 82 Vochysia surinamensis Stafleu Vochysiaceae Iteballi 82a Vochysia schomburgkii Warm. Vochysiaceae Iteballi 82b Vochysia tetraphylla (G. Meyer) DC. Vochysiaceae Iteballi 83 Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw. Caesalpiniaceae Sarebebeballi 17 4 FEATURES AND TREATMENT OF DATA 4.1 Explanations and Illustrations of Features Vessels 1.1 Visibility - Goal: to judge the differentiation of vessels from the surrounding tissue with the naked eye - �gree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: none - Surfaceto be examined: crosssection - Method: Examine the sample closely. Bright daylight or an adequate source of artificial light is indispensable. Glasses or contact lenses should be worn, if appropriate. The sample can be moved slightly backwards and forwards. The contours of the vessels beingexamined and their outline must stand out clearly in order to be classified as "distinct". - Classifications: 1 distinct to naked eye 2 indistinct to naked eye 1.2 Arrangement and pattern (part. ref. "IAWA 1989) - Goal: to judge the arrangement and pattern of the vessels - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Method: Compare the arrangement of the vessels with the illustrations shownbelow. The dominant type is classified. More than one classification is possible. - Classifications: 3 exclusively solitary (Figure 1) 4 solitary and radial multiples (Fig. 2) or clusters (Fig. 8/9) 5 exclusively radial multiples (Fig. 3) or clusters (Fig. 8/9) 6 radial multiples with individual vessels of the same diameter (Fig. 4) 7 radial multiples with individual vessels of different diameter (Fig. 5) 8 radial multiples of 2-4 vessels (Fig. 6) 9 radial multiples of >4 vessels (Fig. 7) 10 clusters of 2-4 vessels (Fig. 8) 11 clusters of >4 vessels (Fig. 9) 12 tangential pattern (Fig. 10) 13 diagonal pattern (Fig. 11) 19 20 1.3 Inclusions - Goal: to judge the contents of the vessels - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section, tangential section, radial section - Method: Compare the content of the vessels with the illustrations shown below. Explanations: - Tyloses: light, often transparent tissue, with an appearance not unlike a cracked window-pane. Only found in heartwood and innon-conducting sapwood. - Inclusions: can be either light or dark. (Warning: in the cross and tangential sections, inclusions and tyloses look very similar and are easy to confuse). More than one classification is possible. - Classifications: 14 no vessel content 15 tyloses present (Fig. 12) 16 organic inclusions present (Fig. 13) 1.4 Diameter - Goal: to determine the dimension of the largest vessels in mm - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section 21 - Measuring method: Measure the tangential diameter by holding the transparent scale grid parallel to the rays. The five largest vessels (solitary vessels or individual vessels in clusters and multiples) are measured. The most frequently occurring diameter-class de termines the classification. - Classifications: 17 <= 0. 1 mm; small (Fig. 14) 18 >O.l-0.2mm; medium (Fig. 15) 19 >0.2-0.3 mm; large (Fig. 16) 20 > 0.3 mm; very large (Fig. 17) 1.5 Vessels and vessel groups density (part. ref Lindeman and Mennega 1963; Laming and Jutte 1977) - Goal: to ascertainthe average numberof vessels, radial multiples or clusters per mm2 - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Count the number of vessels on an area of either 3, 5 or 10 mm2• The area chosen should have at least 20 vessels. The counting of the vessels within the chosen area is carried out at five dif ferent points. Vessels which are partially within the left-hand or the top boundaries are counted, those partially within the right-hand or bottomboundary are ignored.In order to facilitate the counting radial multiples or clusters count as one vessel. The average of five counts is converted (reduced) to correspond to an area of 1 mm2. Fractions should be rounded up to the next whole number and then classified. 22 Note: In order to expedite the identification process, it is advis able to count the multiples at the same time (see 1.6 - Propor tion of solitary vessels) and to calculate the percentage from the data obtained in 1.5 and 1.6. - Classifications: 21 0- 2/mm2; extremely sparse (Fig. 18) 22 3- 51mm2; sparse (Fig. 19) 23 6-lO/mm2; somewhat sparse (Fig. 20) 24 11-20/mm2; fairly numerous (Fig. 21) 25 21-40/mm2; numerous (Fig. 22) 26 > 40/mm2; extremely numerous (Fig. 23) 1.6 Proportion of solitary vessels - Goal: to determinethe ratio betweenisolated vesselsand the total numberof vessels in % - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparentscale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section 23 - Measuring method: The number of vessels on an area of either 3, 5 or 10 mm2 is coWlted. The area chosen should have at least 20 vessels. The coWlting of the vessels within the chosen area is carried out at five differentpoints. Vessels which are partially within the left hand or the top boWldaries are coWlted, those partially within the right-hand or bottom boWldaries are ignored. The ratio of solitary vessels to the total number of vessels is calculated (%). The average of five coWltings is calculated and classified as follows: - Classifications: 27 0- 33 % solitary vessels; few (Fig. 24) 28 > 33- 66 % solitary vessels; medium (Fig. 25) 29 > 66-100 % solitary vessels; numerous (Fig. 26) 2 Axial parenchyma 2.1 Visibility - Goal: to judge the differentiationof parenchyma from the surroWlding tissue with the naked eye - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: none - Surface to be examined: cross section - Method: Examine the sample closely. Again, bright daylight or an ade quate source of artificial light is indispensable. Glasses or contact lenses should be worn, if appropriate. The sample can be moved slightly backwards and forwards. The contours of the parenchyma being examined must stand out clearly in order to be classified as "distinct". 24 - Classifications: 30 distinct to naked eye 31 indistinct to the naked eye 2.2 Arrangement (IAWA 1989) - Goal: to judge qualitatively thedisposition and arrangement of parenchyrna as tissue - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Method: Compare the arrangement of the parenchyma with the illustra tions shown below. The dominant type is classified. More than one classification is possible. - Classifications: 32 absent/not visible by lens (Fig. 27) 33 apotracheal axial parenchyma 34 diffuse (Fig. 28) 35 diffuse-in-aggregates(Fig. 29) 36 paratracheal axial parenchyma 37 scanty (Fig. 30) 38 vasicentric (Fig. 31) 39 aliform(Fig. 32) 40 confluent (Fig. 33) 41 unilateral (Fig. 34) 42 banded parenchyma 43 scalariform (Fig. 35 44 reticulate (Fig. 36) 45 marginal (Fig. 37) 46 not as above (Fig.38) 25 2.3 Parenchyma bands (precises description of the features 42-46) 47 Parenchymabands absent(if absent, release features48-54) 26 2.3.1 Width - Goal: to ascertain the average width of the parenchyma bands in mm - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Measure the parenchyma band widths in the radial direction by using the transparent scale grid. Measurements are taken at fivedifferent points. The widthoccurring most frequently is the determinant one. - Cla�sifications: 48 <= 0.1 mm; narrow (Fig. 39) 49 >0.1-0.2 mm; medium (Fig. 40) 50 > 0.2mm; wide (Fig. 41) 2.3.2 Distance - Goal: to ascertain the average space between the parenchyma bands in mm - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Measure the spaces between the parenchyma bands by using the transparent scale grid. Measurements are taken at five dif ferent points. The width of the space occurring most frequently is the determinant one. - Classifications: 51 <= 0.5 mm; small (Fig. 42) 52 > 0.5 mm; large (Fig. 43) 27 2.3.3 Width compared to fibretissue - Goal: to ascertain the width ratio between the parenchyma bands and the fibre tissue - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Measure the widths of parenchyma bands and fibre tissue with the transparent scale grid. Five ratios of band width are deter mined. The ratio occurring most frequently is the determinant one. - Classifications: 53 smaller than the fibre tissue bands (Fig. 44) 54 as wide as the fibre tissue bandsor even wider (Fig. 45) 3 Ground tissue fibres 3 .1 Proportion - Goal: to ascertain the relative proportion of fibre tissueto a complete area - Degreeof difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross seCtion - Measuring method: Count the intersections which cover either vessels or paren chyma on a grid with 22 intersections ( 10 mm2). This process is repeated 5 times. The most frequently counted number of rele vant intersections (=occurrences) is of relevance for the classi fication. See figure 46, which illustrates the method. The arrows point eitherat vessels (A)or parenchyma (B). - Classifications: 55 0- 33 % (15-22 occurrences); small (Fig. 47) 56 > 33- 66 % (8-14 occurrences); medium (Fig. 48) 57 > 66-100 % (0- 7 occurrences);large (Fig. 49) 28 4 Rays 4.1 Visibility - Goal: to judge the differentiation of raysfrom the swmunding tissuewith the nakedeye - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: none - Surface to be examined: cross section - Method: Examine the sample closely. Bright daylight or an adequate source of artificial light is indispensable. Glasses or contact lenses should be worn, if appropriate. The wood sample can be moved slightly backwards and forwards. The contours of the rays being examined must stand out clearly in order to be clas sified as "visible". - Classifications: 58 distinct to naked eye 5 9 indistinct to naked eye 4.2 Width compared to the vessels (Anonymous 1960) - Goal: to determine the ratio of the rays' width to the diameter of the vessels - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Evaluate authoritatively the width of rays in relation to vessel diameter. The 5 widest vessels and the widest rays are relevant to the evaluation. The most frequently occurring classification is the relevant one. 29 - Classifications: 60 narrower than Y. of vessel-size (Fig. 50) 61 Y. to smaller than half of vessel-size (Fig. 51) 62 half of vessel-size to smaller thanthe vessels (Fig. 52) 63 as large as the vessels or even larger (Fig. 53) 4.3 Width - Goal: to ascertain the maximum width of the rays in mm - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Measure the 5 widest rays. The most frequently occurring diameter determines the classification. - Classifications: 64 <=0.05 mm; narrow (Fig. 54) 65 > 0.05- 0.10 mm; medium (Fig. 55) 66 >0.10 mm; wide (Fig. 56) 30 4.4 Frequency - Goal: to ascertain the numberof rays per 5 mm in the tangential direction - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Measuring method: Hold the transparent scale grid at right angles to the rays (tangential). With each measurement all rays that lie within a length of 5 mm are counted. The most frequently occurring numberis relevant for the classification. - Classifications: 67 <= 15; extremely sparse (Fig. 57) 68 > 15-30; sparse (Fig. 58) 69 > 30-50; numerous (Fig. 59) 70 > 50; extremely numerous (Fig. 60) 31 4.5 Height - Goal: to assess the dimension of the rays in the axial direction in mm - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: transparent scale grid, hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: tangential section, radial section - Measuring method: Measure the height of the five highest rays. The most fre quently occurring height is relevant for the classification. The visibility of the rays (lustre) can be heightened by a purposeful orientation to the light source. - Classifications: 71 <= 0.2mm; very low (Fig. 61) 72 > 0.2-0.5 mm; low (Fig. 62) 73 > 0.5-1.0mm; high (Fig. 63) 74 > 1.0mm; very high (Fig. 64) 5 Anatomical particularities 5.1 Growth rings (Anonymous 1960) - Goal: to recognise concentric layering of types of growth tissue (particularly of ves- sels, but also of fibre tissue) - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section - Method: Compare the structure of the sample with those shown in the illustrations. 32 - Classifications: 75 growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent (Fig. 65) 76 growth ring boundaries distinct (Fig. 66) 5.2 Storied structures (IAWA1989) - Goal: to recognise a repetitive vertical layering of rays, the parenchyma or the fibres - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: handlens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: tangential section - Method: Compare the structure of the sample with the illustrations. The surface being examinedshould be moved gently backwar�s and forwardsso that the refractionof the light changes. More thanone classification is possible. - Classifications: 77 no storied structures 78 rays storied (Fig. 67) 79 axial parenchyma/fibres storied (Fig. 68) 6 Physical properties 6.1 Density (Lignum 1963) - Goal: to assess the approximate density of the wood in g/cm3 - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: a glass of water, illustrations - Surface to be examined: whole sample - Method: Put the sample, which must be air-dried, into the water. The position of the sample after 5-10 seconds is compared to the illustrations. 33 - Classifications: 80 low (Fig. 69) 81 medium (Fig. 70) 82 high (Fig. 71) Note: The density values denoted with "low", "medium", and "high" vary widely in the pertinent literature. With reference to the method developed from Hoadley's (1990) idea, three classifications emerge. Neither the effective average density of the wood nor the classification boundaries are of direct relevance to the determination. How ever, the definition of the average density makes the results of the examination com parable to the literature data. For this reason, the density of 30 samples was deter mined and placed in order of magnitude in the 3 classifications "low", "medium" or "high" (depending on the position of the sample in the water). The classification boundaries are as follows: low: >= 0.60 g/cm3 medium: > 0.6-1.04 g/cm3 high: > 1.04 g/cm3 6.2 Heartwood colour (IAWA 1989) - Goal: to classify the colour of the heartwood - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: none - Surface to be examined: all sections - Method: Examine the freshly-cut surface. More than one classificationis possible. - Classifications: 83 no difference betweenheart- and sapwood 84 heartwood darker than sapwood 85 basically brown or shades of brown 86 basically copper-coloured or shades of copper 87 basically red or shades of red 34 88 basically yellow or shades of yellow 89 basically white to grey 90 with streaks 91 none of the above 6. 3 Lustre - Goal: to judge the lustre of the freshly-split radial surface - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: none - Surface to be examined: radial section - Method: Split the sample along the radial direction. Move the freshly split sample backwards and forwards under a powerful source of light. - Classifications: 92 dull 93 lustrous 6.4 Odour (Venet et Keller 1986) - Goal: to ascertain possible odour - Degree of difficulty: easy - Tools: none - Surface to be examined: whole sample - Method: Firstcut, and then breath upon the sample. A distinct odour could be e.g. nutty, rancid, aromatic, resinous, mouldy, citric, sour etc. - Classifications: 94 no distinct odour 95 distinct odour 7 Additional features 7.1 Canals - Goal: to recognise resin or latex conducting canals in wood - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: hand lens, illustrations - Surface to be examined: cross section, tangential section - Method: Compare the structure of the sample with the illustration. - Classifications: canals absent canals present (Fig. 72, 73) 35 7.2 Included phloem(Anonymous 1960) - Goal: to recognise phloemlayers included in wood - Degreeof difficulty: difficult - Tools: hand lens, illustration - Surface to be examined: cross section - Method: Judge the presence or absence of included phloem in bands or islands with the help of the illustration. - Classifications: included phloem absent included phloem present (Fig. 74) 7.3 Oil or mucilage cells (IAWA19 89) - Goal: to ascertain the presence of secretory cells at the margins of the rays - Degree of difficulty: difficult - Tools: hand lens, illustration - Surface to be examined: tangential section - Method: Judge the presence or absence of oil or mucilage cells with the help of the illustration. - Classifications: Oil or mucilage cells absent Oil or mucilage cells' present (Fig. 75) 36 4.2 "UniWoods 2.0" Software-Manual 4.2.1 Information on the software The software was programmed with the help of MODULA 2 with special emphasis placed on a user-friendly end-product. It runs on every computer desk station or lap-top which meet the minimum requirements of 640 kB RAMand MS DOS3.0. Function/flow-diagram (the term "tree" is henceforth used forthe name of a species) .·.·. · .·. · .·.·. ·.·.·.·.·.·.· ·.· .·.·. ·.·.·. ·. ·.·.·.· .·.. ·. P.�@!:�rw� · . : ..- :·.<<<·.·.·.·.< -:<<· · . ·.- : -:-:-:· . ·· ·.·.·Itle::tb:Em2.·.·.·.· . ·.·.·.·. · . ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·. · . ·.· . ·.· entry input of data----� all features match n-1 features match n-2 features match (still) false elimination of tree(s) end of data input >I tree found 37 4.2.2 Data input for a known sample C:\>E NfRY2 and press press move the cursor inthe convenient position andpress see chapter 4.2.2 paragraph A >:::> <>< · . · . f-----.-----<:: 1Rtt. : IFl0Mwm0. x W>Ft.4�$)tl:J}'t\Ji��¥:qP$�£/tJ{Jt® t> press they are automatically saved when leaving the programme press press press press 38 Move the cursor to the position on top of the first page (the page number is indicated at the bottom on the left) or press A new window appears in the upper part of the screen. There are four categories at your disposal: "species name","family name", "vernacular name", additional features". 3 exc+usively solitary 4 solitary and radial multiples. or clusters 5 exc+usively radial multip+es or clusters 6 rad+al multiples of one size . 7 rad+al multiples of different sizes 8 rad+al multiples of 2 - 4 9dJacent vessels 9 u }i l s o� � dJacent vessels 10 �I����r� ; � : 4 e s!l� 11 cluster� of > 4 vessels 12 t�ngential attern 13 a �tern •• Vessel �������;n� no vessel content {v� tylosl?s present H organic inclusions present page 1 of 7 � UniWoods 2.0 �Number of the tree: 26 "species name:" "family name:" (Latin, genus and species) (Latin) For example: Couratari guianensis Aublet For example: Lecythidaceae A code or number can be given preparatory to the name which facilitates the search later. For example: 19 "vernacular name:" "additional features:" (Dialect, common name). The available lines can be used to list addi- For example: Wadara tional features which are not included in the standard list of features, or to make those that are included more precise. For example: unpleasant, di stinct odour Seven screen pages with a total of 95 features for each species stand at the user's di sposal. The occurring features are entered. EXIT Go to Tree F7 Next Tree F5 Previous Tree F6 Print F8 39 Switch to another line: To avoid wrong identi fication, only those features clearly visible from the wood sample I should be selected. Incase of uncertainty, do not enter a speci fic feature. This function is useful for greater leaps within the list of tree species because it saves leaf- ing through pages and pages. . A new window appears which facilitates the search. There are three categories at your dis posal: "Number and Species","Family Name" and "Vernacular Name". EXIT Go to Tree F7 Next Tree F5 Previous Tree F6 Print FS Help 1 AQarerna jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip Mirnosaceae Huruasa •• Visibility Qf vessels (v) 1 Qistin9t to naked eye ( ) 2 indistinct to naked eye • Vessel arrang�rnent exclusively solitary v t 5 6 v 7 v 8 v 9 u i l s o djacent vessels 10 �fe���r� ;[ � � 4 Se�s!l� 11 cluster� of > 4 vessels 12 t�ngential attern 13 a� tern •• Vessel ���yg��;n� no vessel content tylos�s present �A U organic inclusions present page 1 of 7 � UniWoods 2.0 �.Number of the tree: 1 Key to the symbols used: a typed "?" replaces one letter, a typed "*" replaces one or I more letters. Example to search a tree: 29 Goupia glabra Aublet, Celastraceae, Kabukalli. This tree can be searched for example: (use either one, several or all categories) "number and species:" "family name:" "vernacular name:" 29* <.J> or *goupia* Celastraceae <.J> (or to Kabukalli <.J> (or the full name) <.J> replace an unknown letter: ?elastraceae <.J>) I Incase of uncertainty or ignorance of a category press <.J> to omit this line. 40 A new window appears on the top right-hand side of the monitor. The required printout - either one or all trees - can be obtained. EXIT Go to Tree F7 Next Tree F5 Previous Tree F6 Print F8 Help 1 A9arema upunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip je Huruasa v��Tg!�rt� of vessels ( v ) 1 Qistin9t to naked eye ( ) 2 indistinct to naked eye • Vessel arrang�ment 3 exc+usively solitary 4 solita�y and raQial multiples or clusters i a m i i�� or clusters � ��a �� �iit�t���� ;f g�� � v 7 rad+all mult+ples of different sizes v 8 rad+al mult+ples of 2 - 4 adJacent vessels v u i l s o d t lo �I���lr� ;l � : 4 Se�s!l� jacen vessels 11 clusters of > 4 vessels 12 t9ngential attern a� tern ves��l ������I;n� � } 14 no vessel content 15 tylos�s present v 16 organic inclusions present page 1 of 7 � UniWoods 2.0 ��-Number of the tree: 1 The printer must be loaded with the OOS-signs to ensure the correct printing of the I keywords and symbols. 41 4.2.3 Data input for an unknown sample move the cursor inthe convenient position andpress press 42 The mask with features is on the left-hand side of the screen. EXIT Clear Mask F7 Print F5 Search Tree F6 Strategy F2 Help Switch to another line of the same page: A window appears on the right-hand side of the screen. EXIT Clear Mask F7 Print F5 Search Tree 3a Alexa leiopetala Sandw. �api+i9naceae Haiariballi •• V1s1bil1ty of vessels *1 d1st1nct to naked eye ess g n *y ;�1!E��� :�� �adial m�ltiples o� clus 7 radial multiples of d ffer�nt sizes u 1 l s o i d acent vess iio ������r� �l � � 4 Se�s!l� J •• Vessel 1nclus1ons #14 no vessel content s • ��ss�t1��:�e��� (��) 19 > 0.2 - 0.3 ¥iss51� �nd vessel groups per square mill About 27 features, you choos�d 4 b � � le�lu�e::_afiii Qg� �aj�ging � g i d _ _������"llliiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilliiiiiliiiiiliiiiiiliiiiiiliiiiiliiliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiliiiiiliiiiiiiliiiiiiliiiiiij 43 Call up the list of selected trees: A window appears on the top right-hand side of the screen. Tirree categories are at your disposal: "all features match", "n-1 featuresmatch", "n-2 features match": This function defines the mismatch tolerance which is taken into account by the comparison of the data from IDENT2 with those from ENTRY2. EXI_ T_ c _ 1_ea_ _r Ma_ s_ k_ F rint F lp � __ _ _1_ ___P_ _ _ __s ______1 � #!lffi��4��$S��tCh� •• Visibility Qf vessels 1 Ab Br" 1 distinct to naked eye 2 �s$i;��l����g�� ( ) 2 indistinct to naked eye 3 �Iexa imp�ratricis {Schom�: • Vessel arrang�ment Ja Ale�a leiopetala $andw. l 3 exc+usively solitary 4 And+ra surinamensis (Bandt) 4 solita�y and raQial multiples or c 4a AnQira inermis {Wright) C. 5 exc+usively radial multip+es or cl 5 u andw D 6 rad+al multiples of one size 6 �g �i�Yg�2£� ��hf . 7 rad+al multiples of different size 7 Aspidosperma£� cruentum Woods 8 rad+al mult+ples of 2 - 4 adJacent 7a Asp+dosperma album (Yahl) B u i l s o � djacent v 8 Aspido9perma yargas+i A. DC. io �f����r� �l � = 4 �e s!l� 9 Astronium �lei M�ttick 11 cluster' of > 4 vessels 10 i u g a rn 75a �������v�� ����g��et �i�r1 I� �1� �g�i a���i� 11 Calophyll�m lucidum Benth. •• Vessel inc�usions� 12 Carapa guianensis Aublet { } 14 no vessel content 12a Carapa procera A. DC. 15 tylos�s present 13 atostemma commune Sandw. 16 organic inclusions present 14 c 14a g�£g�£��� �1����Yr ��gac: page 1 of 7 - UniWoods 2.0 ______..______, "all features match": no mismatches are tolerated "n-1 features match": one mismatch is tolerated "n-2 features match": up to two mismatches are tolerated I The strategy canbe changedat anytime and independentlyof thedetermination process. I key forthe strategy in action (in the above example: all features match) 44 A window appears in the middle of the top of the screen. Four categories are at your disposal: "show the keywords on print yes (no)", "print only this tree", "print all trees selected", "print all trees existing" (in the programme) EXIT .F5 Search T:i;ee F6.. .·.· strategy F2 Help <;:lear Mask F7 Print on 7a Aspidosperma album ShQ.W. the kevw�rQ$. print: Y��· Ap9cyn�ceae pr;int only !this tree ) (i!Cted tree:;; . Visibility of vessel pr+nt all trees selected •. JUpunba (W11 ld.) Bri 1 distinct to nake ip:r:int all trees ex:isting ·1: praec:j.a:i;um ( Sandw · Vessel arr�ngement peratricis (Schomb. l 3 exclusively solitary Ja Alexa leiopetala Sandw. 3 dia onal pattern 4 Andira �urin�mensi:;; (Bondt) Vlesse1 ing clusi 0 0s 4a AnQira inermis (Wrignt) C. 1 s � y u andw. D ��ss�l�f��e��� (��) �gf��i� g��f� ��hy 17 <- o 1 7 Asp+dosperma cruentum Woodsc Vessels and vessel groups per square mill 7a Asp+dosperma album (Yahl) Be 1 r a A. . �� Y1-- go � ����g�f�� �fei �g��I�k Dc i u iga g������vi� ������eef ��:r1 & 11 Calophyll�m lucidum Benth. 12 Carapa guianensis Aublet a c I� 8�€���e��� ���m�ne0�andw. About 30 features, you choosed O i�a 8�£g�£���� �i�����t ��g��: page + of 4 � UniWoods 2.0 "show the keywords on print: yes (no)" "print only this tree" In connection with the features which follow This command can only be used if the cursor them, the keywords have following is in the activated window of the right-hand meanings: side of the screen (search tree F6) and a * this feature coincides with the unknown specific tree has been chosen. sample The printout contains the features of the # this feature does not coincide with the highlighted tree. unknownsample (for hiding the keywords press <.J> or click the command and vice versa) "print all trees selected" "print all trees existing" (in the programme) This command prints all trees which at that This command prints all trees contained in time appear on the right-hand side of the the programme together withtheir features. screen together with their features. The printer must be loaded with the DOS-signs to ensure the correct printing of the I keywords and symbols. 45 4.2.4 Further resources As a result of the search cycle, the computer proposes one or more species as a solution. In any case, the computer-solution is the basis of the end-solution. Depending on the selected strategy, the proposed solution will have either exactly the same features as the woodsample, or it will bea solution within the given mismatch tolerance. Neither the qualitative nor the quantitative range of the solution is definitive; they must be determined. Therefore the user needs further. resources: . . . · . · · · · · : · : : · . : : : : : : · : · •:: · · : • · · •. •· . · · · ; · · • · • · • · : · · · : • • · : : · : • • •·: •: .:in: • . : · : · . :• · .:• : · · . • : ·· · · : : • : • · · . · : . · : · : : : . -: :- : · • : . : · ·: · · • : :��t(�ij· �j���� •J.r#.i}Y@��.! 7..9 : • · • . . • ••• ! :•.• ·•. !••·•: ; .: ··· . ·. ···:•: · •.!· .··• . •:·• .· . : :. ..•. · ·:... . ·• ..:.: ·•.. ··.• ··•: .. : !•···: .• .•. • • • _.: ! FJ::_ -· ··- :.·:_:o··•:.w :.•:: -:·-· :·••.- :.d:::. • ::1: ·�•:•. : :::n:_• •, :·.: ·:• ··•: . :.m : :.: •·.:· .• .: .• o :• : ::f:•:..:•• •'::b·•·· . : • ::e: :• .• : :: •c• ::• •· o :• :• :•..:.•• •.•m:_ . P· .•.: - : mu·. . t•e.'Tf!JU •r: •_:- ·· ai: .:dne·.: .•:.d•. . :. w · : , ooa• . • o ·T · m·•.. • d· .• . e n _•n_ ..•• . Et1 �fi1' ]]••.··· ··.._. • • · ·· · : · : ·_: _ : .:_ : : :· •:· : . : : _ • _•_ • _ _ • _ run1i:�. .· . _· . · .: . . . :•. :: •_ .·. :.'.· •. ·. · · - - · _ .:. :·· ·: ·8•: ·. .•. . • vnv·:!• · · · .: : •: • : ·. . ._s ..: · .•••••••. ••••••••••••.• •• §/:\>••· · · · · : · ·· : : _ · _ . . : ·· - __·: : RE •· ···· . · . · . _ ._ _ : _ . _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ .·. : . : _ : :. . _ _ .. _ _ · _ _ . _ _ . . . . ._ . _ : _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ ._. . ._. _ . _ . . _ _ . . _ :_ : . _ . . . . : · : ...... :...... •••.. #rmi'#i#l."S®NtiP.fr...... •: 1 tree found · · ········ ······················ ··· tree in data tree not in • •tfu'lli�i•i��9��··· base database · :-:· :- - .-.-. - -: -- :-:-:·:· · . · · · ·> · · . ·>:- - -:- -:·:- -:-:- - -:- ·: < :·- ·:·:· · ·:· - : :-- -:- .-:: -:·:· . ·:· .·'.< · -:- -:· · . · . · :. .: : :.: . t>w�9m:: :: : : P:f. . �-�� ..:· : . : : 9r�1�9���l.'9:#�c�):: : : :: : . . comparison with unknown piece of wood end-solution �------___.,. not satisfactory satisfactory study manual and definition of features used in the computer programme and start again with the input of data 46 The corresponding printouts are ob tained with the commands "show the ke ywords on print: yes" and "print all trees selected". The unknown wood sample is then compared to the listed pro posals (control). The same can be do ne by reading the information from the screen, but it is less easy to survey. Special features - if occurring - appear at the end of each list of features. They are a conven ient resource forprecise identification. The tree species proposal from the computer can also be visually compared with the un kn own wood sample with the aid of the macropho tographs which areincluded in chapter 5 .1. The same can be do ne with a collection of woodsamples which have been reliably identi fied, labelled and stored in a du st-free environment. As only a limited selection of features is stored in the computer, addi tional specialized lit erature can be of help. An adequate combination of computer-solution and further resources de liver a satisfactory identi fication (=end solution) for all practical purposes. Where this is unsuccessful, a micro scopic examination of the woodbecomes necessary- ideally with the help of an expert with special kn owledge of woodanatomy. 47 48 5 DESCRIPTION BY SPECIES 49 1 Abarema jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip Huruasa Synonym: Pithecellobium jupunba (Willd.) Urban Vernacular names: Huruasa (Ar), Klaipio (C), Kwatapuna (M), Kwatpain (W), Orukorong(Ak), Soapwood (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall, trunk-0.85 (-1.2) m in diameter. Occasional to frequent in (often secondary) seasonal forest and marsh forest. Occasional in Wallaba forest. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundariesindistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and > 4 ves sels. Inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric. Proportion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller thanof half vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5mm, very low to low. Numbers of featuresin the key: 6 1 o 11 12 25 tttttl26 21tKt t28:w: :Jz�x 30 1%0 44�� 45 46 :t4�t""·"·4it�� �<��>t��,,: 49 50 t:��\n�rn<:�$.::: 50 2 Acosmium praeclarum (Sandw.) Yakovlev Blackheart Synonym: Sweetiapraeclara Sandw. Vernacular name: Blackheart (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.45 m in diameter. Occasional to common in Wallaba forest, Mora forest, marsh forest and mixed forest. Occurring in central and north-central Guyana; only knownfrom Guyana. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown (sometimes dark brown) and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Inclusions present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, scanty paratracheal, vasicentric and unilateral. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is '!. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: 2 5 1 Jf 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 r=1�: 11 19 :ttu ...... 3.Jlt%: mttm tt . .. r::nt 20 21 :r22t 23 24 25 26 21 28 t:2�t: 30 :�:n 32 33 34 . :r 3·5. :tMJ::::�t::::t��::: 39 40 :tl4m: 42 43 44 : 45 46 :twt: 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 tST. r r � n rn� ...... z� _.,r:z�:c. 1cr :::::1i:i1:�i:r···��·-·:::m�6\ $.1:::: �� ��::::1 ;;;;;; ;; �� : :��m �� �� � 91 92m ··95 : r Mrn i /W?:IJWt 51 3 Alexa imperatricis (Schomb.) Baillon Haiariballi Vernacular names: Crook(Cr), Haiariballi (Ar), Kapai (Ak), Koatoi (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree 30-40 m tall, tnmk -0.6 (-0.9) m in diameter. Locally dominant in mixed forest in north-west region, upper Mazaruni area and Pakaraima Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Diagonal pattern. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse-in-aggregates, para tracheal aliformand confluent. Parenchyma bands normally absent, very seldom of marginal type. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5mm, low to high. Numbers of featuresin the key: 52 3a Alexa leiopetala Sandw. Haiariballi Vernacular name: Haiariballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Common near the interior, in Wallaba forest on white sand and in mixed forest on brown sand. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growthring boundaries indistinctor absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, apotra cheal diffuse-in-aggregates, paratracheal aliform (very seldom confluent). Parenchyma bands normally absent, seldom of marginal type.Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is v.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: 13 14 :JU:�: 16 17 18 fffW 32 ::t�1:C"J�n::rn:�:1:rnm 37 38 51 52 53 54 55 56 Imm� �� �6 �i :t��m:::::;.�::il.l!illlf····i·� ·· 53 4 Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle Koraro Vernacular names: Bat seed (Cr), Koraro (Ar), Maats (W) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree 20-35 m tall, tnmk -0.7 (-1) m in diameter. Occasional in forests along rivers in north-central and north-eastern Guyana and the Rupununi district. 1mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Rays and axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundariessometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and sometimes >4 vessels. Diago nal pattern. Inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Wide parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the ves sels is Y4 to of vessel-size smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: . . .. 3 5 )/t::. .. 2... Ft:W: · 20 \:l:F. 22 23 24 Ji�tJ@W: 41 IM!::: 43 :t9�\:::1�:1mt�:::1�3\r�1::: 54 4a Andira inermis (Wright) DC. Koraro Vernacular name: Koraro (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0.9 m in diameter. Mainly occurring along the coastal plain, in swamp and marsh forest. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries some times indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 and sometimes >4 ves sels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium to large. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded irregular. Wide parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the ves sels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per5 mm, low to high. 55 5 Aniba hypoglauca Sandw. Yellow silverballi Synonym: Aniba ovalifoliaKosterm. Vernacularnames: Kawioi(Ak), Kurero silverballi (Cr), Yellow silverballi (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk-0. 75 m in diameter. In Wallaba forest and in mixed forest. Occurring near the interior. 1mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Distinct, pleasant, aromatic odour. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Propor tion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5mm, low to high. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of featuresin the key: 2 5 10 11 12 13 14 16 1 19 rt:u . . ..}.lf!M fill:: 1 :ttM ..... ?. .. l:J%:: 1 JWK . .=z�r 20 21 t. . 23 25 26 2 t 29 .. 24 1 : �t: 30 t:�XlM�m 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 �ft 42 43 44 45 46 l!Wf: 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Jrnm 59 60 62 63 . . 61 69 0 rn::!n . 1 :>@:::.. . ?.?... :::. . ::�.�:.: trnam 78 79 :t:�rn: 81 82 83 t:�:\:@:K. 86 87 88 89 ;� 111111��11 ::::::�r-:::1:;�:\::::��:{:: �!\1�$.::: 56 6 Antonia ovata Pohl In yak Vernacularnames: Inyak (W), Tamanokware (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -25 m tall, trunk -0.45 m in diameter. Tree of mixed, riverine forest on brown sand, occurring in east-central Guyana, but also occurring as a shrub in sa vannas in the Rupununi district. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically white to grey and no differ ence between heart- and sapwood. Growthring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement solitary and mainly radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Few to medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, very low to low. Additional feature: Islands of included phloem present. Numbers of features in the key: : . 11 12 13 ))fif 15 16 t@t::: 18 19 � . .. 2 t��m:·l!�ll·llllllll i� 30 : �7.( . ir 34 35 36 37 38 44 45 lll46 :t4m: 48 49 1�t}50 t51 52 53 54 55 56 tsn: 63 65 ·.·. <5"' 67 !l§.WV · ·6 � : · 82 84 85 86 � :::::�i:::111·11��m1::: :�7:� �� 1 �� liiW: l t :t��::/!!!/:1.- 57 7 Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson Shibadan Vernacular name: Shibadan (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk-0.6 m in diameter. An occasional to common species in mixed forest in north central and north-eastern Guyana and the Kanuku Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, darker than the sapwood. Growthring boundaries distinct. Anatomicalfeatures: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Fairly numerous. Arrangement exclusively solitary, with diagonal pattern. Inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous soli tary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, scanty paratracheal vasicentric. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.t of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 2 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 :t£f :11r: trw: .... . 7 20 21 22 23 ?.. 25 26 21 28 30 jj j� ::: t : :t�. r:�w: :tHf ... it ::::��? ;�:: ll·l��l::n��:: 39 40 41 42 43M 44 45 46 t:4W 48 49 50 . 51 52 53 54 55 ·: 56 JS%: 63 65 . 6 68 1 : 10 1 . . . 6 7 IWltHiJ\. . . ! � t:&F ·.··· K i:t@: ...7.1.. .?.?.}WW �� � m 82 ····s3T MtliM 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 :?9.�ttW:t. . .. . 9 5 .·ll:li�I[ m:�8n�i:::: :: 58 7a Aspidosperma album (Vahl) Benoist Shibadan Vernacular name: Shibadan (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40m tall, trunk -0.8 (-1) m in diameter. Widely distributed. Locally frequent in Wallaba, mixed, and seasonal forest on sandy soil. I mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement exclusively solitary with diagonal pattern. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric and unilateral. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 6 1 8 9 io 11 12 mum 25 26 27 28 t:t�::: 30 ::::::�tf""32' 44 45 46 59 8 Aspidosperma vargasii A. DC. Currywood Vernacular name: Currywood (Cr), Shibadan (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.7 m in diameter. Occurring in mixed forest in north-central Guyana and the Kanuku Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Extremely numerous. Arrangement exclusively solitary. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is 'l'4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, very low to low. Numbers of features in the key: I Jil�JtlM 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 l{J@:l 15 i6 imn 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 t:2�t 21 28 m:&m: 30 IMV! 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 }JilM 43 : :: . 54 55 fMK 57 m :j · 1 1 :� :� tg�\::m:i�::::m:��m �b :: m 1111·1 ··li!lil·l!lilil�ii! . i ::::::1ilm�� �� :i1�::::t�t::: 82 .....· s:r:tmt:r:::��m 86 87 : 88 89 90 91 �� ::::::'-�::::;m;�:J�� 60 9 Astronium ulei Mattick Bauwaua Vernacular names: Bastard purpleheart (Cr), Bauwana (W), Bauwaua (M), Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Occurring in eastern Guyana and the Rupununi district. I mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Ty loses and inclusions present. Diameter generally medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: . 14 5 .. . 1 11 12 13 1 . 0 rmrn��m 7 :11�L 9. l:J%1!)§.:: 7 r:rna:: 19 24 25 26 271:@$.m 29 30 :tult$.7.m 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 44 45 46 ::r4m: 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 s6_Jrnm: 6 3 . . 7 71 7 ...... ?.� . )1@�::: �i �� m m �� 90 mttM91 92 tf¥Et�W: 95 :::ru:l:::�::\mw::;;;;:;;:;; ::::::��: :::::�i 61 10 Bagassa guianensis Aublet Cow-wood Synonym: Bagassa tiliifolia (Hamilton) Benoist Vernacular names: Cow-wood(Cr), Katowar(W), Tuwne(M), Yawahudan(Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-45)m tall, trunk -0.55 (-0.95) m in diameter. Occasional in mixed forest on brown sand and in marsh forest. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, darker than the sapwood and sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement mainly solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples both of the same and of different sizes with 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye The width compared.to the vessels is smaller than Y.. of vessel size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. 11 36 !Fl$.\llW:37 38 55 56 m:rnm:76 95 62 7 Sa Buchenavia fanshawei Exell & Maguire Fukadi Vernacular name: Fukadi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-50) m tall, trunk -0.45 (-0.7) m in diameter. Widely distributed. Occasional in mixed, Mora, and river ine forest on brown sand or sandy loam. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, some times darker than sapwood, sometimes without any difference to the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of 2-4 vessels of the same size. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratra cheal aliform and banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Large distance between the parenchyma bands. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width comparedto thevessels is smaller than � of vessel-size. Rays narrow. There are numerous rays per 5mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 2 5 1 9 1 o 11 12 13 14 16 19 · · · · - ma:�::: .·. . . . tmm ::1m:1:: . . m :1��1Itl$.!: ::t:mu �. .rt@: : : 20 21 :)22::: 23 24 25 26 21 28 r:i�r 30 32 33 34 35 f'3fr:. .. . 37 38 : :t�:n .. .5 49 50 51 IM�ttiM 54 .5""" 56 r:&r 68 10 11 73 :t�Q::: Int::: ...... :it!?:f :::&�::: 1 •• � .7.1 ::iJ: 87 88 92 r�inii1r,! iii lil�wilinii,.l!!i 89 90 91 :t9.lJH#H 95 63 11 Calophyllum lucidum Benth. Kurahara Vernacular names: Kop0 (Ak), Kurahara (Ar), Marawaro (Ak), Serena (M), Watschir (W) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-45) m tall, trunk-0.8 (-1.8) m in diameter. Occasional in swamp forest and Wallaba forest near the interior, southeastem Guyana and the Kanuku Mts. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown. and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinctor absent. Anatomical features: Vessels mostly indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement exclusively solitary and clusters of 2-4 vessels. Diagonal pattern. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands sometimes small, sometimes large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width com pared to the vessels is smaller than V.. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 16 19 JJ1ftt.:�:: 35 36 37 38 54 55 56 t::S.�t �� i:�;::111::::r···;f 64 12 Carapa guianensis Aublet Crabwood Vernacular names: Crabwood (Cr), Karaba (Ar, P, Ak), ), Karapa-yek (Ak), Karapai (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-55) m tall, trunk-0.95 (-1.8) m in diameter. Abundant in Mora forest. Frequent to locally common in marsh forest and riverine forest. Widely distributed near the interior. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous woodof medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper coloured or shades of copper and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries some times indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse, sometimes diffuse-in-aggregates, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct or indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm,high to very high. Numbers of features in the key: 2 5 1 3 ... . o 11 . · . 1 . 1 .·.· ::trnm:: . ....} .?f:?B ·:ta�:: :::::::::::�:: 9 . . }.f.... . - � .1..:::: :::rn::::::::::t�:m:m11rrt.:�:: 19 20 21 :t22t?2S::: 24 25 26 27 28 ::::::i:g::: 30 t]J( 32 )J:l: 34 35 3.6 37 38 li'u�i *ll!\... ii11 � �!limini�::i�lrni�11fiI �� 1� !�111!il�il]" 65 l 2a Carapa procera A. DC. Crabwood Vernacular name: Crabwood( Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0.65m in diameter. Locally frequent in central Guyana, in Mora forest and mixed forest on sandy or loamy soil. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial paren chyma distinct to naked eye, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance be tween the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays distinct to naked eye. The widthcompared to the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 66 13 Catostemma commune Sandw. Common baromalli Vernacular names: Baramanni (Cr), Baromalli (Ar), Common baromalli (Cr), Katama (Ak), Paku (An), Simana (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -45(- 50) m tall, trunk-70 (-1.5) m in diameter. Frequent to abundant in mixed forest and Mora forest. Occurs principally in the Essequibo and Cuyuni River ba sins. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, with out any difference to the sapwood. Axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement soli tary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Parenchyma bands medium to wide. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is half of vessel-size to as large as the vessels or even larger. Rays medium. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of featuresin the key: s 1 �: lo 11 12 13 :mn:rntmtf.t...... �.tI%t: :tti:: ::m:n: : 9 20 21 :t22:: 23 24 25 26 21 2s %!7.9:%I$.9!: 31 32 wit �� 11i�t::!�:11ilr1ii1n�1�llnii111�i:lilln�!+��: 67 14 Catostemma fragrans Benth. Sand baromalli Vernacular names: Adarouna (Ar), Baramanni (Cr), Baromalli (Ar), Kamatana (M), Kornn(W), Pak:u(An), Sand baromalli (Cr), Simana(Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-35) m tall, trunk-0.5 (-1) m in diameter. Occasional to frequent in Wallaba forest on white sand and in evergreen seasonal forest.Widely distributed. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wocxl of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, sometimes even with streaks and without any difference to the sapwocxl. Axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Inclusions present. Diameter gen erally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, apotra cheal diffuse, paratracheal vasicentric and aliforrn, banded irregular.Width of parenchyma bands narrow to medium. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands sometimes smaller than the fibre tissue bands, sometimes as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibresmedium to large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Yi of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, very high. Numbers of features in the key: 1 mmrm1rm�m ....} .. :114m 5 :111:: ::1m:$.:: 9 .)9...... u. 12 13 ....�.� ... J?.Jma:: 17 ::tJl:L}.?... 20 21 :r1:t: 23 24 25 26 21 28 :::-:-2�.t::-:�· 31 32i ::.::M·:::.:=:�;f 35 ·:s6.:: 37 ::::-:·3�r 11�1 �� ; ;Jl,!1uii1i� 11i;1l! . ...i�;1!!1l;;-n; ... n!� i1�i11!�::!:1�Hillf l!I 68 14a Catostemma altsonii Sandw. Baromalli Vernacular name: Baromalli (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -45 m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Frequent to common in the Essequibo-Mazaruni divide, in mixed andWallaba foreston sandy soil. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, sometimes even white to grey. Growth ring bonndaries indistinctor absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses pres ent. Diameter small to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded scalariform, marginal and sometimes irregular. Width of parenchyma bands narrow to medium. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands or as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow to medium. Sparse rays per 5 mm, very high. Numbers of features in the key: 3 l 6 1:1utJ:g::: ...... � .. Ft@ : 5 :11§.:: 1 ::tnK 9 1 o 11 12 1 14 ::1rn::: lWtt:rn�n:::J9:::: 20 :f2lttM:::.. 23 24 25 26 27 28 \::19.t:rn�t 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 3 44 tAS. 69 15 Cedrela odorata L. Red cedar Vernacular names: Akuyari (Ar), Atoreb (W), Koperi (Ak), Kurana (An), Parank (W), Paranka (M), Red cedar (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 (-4 5) m tall, trunk-1.0 (-1.8) m in diameter. Rare to occasional in Mora forest, seasonal forest and in mixed forest. Occurring throughout the country. I mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper coloured or shades of copper and darker than the sapwood. Distinct cedar odour. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance betweenthe parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Additional feature: Occasional traumatic canals. 13 14 ::rn1w:mum 17 tw�w:11m 32 33 34 35 36 37 38· 51 ::t�gt(iM 54 5 5 56 :::::::: ��t· 70 71 {@2/ 73 74 1 5 9 9 ""'�)'{' 9 .·:1;r: ::1:::'·fi::::··:.::·:.:·.:.:i::..1 8 0 2 %!�¥: 94 : �:� 70 16 Chlorocardium rodiei Green heart (Schomb.) Rohwer, Richter & van der Werff Synonym: Ocotea rodiei (Schomb.) Mez (usually misspelled "rodiaei") Vernacular names: Bibiro/BiblUU(Ar), Cogwood (Cr), Greenheart (Cr), Kut (Ak), Rora(-yek) (Ak), Sipiri (An), Sipu (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -45 (-53) m tall, trunk-0.6 (-1) m in diameter. Frequent in Greenheart forest on light sandy-loam soils. Occasional in Mora forest. Rare in Wallaba forest. Widely distributed, but rare in north-west-region. 1 nun Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ringboundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indis tinct to naked eye, scanty paratracheal vasicentric and unilateral. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large: Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. 71 17 Chrysophyllumpomiferum Limonaballi/Paripiballi (Eyma) Penn. Synonym: Achrouteriapomifera Eyma Vernacular names: Aknon (Ak), Kwikpa (Ak), Limonaballi (Ar),Paripiballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk -0.9 m in diameter. Occasional to locally frequent in Morabukea and Green heart forest. Found near the interior and PakaraimaMts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Fairly numerous to numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Few solitaryvessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyrna bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than V.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 3 1 o 1 mttu fl@t ..... ?..1:11:: :11�111w: i . . 2 20 21 22 23 :t2�t:t2S: 26 tll:%.... 28 9 3 41 9 ...... 19. ..- ...1.} .... !?1f:f""4il!lfm.t .... 1. .?... 46" @}Mi:: 1i::r�i::::u��:::n�&:: �� : �� :r :: ::t�J:::: r�i1\::::$.#r:rn�;.::: 72 18 Clathrotropis macrocarpaDucke Aroma ta Vernacular names: Aromata (Ar), Kauwi (Ak),Koreko (C), Mutuwali (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree 20- 0 m tall, trunk -0.5 (-0.6) m in diameter. Locally 3frequent in mixed forest, in the further near interior and Rupununi district. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood, sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of2-4 vessels. Diameter gener ally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse-in-aggregates, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per5 mm low to high. Numbers of features in the key: tl¥L ....� ...... � .!ili. m 5 :mmn�rn 1 �:1::::1:: 9 10 11 12 13 :::::::nr· 1 5 16 11 ::::=:==nv:=q�r.. :i�;tll�!+ 31 3: =: ·:: · : 3 .. ?Ttn;� �j � rni�t �� �� = 1 · · . :·= 5 · 6· ·· : l!�:::,l1ir:::7�1.= . : . : :::':..•. · :. · ii.� ; �� :::: m s 8 :.::.:�s::.·:�s::.:t �:8 ·!_·:l• ==•_. ·•::: :·�= �u:::1:•=::i:· ::::::;•: ;! 1=:.!.!:.i.:.:.s. ::.:..1.:=· ·::• :'. ::·..•1:l92:·..:;:• •.::4.J:'.:··.s.::•:._ ..:: �· : :· ..... i!j.jl�lr·�·�· . r:,�tr�1::::1:�:::: � :•m�mnm:=: 6 · · · 9 .:::..: .. :·: :.. ..· ...::.· 19 ...... ::: =. :.::.:·.. :::•rn�9�:3�}··:=..: :. :.,.::·:::�:.�:..: ::. _.:::: :.:'..:·.··:·: :�s9 ··:·:·5 7 · · 3 · · 18a Clathrotropis brachypetala (Tul.) Kleinh. Aromata Vernacular name: Aromata (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, tnmk0. 1 (-0 .4) m in diameter. Widely distributed. Frequent to common in Mora, marsh, and mixed forest on sand or sandy loam, particularly along creeks. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood, sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. No vessel con tent. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded irregular. Medium parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibretissue bands or as wide as the fibretissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibressmall to medium. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is V.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: ttJl.. ...� ...... � .:11w:. 5 t:11:: 7 ::ttw 9 . )9. . ... P.. 12 mum 14 :mmrn::: 16 17 ttnr... 19 20 :t2ltt22? 23 24 25 26 27 28 :t29tt3Q.:: 3 32 33 34 35 :\36.f ff :::::l9 t:4(r··;;rr= 1 38 = =: :::::42=== 43 44 45 =:::::4�r 47 ·.·.··;;fatrn@:... ?.9.Ymum52 ::::::�m:f:$.@:::t�$tt®.rn 57 ;;;�;11�!! �� 11,�;1��: �� ;�� ;;�,rn�m�� nnr�; �� ;;�;n�rw��11��rn;�;;:1 74 19 Couratariguianensis Aublet Wadara Synonym: Courataripulchra Sandw. Vernacular names: Fine-leafwadara (Cr), Irimariye (M), Irimiyar (W), Mari mari (Wr), Urimari (C), Wadara (Ar), Waranaka (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -50 m tall, trunk -0.80m in diameter. Occasional in seasonal and mixed forest,sometimes in marsh forest often as emergents. Widely distributed. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood oflow to medium density. Heartwood basically brownor shades ofbrown and darker than the sapwood.Distinct, unpleasant odour.Growth ring boundariessometimes indistinct,sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples ofthe same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibretissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibressmall to medium. Rays sometimes distinct sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The widthcompared to the vessels is smaller than V.of vessel-size to smaller than halfof vessel size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, high to very high. 75 19a Couratari gloriosa Sandw. Wadara Vernacular name: Wadara (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.85 m in diameter. Locally common in north-central and central Guyana and the Rupununi district, in Mora, marsh, and riverine forest. I mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, sometimes indis tinct to naked eye, banded scalariform. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays sometimes distinct sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.t of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per5 mm, high. 76 19b Couratari multiflora (J.E. Smith) Eyma Smooth-leaf wadara Vernacular name: Smooth-leafwadara (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk-0 .6 (-1) m in diameter. Common in northern and central Guyana, mainly west of the Essequibo River, in mixed forest on loamy sand or clay. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown. Growth ring boundariesdistinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye. Distribution banded parenchyma of scalariform type. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the paren chyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibressmall. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: :11v 2 ..... }.. /tHU 5 :t:aJ: 1 :tt�t ...... ?...... ).9... .. 11 12 13 rnw: 15 16 :tim 18 19 . . : 20 21 .t:?z.. : 23 24 25 26 27 :..t2�k?2W.. 30 :tJU 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 .. �9.. 41'{}�1f.ilM�i:i. 44 .. .4.?. .. 46 . 47Ti�K: 49 50 :tst:. .. 52 r:s.�r:. 54 ?ms:::... . 56 57 <:s�r=. r:6n t. 8 58 60 62 6 3 :. . &.t.. 65 66 67 6 . 1 7 . 5 · 1 �::: 9.8:1·· . 1 . ' . .·. 8 8 : 8· 18 · .0 ...... 2 ·""\t 1:,:2�:· ::" : :. ,: ,�:).�. :· ·, .!::·,,· . ;·,:·:.,,:.:: ,:.:,:�.·.· · �: , : , · ::wmr·1r 7 9 ::J@::: 1 82 ..�d· 84 m:rn�m 86 7 9 90 91 9 ,:. . : . . . .4.· rt,: 9z:J 5:i) . ·· . . . ·... 77 20 Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Sandw. Dakama Vernacular names: Akayoran (C), Dakama (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -25 m tall, trunk -0.5 m in diameter. In Wallaba forest on white sand. Occurring in north-central and central Guyana and Rupwmni district. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull woodof medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red sometimes with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries some times indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and with 2-4 vessels. Reddish inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and conflu ent. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than '14 of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: � ::ttrn:::rmim ....· .·. . .2 .. ttJt 5 r1:�:m:mt11mmm�:: 9 ....J.9 ...... J..L 12 13 14 15 ::::n�::�r11::m:rn�m 19 tz.m �tz.9.ttM:�� t�J((: 20 21 � 23 24 25 26 2 1 28 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 51 52 53 54 ···5·5\MK 57 m: :'.�lllf i!:t��'. 1iir � ci:irnii::!!:i! ll!if 1Mif�� r::@.i �r\:m:;l? �1 :l!lll!lll�:m::: 78 20a Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist Huruhurudan Vernacular name: Huruhurudan (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree-40 m tall, trunk JJ.7 5 m in diameter. Locally common in northern and central Guyana, in Wal laba or Muri (Humiria balsamifera var. guianensis) forest on sandy soil. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, sometimes with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma some times distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, aliform, unilat eral and confluent. Proportion of ground tissue fibresmedium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, very low to low. 13 fJM 15 32 33 34 51 52 53 �� 11·111111·t::;7::: 7 9 21 Diplotropis purpurea(Rich.) Amshoff Tatabu Vernacular names: Konatopo (C), Ogoru (Ak), Olgoi (Ak), Tatabu (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk -0.6 (-1) m in diameter. Occasional in mixed forest and seasonal forest on brown sand near the interior and Rupununi district. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, darker than the sapwood and sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries indistinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Inclusions pres ent. Diameter generally large to very large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct and sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, aliform and unilateral. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 80 22 Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd. Tonka bean Vernacular names: Aip<> (Ak), Krapabosi (C), Kumaru (Ar), Tonka bean (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree (-48) m tall, trunk -0. m in diameter. Occasional-35 in mixed and seasonal7 5 (- 2.forest.5) Widely distrib uted near the interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood, sometimes with streaks. Rays storied. Growthring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels with diagonal pattern. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform, confluent and unilateral, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance betweenthe parenchyma bands large. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres me diwn to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: m11e ...... ·�.tJ@i Jt:�:: 1 :t:m:�:: 9 mtrn:: ra�rn 2 :t22?\2m: 5 10 11 12 14 20 21 24 25 26 27 �� 11:11:��1111:$.Q:: 31 32 33 34 n!! tlllt�l1! 1.�irni·lll,lwiw· �� i� rim �� :::�:ll"i 81 23 Eperua falcata Aublet Soft wallaba Vernacular names: Parewe (C), Softwallaba (Cr), White wallaba (Cr), Wopa(A) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall, tnmk -0.80 m in diameter. fu Wallaba forest on white sand, in marsh and seasonal forest and sometimes in mixed forest. Widely distributed. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Sometimes lustrous, sometimes dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red sometimes with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomicalfeatures: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Normally sparse, sometimes ex tremely sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizesand of 2-4 vessels. Tylosespresent. Inclusions present. Diametergenerally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axialparenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, banded irregular and sometimes marginal. Narrow to medium paren chyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is � of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, veryhigh. Additional features: Wood sticky due to resins. Tangential bands of resin ducts present. 82 24 Eperua grandiflora (Aublet) Benth. Ituri wallaba Vernacular names: Ituri wallaba (Cr), Yoboko (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall; trunk -0.6 (-0.8) m in diameter. Gregarious in white sand areas and Wallaba forest. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red sometimes with streaks, darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial paren chyma sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Additional features: Wood sticky due to resins. Tangential bandsof resin ducts present. 83 24a Eperua jenmanii Oliver Ituri wallaba Vernacular name: Ituri wallaba (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, trunk -0.7 m in diameter. Common-35 in north-central Guyana, the north-west district, and the Pakaraima Mts., in mixed, Mora, riverine, and Wallaba forest on brown or white sand. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Sometimes lustrous, sometimes dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of vessels. Dark inclusions present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels.2- Axial4 parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, high to very high. Additional feature: Tangential bands of resin ducts present. 13 14 15 ram:tMt=: 18 19 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 �� n�!11!�1llill�iln�-I�'! 84 24b Eperua schomburgkiana Benth. Ituri wallaba Vernacular names: Ituri wallaba (Cr), Water wallaba (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, trunk m in diameter. Locally-36 common in northern-0.5 and central Guyana, and the Pakaraima Mts., in riverine and Mora forest on sandy soil. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Sometimes lustrous, sometimes dull woodof medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of vessels. Inclusions pres ent (red gums). Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels.2-4 Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands. small to large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Additional feature: Tangential bands of resin ducts present. Numbers of features in the key: . . .. .?. . .} . .9 u.. 1 :tltL: : }t:JC 5 ?!tl.!1!1!1tit&� :: 9 12 13 1 4 15 ?::11.ftit:l:: �1�8 19 �� :r �: � . 2 ;� �� :m:711i�:: �� i :: � � .· · 31 3 33 34 35 36 J/ : ij�!:!iS¥.¥ : \::SK .:, : : 5 � 'J®.fi 1 . . · : t: :f&.V . . . . : : : : : : Kf . . 5 : . : . : : · :.:..:: : : ·:. · :.: ..: . · : 9 2 :::���: ·:;: : .: :: : : : · ,��ft• •: . : : ::' : : : : �·:iJ·: · . :: 1.(f: 0 : · : :::.:.�:: : �. . . 5 6 6 6 65 66 . .: .:: :::.: . : . . . ::n.7. . . 3 :t 7 · . .: ...... :t tirtn : � ;�6. Jr ::.:o�ff] . : · · : 7 8 7 9 ····s0··:l$.'fl 82 ····si]::1tfti$.:: : 86 87 88 89 9$,� 0i1!.llii:'.:�91ll:. : !. :·. 5 95 85 25 Eperua rubiginosa Miq. Watapa Vernacular names: Watafa (Ar), Watapa (Ar), Water wallaba (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk0 - . m in diameter. Dominant to frequent in9 mixed forest along rivers and creeks on white sand. Occurring in central Guyana. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples of the same size and of vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous2-4 solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays sometimes distinct sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Additional features: Wood sticky due to resins. Tangential bands of resin ducts present. 86 26 Eschweilera alata A.C. Smith Guava-skin kakaralli Vernacular names: Guava-skin (kakaralli) (Cr), Kakaralli (Ar), Okoromai (Ak), Tekroma(Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, tnmk m in diameter. In mixed-30 forest, particularly-0.4 Morabukea forest, on brown sand. Occurring mainly near the interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters, radial multiples normally of the same, sometimes of different sizes and of vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium to numerous solitary2-4 vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, scanty paratracheal, banded reticulate and irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance betweenthe parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinctto naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smallerthan Y. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremelynumerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: : .. . .:_ · .:: ::rum: >I1}t:nr .·..: :. :2::.:::f1:.: £�3... : �-0. . . £� � 2 3 4 6 9 201 :. :. : ...... :. . .. .:_. :·... : :·::.·:·.:·.·.. ·-�.�.. : .·.. : . .tm. 2r4;:1 24s :m :::2tri::Jm5 ::::2r16:-:::rur1�::2 ·.·:.···::·· ..:l:J.: .. ·· �. ·.·.··.:.·_ . ... ·_.::··.· .·....·. l. .·.�:·. ·. ·.. _·. .· ._· 3101 :·:":·::::·'.:!'.1:· . 1.: :: 312 1 1 · 1 3 · �� ;;;;;:��;: �� 1 1111��111:]��:: �� rniii1;��11;��n!!. ii :;:wf· : lii�im!!1:i�:1ii . .. !I!�! �b tfll��I t� llllNt� 87 27 Eschweilera decolorans Sandw. Smooth-leaf kakaralli Vernacular names: Akurima (Ak), Kwateri (C), Kwatru (M), Smooth-leaf kakaralli ( Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall� trunk0 - .6 m in diameter. Occasional to common in mixed forest and Mora forest west ofDemerara River and in the Kanuku Mts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels.2-4 Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high. 88 27a Eschweilera coriacea (A. DC.) Smooth-leaf kakaralli Mori Vernacular name: Smooth-leafkakaralli (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -37 m tall, trunk-0.6 m in diameter. Frequent to common in north-central and central Guyana, and the Pakaraima Mts., in mixed, Clump wallaba, Mo rabukea and riverine forest, on sandy loam, brown sand, or laterite. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small. Nu merous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate ir regular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width comparedto the vessels is smaller than of vessel Y-i size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: t:ttt1t1\ . . }Jta::: 5 tt$t!t/n::1t3.tt/9:\.).9... 11 12 13 14 ::tt�::: 16 !1¥t::: 18 19 20 21 :r22t?2l}...... 24 25 26 21 28 :r2�r. 30 ::::dr: 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 : : .....· :::::: :: :1 :: �� :r:;.�:::,;:;:.·�b:.i1�t:: :� ::::::�::::::::�i::iJ��:: :� !]��::· :� .�fl!lili��li ;i 9i t::1�:: �J: 3t:ti�::: .. ::lir-.. . · .. .. 8 87 88 8 : .. :111r · 19· so t:$.tft�m·:··· si :m::�m::rij$.m 6 9 90 91 :::n�z:: 93 ::xmt 95 89 27b Eschweileraparviflora Fine smooth-leaf kakaralli (Aublet) Miers Vernacular name: Fine smooth-leaf kakaralli (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -33 m tall, trunk-0.3 m in diameter. Locally common in the North-West district, and north-cen tral and southern Guyana, in mixed forest on brown sand. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small. Medium to numerous solitary 2-4 vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of Y. vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high. 11 12 13 14 t:11::: 16 i%%! 18 19 30 (:j:p 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 :� ;;;;;;��;:;11111:��1! 87 88 89 �! 1'111im!�1l!l�rn�; 90 27 Eschweilera wachenheimii Fine-leaf kakaralli c (Benoist) Sandw. Vernacular name: Fine-leaf kakaralli (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -28 m tall, trunk-0.3 m in diameter. Widely distributed. Common in mixed, Morabukea, and Mora forest, on sand or laterite. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the paren chyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibressmall. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numerous rays per � 5 mm, high to very high. Numbers of features in the key: lFJt 2 ...... JJFM 5 t:11:1:nmtttK 9 10 11 12 13 14 rnww: 16 :1Mt:: 1s 19 �. :: = ir: 20 21 t:1m.. 23 24 25 26 21 28 t:2�n 30 = = · 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 · · ·:;ff\@��m 43 45 46 4 49 = · . ·· . . . · · fAW:. 1 ::wt.M .,,'... .··, . ' . . = . · ' .: .·.·:· .: . ' ' ' ,· ,.:: .�v.�:.. . n9·:. :::·:: ' :"·::·: : : ·: :.: ·.:: ;;:""'::·.:. 1:·: ;:: : ::: · 58 .. 62 . . 65 66. 67 68 . ... :...... ·..·.:,:01 . .. .. t::s.9.:t@RlCKf"· 6"3)/W.V · · ·· 1 :111r1·s · 79· 80 :tj£: 82 ··· ·sf:ti4:t/lW 86 87 88· 89 �! m!f 11i11!;li;{*' · 1 91 28 Eschweilera sagotiana Miers Common black kakaralli Vernacular names: (Common) black kakaralli (Cr), Kwateri (C), Kwatru (M), Poko (Ak), Prukoi (P), Tamad (W) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall; trunk-0.6 m in diameter. Gregarious in mixed forest, particularly on laterite, and Mora forest. Widely distributed. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Sometimes dull, sometimes lustrous wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brownand darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter gen erally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numerous rays per 5 nun, high Y. to very high. Numbers of features in the key: w�m 1 · · · - 5 1 9 1 o 11 12 13 14 II$::: 16 17 r 19 1:1�m...... � ..mm:+�e 'tt§.:: t:t&:: · ·. . . 20 21 . . 23 24 25 26 21 28 t:Z.% 30 I@E 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 :t:z�:r. . · . t)P.f 39 40 �ff\%tM. . 43 45 46 47 )]#:�:). 49 .·.· .50-\rnt 52 t::S.M 54 I\5.& 56 57 .. . ..6Yt::Mr . . · . . . 6 67 58 ::::rn9.<. 6ot 6T 62 .··· 5 66 68 11 . t. ::::mmr:1m ····1r:::::::+?:::t:21t ..?.?.Jtt.m ?w1r . ·�is. . 19·· 80 :t�nt::m��:r···s'3.J::iJnm::�$.::: 86 87 88 89 90 91 <::9�:tm$;ttwr. 95 92 28a Eschweilera pedicellata (L.C. Rich.) S. Mori Kakaralli Vernacular name: Kakaralli (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -20 (-30) m tall, trunk-0.3 m in diameter. Widely distributed. Common in riverine forest, also occur ring in mixed and Mora forest, on sand or laterite. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. basically brown or shades of brown and darker Heartwood than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial pa renchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate, marginal and irregular. Narrow paren chyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller and as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of Y.i vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numer ous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 5 1 11 12 13 14 16 19 ...... o . . . tt:�=: tI�\:]:@:: : 1?::: II%Itt:�: Fli:f]:::@f.1 2 lIA::i 1 : : 1 : 20 21 :\22:: 23 24 25 26 27 ':f2K' 29 30 mur: 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 49 so :xs.r :-:-:· ·:-:-:-: ...., ., :;;t 810 68 �������Z:���A ������:�:;.�.:�� .... ��r;�in��Il!I ri�1 l! II!:. ;:.1 �.rn!!i87 88 89 �! ll"l:·!;1!�llliri: 93 28b Eschweilera subglandulosa Black kakaralli (Steudel ex 0. Berg) Miers Vernacular name: Black kakaralli (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40m tall, trunk -0.6 (-1) m in diameter. Widely distributed. Common in mixed and riverine forest, on laterite and sand. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, sometimes white to grey and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Ty loses and inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely V.. numerous rays per5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 5 1 .. .. 11 12 13 19 . Ft:m: t:t . o 14 t:l$ttt4.t::m111t�:: ItJt K ... ::1n111w: ? 1 ?... 20 21 tti1::. . 23 24 25 26 27 :t2K. 29 30 t\tfo 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ·.·.·.4i\)it=. 43 44 45 ·· 49 ··SO"\ 52 t:S.tk 54 \Ms::: 56 57 58 . : 62 63 :/46.t··4°f\dt.&:::66 68 ··69 rn:c n::s.mtMot 6T t:w.t:r·Kr ··"i/f \WW �� 1 ··· 1 rnnn···;is····19· 80 rnnn11�::r···s3·\:::&r::1:�w 86 87 88 t:s.it :t��:1 illlll i1·r:::®.::: 1��m 94 29 Goupia glabra Aublet Kabukalli Vernacular names: Goupi (Cr), Kabiuk (Ak), Kabukalli (Ar), Kupiye (C), Stinkwood (Cr), Waramai (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-40) m tall, trunk-0. 9 m in diameter. Dominant in seasonal forest in eastern Guyana. Occasional in Mora forest. Frequent to occasional in mixed forests on sandy soil. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, some times copper-coloured or shades of copper, red or shades of red, with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Distinct, sour and unpleasant odour. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement exclusively solitary. Inclu sions present (red brown deposits). Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of Y4 vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: :11u 2 1:1�:: ..... �. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 r:::nn::ar:tttl�:: 19 20 21 22 {%V 24 25 26 21 28 :mwx: 30 it�litMt.:: 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 tA7{"4�f 49 5o 51 52 53 54 55 56 \M:t:: 63 t:t1m.... 65 66 67 68 =to.m: 10 11 ...... ;rw�:::::::::1�:: : 1 :: : n nw�::: .?.1 : 11: :';it::��:t:m $.}: 82 88 89 91 92 /WW 94 trn:w 1 : 1 : s3'tmW11:::::�w1:�@1::�tt: :::rw.::: 95 30 Humiria balsamifera (Aublet) A. St. Hil. Tauroniro var. balsamifera Synonym: Humiriafloribunda Mart. Vernacular names: Bastard bulletwood (Cr), Meri (Cr), Tauaranru (Ar), Tauroniro (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40m tall, trunk-0.9 (-1.2) m in diameter. Occasional to frequent in Wallaba forest or marsh forest on (white) sand. Occasional in seasonal forest on brown sand. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Fairly numerous. Arrange ment exclusively solitary with diagonal pattern. Inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Pro portion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Y.i Rays narrow. There are numerous rays per 5 high. mm, Numbers of features in the key: 15 r:Jwt::urtrn�:: 19 34 35 36 37 38 53 54 55 r::$.i::1::�m: :1:%�::: 74 :�tz�r ·16· 9n1 JJt.W: 93 tJf:iM 95 96 31 Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao Suradan Synonym: Hyeronima laxiflora (Tul.) Muell. Arg. Vernacular names: Napo (Ak), Suradan (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, m in diameter. Occasional-35 in mixedtrunk forest,-0.7 (-0.9) more frequent in secondary forest on laterite, loam or brown sand. Occurring mainly along rivers and streams or in swampy forest. Occurring near the interior and the Rupununi district. I mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood.Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement exclusively solitary with diagonal pattern. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous soiitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays medium. Sparse rays per mm, high to very high. 5 Numbers of features in the key: 14 t:l$l:JM/ 17 t:J$.::: 19 33 34 35 36 37 38 52 53 5 55 56 tST 4 1::��::\ �mJ��::: �b �i !·lilll�li :1 97 32 Hymenaea courbarilL. Locust Vernacular names: Kawanari (Ar), Locust (Cr), Moire (M), Not (W), Stinking toe (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -45 (-50) m tall, bole -1 (-2) m in diameter. Occasional along rivers in mixed and Mora forest, also in marsh forest. Widely distributed, particularly common in eastern Guyana. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, some times red or shades of red, with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring bounda ries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, some times indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric, aliform and confluent, banded mar ginal and irregular. Narrow to medium parenchyma bands. Distance between the paren chyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than V.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: rt=:r ::<\¥: =::::t6? r 2 3 5 1 :r s=: 9 1 o 11 12 1 3 14 15 t]§.:: .. �. .?. .:t:i�rnitJm illi1�!1 :::i'�i'ltlnjf ii lij:;;::i';:ii}1!!1l�l::iii: �� ;1!;111jlnij11!�;'rni l�!jl 98 3 2a Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber Locust Vernacular names: Simiri (Ar), Locust (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, trunk -0.85 m in diameter. Occasional-40 to locally common in northern central Guyana in Wallaba forest on white sand, and in southern Guyana in mixed, marsh, and riverine forest. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown some times red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ringboundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2- vessels. Dark inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary4 vessels. Axial paren chyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform, confluent and unilateral, banded mar ginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: :rtm: 2 3 ::rmt s �taJ: 1 :ft$.:: 9 1 o 11 20 ::::?21r::::21�= 23 24 2s 26 21 2s ::ri�tilm ::�I�!lii�� !"niii � li'"lni1niii5!!'!llil 99 33 HymenolobiumflavumKleinh. Koraroballi Vernacular names: Atoritan (W), Darina (Ar), Kaserena (M), Koraroballi (Ar), Kotik (Ak), Mabinanero (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, m in diameter. Occasional-35 (-5 in0) mixed trunkand seasonal-0. 65 (- 1forest) near the interior and Kanuku Mts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Axial parenchyma and fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2- and of > vessels. Inclusions pres ent. Diameter generally large. Numerous solitary vessels.4 Axial4 parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded irregular. Medium parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is v.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 12 13 14 15 ttt& . ...1.7.. 18 t:JW 31 32 33 34 35 t:mL...... 37 38 50 @::?.# 52 @&% 54 .5.ft::S.6\ 57 69 10 ...... ?...�... }@M:::mtJ.\ .... .?1... I:z�::: 76 88 89 t:wn. 91 92 tw:�FtWF 95 100 34 Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. Maporokon Vernacular names: Kurang (Ak), Kwari (Ak), Kwariye (M), Maporokon(i) (Ar), Yokar (W) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.75 m in diameter. Frequent in mixed forest on brown sand, both in primary and secondary forest. Widely distributed. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and slightly darker than the sapwood, sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally large to very large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than � of vessel size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low. 101 3 5 Iryantheralancif olia Ducke Kirikaua Vernacular names: Kirikaua (Ar), Marbuk (Ak), Swamp kirikaua (Cr), Weputana (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -27 m tall, trunk -0.6m in diameter. Abundant in pahn marsh forest, occasional to frequent in other types of marsh and swamp forest. Widely distributed. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter gen erally small to medium. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal scanty, banded marginal and irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is � of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. 102 35a Iryanthera macrophylla Warb. Kirikaua Vernacular name: Kirikaua (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall, trunk m in diameter. Possibly5-1 7occuning in the0. 1north-west-0.2(-0.4) district, in mixed for est. Imm Physical properties and structural features: , Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same size and of vessels. Tyloses and dark inclusions pres ent. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium2-4 to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, scanty paratracheal and banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than V4 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numer ous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: ::tif.t.. . . } .ll@k ::1rn�:: ::@IM . . .?. . J.9. 2 1 :t1Mt]�::1::�:1::1rn�:: 9 1 :t22::... . 5 7 :t2s.:=::t2m...... 11 :::::Jp1 3 14 :::::mr:::J:r 1 20 21 :: 23 24 25 26 21 30 : 32 33 34 35 :: :· ·.: ::: : 38 4.9. :+f lJ@:: . . . . : : :: 39 43 44 �.?. t#W . 4 4 5 · · . m ...... 7T:::4�::: .••; ;_ 6_s:;•�s__··_·•:.•.•. l l______:1_· · ___..__:·.· ._ :· · l .: : _ : : ::: �87� i!is·::;o.1::::1 _:: :_::::: _::_ �. 1 : : .....: : :��4 _ _ : �: :m:1r:m:9�>r��::ili·_ l�:li::m:�im :=:�1\::::$.4::::r�$.rn 8· : 9:_ _._: _.:·.·:_ ::._M�_:_::. · :2::._·:: :::_· _ :·_ _ :_t::::;-�9::x_:1 ::: :=�9:= : 23· ::. .:·:': :·_ ::._.:·:· :.:�n::.·. .. :·::�·:.··:·.. . ._:·_:·: :_•:_ : __ __:;: .:__·_: l_::·;: _ :i6�;:::::·:!·:::i1�:::.::_:·::i•_ _:: . :__ :::_ _ m?9:::� :J5 : : l : �� �� · :..· . :.· . : 103 36 Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don Futui Vernacular names: Aku (Ak),Futui (Ar), Kopaia (C), Pasa (Ak), Phootee (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree m tall; m in diameter. Occurring-30 (- 4 sometimes3) trunk in seasonal-0.8 (-1) forest, sometimes in (secondary) Wallaba forest. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red, yellow or shades of yellow, white to grey, with streaks and no differ ence between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundariesindistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous. solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma some times distinct sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent. Pro portion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: : rrn�t::nw: ::::::�:�::::::gtJJt.� :1::;�::: ::::m;�rm�J::::::=:;�:: }�x:t�:1m::: �j::: t::��::: 16 11 : : 2� : . . : :: r : j� j� 35 : Mrn 3 38 t:3&?AtL : t:4.r t"'5'5' 7 t:::S�t t 41 42 43 44 45 46 .. 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 : &altS.9.ta�m 61 62 63 ::rs'.c 65 .. .6K . 67 ::t6.Mt().% 10 11 ::::@2r 73 74 ::::n�:f""%f' ::MtW""'7'8'""··79·::t$tLt�tb 82 ]!$.$::: 84 ::]�$.::: 86 ::]�1:J:!$.$.l::J��:t:::m.tf""?h" n :::w�::::rwr: 95 104 3 7 Laetiaprocera (Poeppig) Eichler Warakairo Vernacular names: Bastard kabukalli (Cr), Murewa (C), Warakai(o)ro (Ar), Watuwai (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall, tnmk -0.8m in diameter. Occasional to locally frequent in primary and secondary mixed forest, on sandy soil. Widely distributed. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically yellow or shades of yellow and no dif ference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter gener ally medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Pro portion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is 114 of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow to medium. Sparse rays per 5 mm,high to very high. Numbers of features in the key: 5 7 10 11 12 13 15 16 11 19 1 :tJW: ...... �.tIM!i! :111:: ?IIM . .. . . ?... r:mu /JM 20 21 1:ii1qrf: 24 25 26 21 :tY:t 29 30 ::::::�:n:t$.7.::: 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 (/4:%: 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 ::::mm= · m ··· n :::::w�:::::mMtI?�:r···1K· lllill��ll �� �� :::m��\:m�im: ;� lllll��llr �::r· �f· ;� :t:��::r::�$.::: �� �6 91 :t:�::: 93 t:Wt 95 : 105 38 Lecythis confertijlora (AC. Smith) S. Mori Wirimiri Synonym: Eschweilera confertifloraA.C. Smith Vernacular name: Wirimiri (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk-0.7 m in diameter. Occasional to frequent in mixed forest on brown sand and on laterite. Mostly in further interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Tyloses and dark inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow pa renchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. 106 39 Lecythis corrugata Poit. Wina Synonym: Eschweilera corrugata (Poit.) Miers Vernacular name: Wina (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk-0. 9 m in diameter. Found in Wallaba forest, sometimes in marsh forest. Fre quent to occasional in near interior, southeastern Guyana and Rupununi district. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull to lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growthring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Ty loses and dark inclusions pres ent. Diameter generally medium. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibressmall to medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. There are numerous rays per 5 mm, low. 107 41 a Licania laxifloraFritsch Kauta Vernacular name: Kauta (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Occasional to common in northern and central Guyana, in mixed, Wallaba, and Morabukea forest on sand or laterite. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement exclusively solitary. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: 14 :::::::rnJ::J§JtJJ::JWK 19 33 34 35 36 37 38 : �� ::::::��::]�im:::::��:\:it�: �� 90 91 <::n:::: 93 t:wr:: 9s 110 41 b Licania majuscula Sagot Kautaballi Vernacular name: Kautaballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk-0.55 m in diameter. Widely distributed. Common in mixed and Clwnp wallaba forest on sandy soil. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement exclu sively solitary. Tyloses and dark inclusions present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow pa renchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than v.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: r:rr11n1tti:: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 tl�tlMt 11 trn&:: 19 20 21 t:zz:: 23 24 25 26 21 28 t::z.m: 30 trn:w 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 """4T\Jtt: 43 44 45 IAW 47 ?#M 49 ····sb"\ME 52 :::ns.3:::: 54 ::::ms.::: s6 57 58 ::t$.@trnm· · · 6T 62 63 t:§.�t.:r·-65-· 66 67 68 69 l#M ··· · · ?WW 78 19 80 81 Jj@.!:: 83 lt$Ft!�K: 86 87 88 89 ;� ·�r1:11111�1r.. i�11:1.11111. ;� 111 42 Lie aria cannella (Meisner) Kosterm. Brown silverballi Synonyms: Acrodiclidium cannella (Meisner); Licariacayennensis (Meisner) Kosterm. Vernacular names: Brown silverballi (Cr), Itik (Ak), Kamarai (Ak), Khare mero shiruaballi (Ar), Tiniari (C), Wabaima (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall; trunk-0.75 m in diameter. Occasional in mixed forest and in Wallaba forest. Occur ring near the interior and the Rupununi district. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal scanty, vasicentric and unilateral. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: 2 5 lo 11 12 13 ... 1 ...... ·.·.·. }.I!I@! t?MW ttJt.. .?. ;� � � 1:.·:11i:!�1��=:� �j �� �� �� ·:·!iii�:.: �� �� :m::�3::: �i l!lil!��ll �� ::::::��:u::t1�i:=1@.�::::::�j:'\m�t;;;;;;;; �� ::=::::��:: �� �� : : : :: : 112 43 Loxopterygium sagotii Hook. f Hububalli Vernacular names: Aupar (W), Hububalli (Ar), Kwipari (C), Kwipariye (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-40) m tall, trunk-0. 75 m in diameter. Frequent to common in seasonal forest, occasional in sec ondary mixed forest and Wallaba forest (particularly in the Pomeroon-Supenaam-area). 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or ab sent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous soli tary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width com pared to the vessels is 'l'4 of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow to medium. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Additional feature: Radial canals in the rays present. Numbers of features in the key: =t:n::::::::::t�=:: 3 J))f 5 :t:Hr 7 :JtK 9 10 11 12 13 14 IA& 16 17 trn�:: 19 20 21 22 ::::::�m::t7.M: 25 26 21 28 r=z.% 30 r:�tnt:��::: 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 =t41{«4s·· 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 tST ::rn��/1$.�E 60 :tm::::i:�g::· 63 :::w@:JMS.(''66'' 67 fJt.8.: t@X 70 71 \WM 73 74 t/75.f76 )@% 78 79 80 )@%: 82 . .. .8:3'}j)�f@�M 86 ...87. 88 89 ?}XL 91 92 f)j��W?iwf: 95 113 (A. DC.) Chev. 44 Manilkara hidentata Bulletwood Vernacular names: Balata (P), Balataburue (Ar), Beefwood (Cr), Bulletwood(Cr), Bully tree(Cr), Iriar(W), Kobero (Wr), Purue (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 (-50) m tall, trunk-0.9 (-1.5) m in diameter. Dominant in seasonal forest in eastern districts. Occasional to locally common in Wallaba, mixed and marsh forest. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement exclu sively radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 and >4 ves sels. Diagonal pattern. Ty loses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Few solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than '/.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 1 3 1 1 o 14 rnrnrnm .. . . . 1. ::1:rn::1:11:: :tt§:rr:::�t: tJ:W 16 rmtrt1K 19 20 21 22 t:1ltI2ifi 25 26 :t1% 28 29 33 34 35 36 37 38 ·· . . 39 40 41 :::mrnr·· �4".f\14r 45 .·.·46·· 47 114 45 Mora excelsaBenth. Mora Vernacular names: Mora (Ak, Ar), Mora-yek (Ak), Parakaua (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 (-50) m tall, trunk-0. 9 (-1.2) m in diameter. Growing on moist to wet places. Locally abundant to domi nant (Mora forest) along rivers and creeks. Occasional in marsh and swamp forest. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growthring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally small to medium. Me dium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, sometimes in distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform, confluent and sometimes unilateral, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres me dium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y-i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, very low to low. Numbers of features in the key: :::::::q:::::::::::::::z::: 3 }'.:}'.�f 5 r:?j:: 7 ::::?::g:: 9 10 11 12 13 14 1:l$l:::::MDIJ:1:1rrn::: 19 :11:111111111'111 ii ;i li'I i� '.i11�! '. i ::�i �� i�lljl ii : ��:: !r.ii 115 (Kleinh.) Sandw. 46 Mora gonggrijpii Morabukea Vernacular names: Morabukea (Ar), Parakwai (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -45 (-50) m tall, trunk-0. 8 (-1.5) m in diameter. General near the interior, but rare in the north-west-district and Courantyne River area. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Sometimes dull, sometimes lustrous wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes. Clusters of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and light and dark inclusions present. Diameter small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Narrow paren chyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Parenchyma bands s111aller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 116 4 7 Moronobea coccinea Aublet Manniballi Vernacular names: Manniballi (Ar), Morombo-rai (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk -0.8 m in diameter. Locally frequent in mixed forest, occasional in Mora forest, rare in Wallaba forest. Occurring in north-central and cen tral Guyana and in Pakaraima Mts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Sometimes dull, sometimes lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red, yellow or shades of yellow and darker than the sap wood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial paren chyma distinct to. naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance be tween the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width com pared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high to very high. Numbers of features in the key: ?'?F 2 3 t:::@f 5 ···2<:H::@n=:m:t.?JC::2.f 24 39 40 41 ?A�? 43 58 {/59.IlSO.:: 61 62 m:::11r···1k·.·.·.·79· 80 :=rn�v 117 48 Ocotea canaliculata (Rich.) Mez White silverballi Vernacular names: Hariraro shiruaballi (Ar), Heburu (W), Ileng (Ak), Sawariskin silverballi (Cr), White silverballi (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.5 (-1.2) m in diameter. Rare to locally frequent, usually in mixed forest, rarely in Wallaba forest. Occurring in near the interior. Rupununi district, southeastern Guyana and Pakaraima Mts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper-col oured or shades of copper and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Ty loses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Few to medium solitary vessels. Axial paren chyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibreslarge. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: 4 16 19 1 t:tw ..... ?.. lWJif � :t;�mt;�: · 1 11w: :m:mtmmmrnm : ::!!i:!��:!!!:i:!i�l!: � � �� 4 3 20 21 :ti�::: 23 2 ... :1�111��::: 33 3 35 36 37 8 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46T4W 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 s5 56 trn:n 62 63 65 ··.·"<5ir 67 69 10 11 t:1�t: 73 14 [email protected]··.·1K· 1 :: �� ·· · t:&H t:h!t t:1i:i :��: :111�6.:1 81 82 ····83··:1$.t:::::�$.l1$.W: 87 88 89 90 91 92 tiQJ:tlwV 95 118 48a Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez Kurahara silverballi Vernacular name: Kurahara silverballi (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -32 m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Widely distributed. Occasional to frequent in primary and secondary mixed forest on brown sand. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper coloured or shades of copper and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indis tinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 24 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Yi of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel size. Rays narrow. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: 5 o 4 2 .. . . 1 9 1 11 12 13 1 11w: 16 11 19 r:tu . . ? :::rn>�t r:tm :rr�:: :m:nw 20 21 . 24 25 26 21 28 30 r:�1nt�7.::: 33 34 35 36 31 38 ·.·.·= · r22<+2:�r· r:2% r · · · : = · · · 39 40 �r 4r 43 44 45 46 => f"··4r 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 ·· ·41= · s · ::n m: 58 ::t$.f}tn�mnmu 62 63 :t§.¥: 65 6Ktrnv:tm�m 69 10 11 :t:wr 13 14 fWsJ..... �i6"' :r7n 78 19 80 IA�r 82 83 t:�m:r:�Mt$.�::: 87 88 89 90 91 92 :1:�wJ%¥:: 95 119 48b Ocotea oblonga (Meisner) Mez Soft kereti Vernacular name: Softkereti (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0.5 m in diameter. Common near the interior, in primary or secondary mixed forest on brown sand. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwoodbasically brown or shades of brown, copper-col oured or shades of copper and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat Arrangement solitary and radial multi ples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Ty loses present. Di ameter generally medium. sparse. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays sometimes distinct, some times indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: 5 r:tm 11:1K 9 . }9. . 11 12 13 14 :r1w: 16 17 trnW::: 19 24 25 26 21 28 :n��:: 30 :::Jn :c@t:: 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 44 45 46 litt. . 48 49 50 51 52 53 ]: :: 62 63 /MWi 65 .. . 6'(;"' 67 /Mam 69 10 11 J:7M �� � � ::ti�::r ��: 81 82 ""83"t:W.tt��t]�ijf"8;;i' 88 89 90 91 92 ::1��::::1mr: 9 5 120 48c Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist Hard kereti Vernacular names: Hard kereti (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -33 m tall, trunk -0.65 m in diameter. Occasional to common near the interior, in mixed forest on sand, sandy clay, or laterite. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays sometimes dis tinct sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is �of vessel size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: : : : : 14 )J& 16 11 rrn�:= 19 2� n:;1:1:ilmilili��:11 2� ::r;�:: 2� n:;�t::�:r:::��::: j� :rn:�ir:rn�I:: 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 :41 42 43 44 45 46 '?WV : 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 ::::mm: 60 62 63 . . 67 ::: 6. ?:@ 10 11 74 : : . : � :: 1J.: i:��:m::::$.9m ::::::§�:::: :>§.4\..-?. .?... ::·.: . .�r ::: : 9: ::::wz :l :1 r:::VM ...76. t7T 78 79 ::t��H 81 82 83 :t&tt&�:O: 86 87 88 89 90 91 n ::t?.JlPAF 9 5 121 49 Ocotea rubra Mez Determa Synonym: Nectandra rubra (Mez) Allen Vernacular names: Determa (Cr), Teteruma (Ar), Wanu (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 (-50) m tall, trunk-I(- 1.5) m in diameter. Locally frequent in mixed forest (e.g. Greenheart forest). Found chiefly east of the Essequibo River. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull woodoflow density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper or copper coloured and darker than the sapwood. Growthring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels with diagonal pattern. Ty loses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal scanty, vasicentric and unilateral. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y-i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: 2 3 5 1 9 11 14 16 11 19 ttm: ::nnt ::Jdk :Jt�:: lo . . . P. .:11¥ {J%: tWK ···20·· 21 22 ljg�::: 24 25 26 21 28 r:2�r: 30 ::t:3.t: 32 33 34 35 tmnt:itJ:m��::: 39 40 :::mm:. 42 43 44 45 46 :J!Mf 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 :t56.:: 57 11 4 76 · : n rn:mf:: 7 ::::::0�i:: · · �i �� : : �� 90 91 93 95 :11J!��!_:mm9�::r ��-1:11:1,�l!I ::rn�i:it�::;;;;;:;��;:;::::::�${J��JI��:: :t97( ::rwt 122 50 Ocotea tomentella Sandw. Barad an Vernacular names: Baradan (Ar), Yaneau (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 (-45) m tall, trunk0.8 (-1.2) m in diameter. Occasional to locallyfrequent in mixed forest. Occurring in the Lower Cuyuni River basin, north-west gistrict and Rupununi district. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundariesindistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma ab sent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per5 mm, low to high. Additional feature: Oil or mucilage cells present. Numbers of features in the key: 5 ::rrm 1 :::::r&:: 9 . .} 9.. 11 12 13 14 mn:w: 16 17 :::::rnK:tJ:m 24 25 26 : 21 28 :t2�r: 30 :::rn:n:Jl7.m 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 44 45 46 ::rwn 48 49 50 51 �i �� r:��::::rM1;;;;;;;;; �� :>:��::: �� �� �� i it��;n;�.;llilrn!!i 123 51 Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) B.D. Jackson Barakaro Vernacular names: Barakaro (Ar), Epilc rile (Ak), Jumbi bead tree (Cr), Lucky seed (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0,9 m in diameter. Locally dominant in evergreen seasonal forest, rare to oc casional in mixed forest. Occurring near the interior andPakaraima Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper coloured or shades of copper and darker than the sapwood. Axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of>4 vessels with tangential and diagonal pattern. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter medium to large. Numerous solitary ves sels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent. Propor tion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 1 14 %:1$%\t§:: . . .. ?..JWK=I= J:�::: 33 34 35 t:sm: 37 38 52 53 54 """'5'5'"\$6.=: 57 11 76 t:11.2:n�\.. ...?. �. ..1::1� ::: 90 91 92 =>:�Jt?Wt 95 124 52 Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke Korokororo Vernacular names: Crook (Cr), Horse-eye (Cr), Korokororo (Ar), Korongpin biu (Ak), Wanaka (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35(-60) m tall, trunk-0.75 m in diameter. Occasional to frequent in Wallaba forest and in marsh forest in central Guyana. In Wallaba forest often near creeks. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries some times indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels with tangential and diagonal pattern. Inclusions present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Yi of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 6 ·.·.·························· ...... · .·.·.',·.-.·.·.·.·.·.·.-.·.·. 14 15 ··················· :JflftI�tf@W.)�...... u.:tJ�?tU/ mttm ....I?.:t:Htt4W 25 26 27 28 31 32 33 34 35 : 37 38 :t.i�,U· .t· Y.f· ::tM:: 44 45 46 '/ 50 51 52 53 54 57 · W1( 48 . 4�j' ?@&:t:sw� 63 67 t:�� 69 10 11 :tMt.?.s.. . : :6.{ m ::::::&M::@Mt::74.1?!�@?:7�::: 82 83 ::m:M:tf$.m: 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 ::tQ$,flWF 95 125 53 Parahancorniafasciculata (Lam.) Benoist Dukali S�onyms: Parahancomia amapa (Huber) Ducke; · Parahancomia fasciculata (Poir.) Benoist Vernacular name: Dukali (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -25 (-40) m tall, trunk -0.45 (-1) m in diameter. Occasional in Mora forest and Wallaba forest. Rare to occasional in mixed forest and marsh forest. Occurring near the interior and southeastem Guyana. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red, yellow or shades of yellow and no difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clus ters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Inclusions present. Diame ter generally small. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates, banded scalariform and reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indis tinct to naked eye. -The width compared to the vessels is smaller than � of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Additional feature: Radial canals present. 126 54 Parinari campestris Aublet Burada Vernacular names: Broad-leaved burada (Cr), Bu(hu)rada (Ar), Candlewood (Cr), Kupisini (C), MahaicaOOlli (Ar), Makarai (Ak), Warnuk (W), Wamuku (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.7 (-1.2) m in diameter. Frequent to locally dominant in evergreen seasonal forest near the interior. Occasional to frequent in Mora forest and marsh forest. Occasional in Wallaba forest. Also occurring as a shrub in savanna. Widely distributed. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement exclusively solitary. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: :ttU 2 II:�:: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 mu:�:: 16 11 :l:l$.::: 19 20 21 ::::::22) 23 24 25 26 21 28 :tt.�:t:mt: 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 . 39 40 ·.···�ri'\:::@r: 43 44 45 :::utm 47 t:4$.::: 49 50 :r:s.:m 52 ::::::s;r: 54 ?@?.:: 56 57 58 :t:s.mtJm(""(fr 62 63 :tM< 5 . . 6 66 61 68 69 11 16 . tam n t::r:w:::. . .?.�.:U?t&:::: . .. 82 83 . . . 86 8 89 90 91 92 9 5 :::@n·· ..;i8 . 79· so m:Jn:::: r:sw ::::ss:: 7 rn@�r :/9.$ftWt 127 54a Parinari rodolphiiHuber Burada Vernacular name: Burada (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk -1.5 m in diameter. Occasional in east-central and southern Guyana, in riverine forest. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement exclusively solitary. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to ex tremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 4 6 11 12 13 14 16 17 . . s JK :ttt::: ...... ?... . !]] �!! 1 s 9 io t :1:1:$.JJfat ;� :1�Et:::::r\1i�:: �j �� �� x:i�:: �� :t �� :t�i::: �� :r�;:: �� :1��::: �� �� : lll:ll��lll �:: . ... . � ... . m:1iy::::��::r::��r····�·�···:t�jt:::��l::::��:::;;;:;:��rmm �� � :t:��:rn::::��:: �� ::::::��:::i!il!lllil t; )iilili.:I: � : : :: : · � 128 55 Peltogyne venosa (Vahl) Benth. Purpleheart Vernacular names: Purpleheart (Cr). For subsp. densiflora: Karawai (Ak), Koroboreli (Ar), Marako (C), Mok (Ak). For subsp. venosa: Kukwi (Ak), Saka (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-55) m tall, trunk -0.9 (-1.5) m in diameter. Locally frequent, often along rivers, in mixed forest, sea sonal forest and Mora forest. Widely distributed. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement mainly solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Dark inclusions present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma some times distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform,confluent and unilat eral, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size to half of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low. 129 56 Platonia esculenta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu Pakuri Vernacular names: Pakuri (Ar), Wild mamm ee apple (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk-0.8 (-1.2 ) m in diameter. Locally frequent in mixed forest and in Wallaba forest. Common near the interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrange ment solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally large. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye. Distribution banded parenchyma of irregular type. Medium parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands and as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tissue fibres small to medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than lf.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous raysper 5 mm, high to very high. 130 Baehni 57 Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.) Kokoritiballi Synonyms: Pouteria dura Eyma; Neoxythecedura (Eyma) Aubr. & Pellegr. (bothfor Pouten·a cuspidata(A. DC.)Baehni) subsp. dura (Eyma) Penn.) Vernacular names: Bastard kokoritiballi (Cr), Kokoritiballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. In mixed forest, particularly along rivers (subsp. cuspidata) or in Wallaba forest (subsp.dura). General nearthe interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of heavy density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and mainly in radial multiples or clusters. Sometimes even exclusively radial multiples. Radial multiples of the same size and of> 4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Few solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indis tinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: : . �i : � � :;� � � 11 12 13 14 tJM 16 1 7 :t1�::: 19 26 ·:11lii:.·::::::2 :: :u;�::t:;J:t::;�:: 2 :11. . :::> ::: 30 nrnu: 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 . .. . 39 :·:32:·:·:·3:r:::m��::: 43 J}t:M.. . �.?.. ... 46. 47 ::::w+�::: 49 50 J:>.:m 52 /$l::: 54 58 ?59.tm)m 61 62 63 t:64? 65 66 67 68 69 twt 11 ::nntrn?�::: .. ��Ii 1�! :tttr·;is····79· 80 81 ·:t�::f . 83'\:J:M l�$.J: 86 87 88 89 90 91 :::m@ t : 131 5 8 Pouteria guianensis Aublet Asepoko Vernacular names: Asepoko (Ar), Common asepoko (Cr), Marapasmukri (M), Poyak (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-40)m tall, trunk-0.9 m in diameter. Occasional to common in mixed forest near the interior, but less frequent in northeastem Guyana. Occasional in Mora forest in southeastem Guyana. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and mainly in radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Few solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 5 :::::ri:: 7 ...... �. :r::rn::: 1 o 11 12 13 14 r::rn::: 16 17 ::mi�::: 19 24 25 26 UWt: 28 29 30 t@E 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 t:W#.k. 45 ··46· 47: A&::: 49 50 ...... s.r 52 -=<<&r 54 55 56 ·-·:·5�r 62 .. 6.it:�w: 65 66 · 67 68 69 1:1:,:7�!! 71 l:l!i·��:!uwm: 74 �r:1?:/<,:�::: 81 :t�C 83 :1$4.::::@�$.m 86 87 88 89 90 91 :r2�::: 93 :JWF 95 132 (Ducke) Baehni 59 Pouteria speciosa Soya Vernacular names: Chuya (M), Durban pine (Cr), Por (W), Suya (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-45) m tall, trunk -0.9 (-1.2) m in diameter. Locally common in mixed and seasonal forest, in hilly terrain nearthe interior, Rupununi district and the KanukuMts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundariesdistinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and mainly in radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Few solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, banded reticulate. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 14 t:J&: 16 17 tWM 19 n��;F��:;���:�!: �� n�>!!ii�� �i ��W*i��r:i�133 34 35 36 37 38 52 t&M 54 55 56 tntt 58 ::::mm 60 :n:�n 62 ···6x\rn¥ 65 66 ·7;-:/ 68 :::mm:···%· : i:wn··;is· 79 :?:�P.trnn::: 82 ::::::$.$::: 84 :::::::&.§.::: 86 ::n&.1r·8·s· 89 �6 :n;z.r::::t�:::: :;.�:::::::::�4:::::::::%�::: 133 Marchand 60 Protium decandrum (Aublet) Kurokai Vernacular names: Common kurokai (Cr), Kurokai (Ar), Maruwa (Ak), Poro kai (Ar), Waruwai (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -25 (-40) m tall, trunk-0.7 m in diameter. Occurring frequently in mixed, Mora and marsh forest. Widely distributed, except in northeastern Guyana. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Fairly numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and dark inclusions present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma ab sent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indis tinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than 'l4 of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: l lilW: 3 tlA\ .....?..tt@: 11:1�:: 9 10 11 12 13 14 l1WIUM1¥W 8 1 19 20 2 22 23 · - · 25 26 2 28 1 :t2�v. . . 1 (:2!l 30 J:MJJ$.?/ 33 34 35 36 37 · 38 · 5 5 · : � :t:$.�:m b.:: :i : r� r • . � : : :r :� 7 7 · · · � : ::: · · � · . j j · : :tg�f"":r : · i .· : : : .: _ . >:��::: · :. ft· · . • .' · ·_:• ._ _ n;_ ;� ;.: : ;J.. . r::i?::�J: · :: . :_ . � . ; . : 11 · : · : .i . ::l:. 1:i�:; 1: 1lllll : · : : : : . ��9 : . 5: : : : :�� � 1 : : • : :· :· : 1�_ : 1 ::::::ttt(.. :i8 ... 79)f��FlUI 821:@J,J:i1i 84 ?m$.M 86 87 88 89 90 9 1 92 _ · _ .. _ · _ _ · :.· . 134 Yahl 61 Pterocarpus rohrii Hill corkwood Vernacular names: Hill corkwood (Cr), Itikiboro (Ar), Mutushi (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -1 m in diameter. Occasional to locally frequent in (dry) mixed forest near the interior, Kanuku Mts. and Rupununi district. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of low density. Heartwood basically white to grey, without any difference be tween heart- and sapwood. Rays and axial parenchyma storied. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform, banded marginal and irregular. Narrow to medium pa renchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5mm, very 'low. Numbers of features in the key: 5 JIM:: 1 titK 9 1 o i 1 12 13 14 tlW: 16 tWM!tt�:: 19 24 25 26 27 28 t:2�Mtl\f 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 44 :r1?:::m:Am 41 t:i�IJ�:�:: 50 ''':'':5.V 52 ,,,,,::s.�r, 54 55 t::?:�w::rn:n 62 63 t:�W< 65 66 67 68 81 82 :}$.�::: 84 85 86 87 �� il��J11��i"�fw@; �� n�rn 135 62 Quassia simarouba L.f Simarupa Synonym: Simarouba amara Aublet Vernacular names: Aku (Ak), Bitter ash (Cr), Shirima (M), Simarupa (Ar, C), Simere (W), Yaku (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-45) m tall, trunk-0.75 m in diameter. Frequent in evergreen seasonal forest. Occasional in mixed forest and Wallaba forest. Widely distributed. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Distinct odour. Rays sto ried. Growthring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4vessels. Clusters of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and dark inclusions present. Diameter gen erally medium. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to na ked eye, paratracheal aliforrn and confluent. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width comparedto the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparseto numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Additional features: Occasionally vertical canals surrounded by parenchyma bands. Wood with bitter taste. 14 :tMt::nm ...1 1 .tJJt 19 33 34 35 37 38 ····55··:tsm: 56 52 53 54 \:St· 11 munr 13 ... .?4.t:::rz�:r: :-7:f 90 91 92 :tQ�t 94 tJ�¥ 136 63 Sacoglottis guianensis Benth. Sand dukuria Vernacular names: Dukuria (Ar), Kotore (Ak), Puire (M), Sand dukuria (Cr), Y apopari (C) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0.6 (-0.8) m in diameter. Occasional in mixed forest, Wallaba forest and savanna. General near the interior, Rupununi district and southeast ern Guyana. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and slightly darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement exclusively solitary. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than 11.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow.Numerous rays per 5 mm, high. 15 16 JWt:. t 8 t 9 34 35 36 37 38 �� l!il�� lllrn!!1 137 64 Schefjlera decaphylla Blunt-leaf karohoro (Seemann) Harms Synonym: Schejjleraparaensis Huber ex Ducke Vernacular names: Blunt-leafkarohoro (Cr), Karohoro (Ar), Matchwood (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk-0.55 m in diameter. Occasional in Wallaba forest, rare in mixed forest and Mora forest. A common species near the interior, Rupununi district and southeastem Guyana Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, white to grey without any difference between heart- and sap wood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Clus ters of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Medium to numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y. of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow to medium. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5 mm, low to high. Additional feature: Radial canals present. 138 65 Scheffleramorototoni Pointed-leaf karohoro (Aublet) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin Synonym: Didymopanaxmorototoni Aublet Vernacular names: Karohoro (Ar), Matchwood (Cr), Morototo (C), Pi (W), Pointed-leafkarohoro (Cr), Pornai (Ak), Puna (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.8 m in diameter. Occurring in primary and secondary mixed forest and in Mora forest. An occasional, but widely distributed species. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, white to grey and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimesindistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is half of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow to mediwn. Ex tremely sparse to sparse rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: 3 5 7 . 10 11 12 13 15 16 :1t: : 18 19 i:tt�::: ]:]�f: r:tm :ttiL . ttUU. t: : . ?.. . 20 21 22 r:2m: 24 25 26 21 :t2�n. 29 30 :::m1m:t��{. ."3T. 34 35 36 31 38 Iii�� �� I�lliiniill:ii.11i� ! i!mi�:rnii.1. .��' �! �� rniJ�:llll!l!l 139 66 Sclerolobium guianense Benth. Kaditiri Vernacular names: Araurama (C), Kaditiri (Ar), Kalili (W), Kata (M), Thick skin kaditiri (Cr), Wamkoam (W), Warabari (Ak), Ya waredan (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk-0. 65 (-0.9) m in diameter. Occasional to frequent in mixed forest, rare in Wallaba forest. Widely distributed near the interior. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial pa renchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, very low. Numbers of features in the key: ...... rn. ::I1::: 5 rt% 7 9 . 1 1 2 : 3 1 5 16 19 m:1rn:r:1�:::.. 2 11 : .. :: : : .: .: · .· ;1 t:W7m1I$.m : . 2 : �' :tz.%� q. 3 o ::· ·: ':·:J.:t'',!·�: .·:�· .· ; :''::: ::·:'::·':L:·: '"":lO: ·l'.l ·.. ·: ··:: ': :t>3 :i:J3 34 35 3 37 3 20 2 1 rg:M:::rn�:': 24 25 6 21 28 ;: ·:· ::. ·: · . ; · : .. ·:..·: 6 8 39 40 4 1 4 2 43 44 45 46 %:41("48" 49 50 51 52 53 n i i ... ?.�Jt�m::::::�m 61 62 63 :<64r 65 66 67 68 :rn:�@m1 0 rn:rnzn �j .3�. -llll!llll!i!l!!��ili t:'JT · · · . 78 79 80 ::n�:n:::n��:r �fa·:1M.t?�$.::: 86 8 7 88 89 90 91 92 :JQ�l/JH:t 95 140 66a Sclerolobium micropetalum Ducke Thin-skin kaditiri Vernacular names: Kaditiri (Ar), Thin-skin kaditiri (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -42 m tall, trunk -0.7 m in diameter. Occasional in north-central Guyana, in mixed and marsh forest, on sand or sandy loam. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and 1 darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Clusters of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, scanty paratracheal and vasicentric. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.. of vessel-size. Width of rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, very low. Numbers of features in the key: :ttF 2 3 Wt#f 5 6 tt:1:::::tt$.>Yrn:::rn m: 11 12 13 :+:we 15 16 17 t:TK 19 · . · 24 25 26 27 29: 30 32 33 34 3 5 : ··20Trnv:::::::g?JC 23' :tm.t t%L tm�::::ritz::::::::��::: 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 r::a.:w: 48 49 50 51 52 53 s4 55 56 tsn . .. .. t.fl . . 6"6""" :-: >i n 58 t:::S.9.t/60.:: 61 62 63 :t6 65 67 68 :t· Y::�frV(: 10 rn:rtn 13 14 1s ldM 1wr::···;i8 ·.·.· 80 ::::arn 82 ""·""8" " 86 87 88 89 90 91 n ··9·r : "· 79· 3\:::@i]ij$.::: :@Q$)?®.( · 141 67 Sterculia rugosa R. Br. Rough-leaf maho Synonym: Xylosterculia rugosa (R. Br.) Kosterm. Vernacular naines: Kara (M), Maho (Ar), Ranai (W), Rough-leaf maho (Cr), Saraurai (Ak), Sekerau (Ak), Yahu (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40 m tall, trunk -0.9 m in diameter. Frequent to occasional in mixed forest. Occasional in Mora forest. Occurring near the interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, white to grey and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Axial paren chyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates, paratracheal vasicentric, occasionally banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is as large as the vessels or even larger. Rays wide. Extremely sparse rays per 5 mm, very high. Numbers of features in the key: 2 3 5 . 1 o 11 12 13 15 16 11 19 m nt:@:: 142 67a Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann Smooth-leaf maho Vernacular name: Smooth-leafmaho (Cr ) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree-3 5m tall, trunk -0.7 m indiameter. Widely distributed. Common in mixed and riverine forest, occasionalin marsh forest,on sandy soil. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood oflow density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown,red or shades of red, white to grey and darker than the sapwood. Axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally medium to large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indis tinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates,paratracheal vasicentric, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is half of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays medium to wide. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5mm, very high. Numbers of features in the key: :;:;:: ':::: r ?tJY 2 3 Jt@t 5 ]f{M@IW?it�:: 9 10 1 1 2 1 3 ':::':j)f 1 5 n16 1 7 np u ::li:ni�:� m�� 11i�11i1llit1,,,it�r !�111�111�1 �iii: i;11� l il�� ilii� n 143 68 Swartziabenthamiana Miq. Itikiboroballi Vernacular names: Itikiboroballi (Ar), Morompo (M), Okraprabu (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk-0.6 m in diameter. Occasional in Wallaba forest, rare in mixed forest. Occur ring in north-central and northeastern Guyana, and in the Pakaraima Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Distinct odour. Rays storied. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous soli tary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye. Distribution banded parenchyma of marginal and irregular type. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than � of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 14 J1$ :rmr i 1 tW$.::: 19 33 34 35 36 37 38 52 :\&% 54 55 56 \Mi% ;� @:�7:: ;� %:�;::: ;� l!lllli�lll 144 68a Swartzia sprucei Benth. Itikiboroballi Vernacular name: Itikiboroballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0. 5 m in diameter. Occasional to locally frequent in central Guyana and the Pakaraima Mts., in mixed, Mora, and riverine forest on sandy soil. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Rays storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Tyloses and inclu sions present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse-in-aggregates, banded marginal and irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Paren chyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: :+rr 2 3 tnw:: 5 6 :tt1:Itt�ttrnm 1 o 11 ···20't&K 22 ····23"· 24 25 26 27 28 :ti.�Fl&.f 39 ······�frt 41 ::n��m 43 44 fMS.t:>tK 47 ::::::4M.. ·4·9· 58 :rn::?:2}I�Q(.. '6 i .. 6 2 6 3 :f@f{""65"· 66 """(/i" 68 77 17$.::: 7 9 80 81 :]:�2if""83'\/$.4.]{�$.::: 86 87 1 45 68b Swartzia xanthopetala Sandw. Itikiboroballi Vernacular name: Itikiboroballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree 12-30 m tall, trunk 0.1-0. 4 m in diameter. Rare to occasional in north-central and central Guyana and the eastern part of the Pakaraima Mts., in Wallaba or mixed forest on white or brown sand. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Rays and axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries indis tinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded marginal and irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: .....� ...... 3 . 5 7 9 ...J.9 ...... 1.. ..L 12 13 1 4 :tBJ 16 17 fffif 1 9 t:t:U. .. .J\}# it¥ :ttK 20 :t:zrr::z.:t 23 24 25 26 27 28 ?:29?::::3.m. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 :::�9:::::+LtAM 43 44 t:1M\li:W 47 J:4$.:: 49 50 ?Sb 52 t&% 54 55 56 /Mtt:. . . �� �� �� : �� �� 6 9 ]M).:: 71 l:&M 73 74 nns.J.. .�i6 . 1·::1:1��iiiiiiiii��ii :c�ir :rn:�j\::::�:::m:::��:=: 88 89 9 0 91 :::mg�::: 93 i]@f: 9 5 146 69 Swartzia leiocalycina Benth. Wamara Vernacular names: AWclrtu (M), Brown ebony (Cr), Clubwoo:l (Cr), Ironwcxxl (Cr), Shiraip (W), Wamara (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-45) m tall, trunk -0.7 5 m in diameter. Dominant in seasonal forest. Frequent in other types of seasonal forest and in mixed forest, occasional in Mora forest. Widely distributed, except in parts of the north west-district; apparently endemic to Guyana. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Rays storied. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Ty loses present. Diameter generally medium. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse-in-aggregates, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal and irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the paren chyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is � of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Extremely numerous rays per 5mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 147 70 Symphonia globulifera L.f. Manni Vernacular names: Buckwax tree (Cr), Karamanni (M), Maitakin (Ak), Manni (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -25 (-40)m tall, trunk-0.55 (-1.2) m in diameter. Dominant to common in swamp and marsh forest. Less frequent in mixed forest, mainly near creeks. Occasional in Mora forest, rare in Wallaba forest. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull to lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, white to grey and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same and of different sizes and of 2- 4 and >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands or as wide as the fibre tissue bands or even wider. Proportion of ground tis sue fibres small to medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the ves sels is smaller than Y.. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: 3 9 :1:nm:t1:�m. .. ·.·.·..· �-.JtJc 5 :m:r:;rttM:tf$.ttmm.. . .··.w·..·.··....!J. . 12 1 14 tJK: 16 17 ::mw�m 1 20 21 :rn:· : 23 24 2s 26 2 1 28 ::::::z.9:::r:;m:: 31 32 33 34 35 36 · ·37. 38 �� : : 5 . . . : :·:::::;.�1:;::�· �/tg7:: � :j :t��:::r:��::·· :� ::::::��r·:t:::: � : 1 : 4 :· · : :� t>98:: 9 i rn::�9:::�->: �-::;;i_.::· ·:•_:::_•:_::;·�- •._2_3:: __ :_ •:.•:_.•_: :•_•_.•::•:_•.:··.�·7:. .._ ::•.• :·•_:.· ::i.• •_:•.•:•_•:�_·i_•·_i.�:_:_;•:_:1 •:_I?9 :11w···1it·79·-mm:aotrnn:::: 82 ·. --s-:r:tfilkt�$.::: 86 87 ]!$.$.I:I$.&::: 0 1 :· '7-· . · ·::��. ..: :·::·: �·.· : . �i�:::t5 148 Sandw. 71 Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) White cedar var. monophylla Sandw. Vernacular names: Panda (C), Warakuri (Ar), Whitecedar (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall, trunk-0.5 (-1) m in diameter. Occuning abundantly in marsh forest. Occasional to fre quent on boggy savanna as a shrub or small tree. Widely distributed near the interior, the Ru pununi district and southeastern Guyana. Preferring sandy soils. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Rays and axial parenchyma/fibres sometimes storied sometimes not storied. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Clusters of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma sometimes dis tinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded mar ginal and irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissuebands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5mm, low. 16 JW!r 18 19 35 :JStL 37 38 �j .:.:.:.�;.:i!!iilllll �� 92 :t9.WlJl.it 95 149 (Vahl) Nicholson 72 Tabebuia serratifolia Hakia Vernacular names: Arawnig (Ak), Aruain (Ak), Hakia (Ar), Jronwood (Cr), Konawadranup (W), Ranoi (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall, trunk -1 m in diameter. Occasional in mixed forest, sometimes in marsh forest and Mora forest. General near the interior and southeastem Guyana. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Dull to lustrous wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red, with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Rays and axial parenchyma/fibres storied. Growth ring boundaries sometimesindistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement mainly solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5mm, very low. Numbers of features in the key: 1 :ttM 3 ::i:H::: 5 tt:m 1 1:1$.:: 9 1o 11 12 13 14 :t1$::::1ut:I:J%: 18 19 20 21 22 :t11r: 24 25 26 27 28 ·:· 29:. 30 ?@F 32 33 34 35 tJth. 37 38 :tJ:tt �2...... �-.!.J@@:: 43 44 ll1M 46 4 7 ::::::1�:: 49 50 51 :t:?:*JI?M 54 -.....5·�r:J�:: 57 72 .. 58 :t59.?t6(t 6 1 6 2 6 3 {Jj>.'.k.. 6 5 66 67 68>6 9.: 70<7:F 73 74 y75 ::.::::76:. 11 J:1�::::11�:: 80 81 r::$./ .s3"t:MJt�$.::: 86 r:&n 88 89 ::::rnw: 91.:1i:trn�%:twf : . ·9·5· 150 73 Talisia squarrosa Radlk. Moroballi Vernacular names: Candlewood (Cr), Karimora(-yek) (Ak), Moroballi (Ar), Sand mora (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk 0. 6 (-0. 75) m in diameter. Frequent in Wallaba forest. Occasional in mixed forest and in Clump wallaba forest. Occurring near the interior (but rare in the north-west-district) and the Pakaraima Mts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Dull wood of high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood sometimes with streaks. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses and inclusions present. Diame ter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded irregular. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than v.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous to ex tremely numerous rays per 5 mm, low to high. Numbers of features in the key: 2 ...... � .. tt@: 5 :tt?t 1 :ttK 9 10 11 12 13 14 tJ%ttlM 17 trn�m 1 9 20 21 t:21:: 23 24 25 26 21 28 ?&�M?Mf 31 32 33 34 35 . .. 37 38 : :: ::tsK:· ::-:s�r . . . · · · · s.tr · ··5·!r · · :tJ:�:tam:f:AI:::rn�7.::: 43 44 ... .1.?.. . 11@ 47 :r1�r49 50 t:s.:n 52 · · 54· 56 · 5 8? 59./?60.•: 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 5 66 67 6 8 . 1 . : . 7 4 · 7 6 :t64? /J :J� .)�)/ : : : .· · :: : : : .::: :: · ·· : · · )):Jl .:::_ _:_:_•:_:?_ fv.l_��_· :·.· ·._. ·. :•_:J:li'i1 :)lj��1:•:.::::_:_ ..:::_ : •:_ :7:9-2·. ::::·3._ : :=_::_:::.:: :.•.:·:.. ::_ _:·_ •:_::::.._ �7n:: _ . :. ::-;i:·p._:_ _ ._ _:::• _ }):_:: :::.} t11r: ;is·· 19· 80 81 ::::::@.r sJ"t::111:::::�$.::: 86 87 88 89 · ··= · .:. : 9 _ : . . . : 9 3 : 9 5 _ ·· _ _ _ _ 151 (J.F. Gmelin) Exell 74 Terminalia amazonia Hill fukadi Vernacular names: Fukadi (Ar), Hill fu kadi (Cr), Kwai (C), Matora (M), Tamarotan (W) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-50) m tall, trunk -0.75 (- 1.2) m in diameter. Common in evergreen seasonal forest and Wallaba forest. Occasional to frequent in mixed forest. General near the interior, the Rupununi, southeastern Guyana, and the Kanuku Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous to dull wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, with streaks and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring bounda ries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to fairly numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diago nal pattern. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small. Medium to numerous solitary ves sels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, apotracheal diffuse, paratracheal aliform, confluent and unilateral, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than V.. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 26 mm;7m 2; l:l!l!��l!l:12�::i1:i�:: 2� <:i�\rni::::::i�::: . . . . 1: ?::: .. . .4.7"': ::4�::: r:�:gtH�MJM: : :::::::rn�r····4"j··. 44 1 46 :t1t:::r9�mr��: �6 :r�j:rn �� :r��1:::::$.4::::@�$.::: �� 152 75 Terminalia dichotoma G. Meyer Swamp fukadi Vernacular names: Alasoabo (Ar), Coffee mortar (Cr), Cokerwood (Cr), Fukadi (Ar),Naharu (Cr), Sirnia chimi (Ak),Swamp fukadi (Cr) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 (-45) m tall, trunk -1 m in diameter. Frequent in Mora forest. Occasional in mixed forest and marsh forest. Widely distributed species near the interior, the Rupununi district and the Kanuku Mts. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow, with streaks, darker than sapwood or without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 and >4 vessels. Clusters of >4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal vasicentric and aliform. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessP.1- size. Rays narrow. Sparse to numerous rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: = 3 :: rn::: : 1 1 . tnttt�m ...... Jttw: 5 tit�t 1;11trrnm... �9.Jtut ... �.�-- 13 14 t 16 1 :::1nt: · 19 20 21 >:22::.. - 23 24 25 26 27 28 =t2�.t. 30 .:/3.¥:.. · ·: ·1 : ··:· • s : · /j�t ···4r :}47f ··4f ····5()""" : · · 9 � _ . 40 42 43 44 45 46 4 �i � �j ��3 ::r)�� �::: :_:•.• ·= =r•=·r=:=:�=···,:,.;:__�··_:___,:·· _=,:.•:,:···_=,•L,�_,_ :;-__;,_':__•• _: ,.', ,: .. 1 . ,�,� . '*�. 10 .. .n.JTtM 74 - ;;;;;:��:w::�� : : .. ·· · · :mt�gmJJ!lJ��lll:1�1::. �� ·1111·��lll:1M::rn:;;::��:;; �� :r��rnllll��lll 89 =<:mu 91 92 :J2m::1@m · 95 �- 153 76 Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Swart Haiawa balli Vernacular names: Asau (W), Haiawaballi (Ar), Kamaragwa (M) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk-0.6 (-1) m in diameter. In mixed forest. Occurring in the north-west-district and the further interior. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Numerous'. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width com pared to the vessels is Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per5 mm, low. Additional feature: Radial canals present. Numbers of features in the key: 1 :11w: 3 11w:...... ?.. rt:§:: 1 t:r�:: 9 10 11 12 13 14 :t1w: 16 {J%· 18 19 20 21 22 23 ::tmv 25 26 21 28 :t2% 30 :r�Jft�g::: 33 34 35 36 37 38 ::t4'W: t§:W 39 40 41 42 """4'3"'. 44 t45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 57 : ::: 71 t:11::: 73 74 Itt% 76 1:1i:i:r;�m �� :1:11�8.lllllllll�ill\ �� :��mtM:::;;i;;;:i;; �� :::r�i/m:�� �� 90 91 92 :1:9.�J:J�l# 95 154 77 Trattinickia rhoifolia Willd. Ulu Vernacular names: Bastard kurokai (Cr), Thin-skin ulu (Cr), Ulu (Ar), Wayama (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40) m tall, trunk0.4 - 1 m in diameter. Occasional in mixed and seasonal forest. Widely distrib uted. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, copper-col oured or shades of copper and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Sparse to somewhat sparse. Arrangement mainly solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 5 IttM 1 t!t1:: 9 lo 11 12 13 14 ::mm::: 24 25 26 21 28 :r1!.n 30 :m�:u:ti?t 33 34 43 44 45 46 titt(""·�i"f 49 50 51 52 53 62 63 \M¥ 65 ·.··.·6K. 67 :tMf 69 10 71 ??112 81 82 ::a�m: 84 ::J�$.tI$.W · 87 88 89 90 91 155 77a Trattinickia demerarae Sandw. Thick-skin ulu Vernacular names: Thick-skin ulu (Cr), Ulu (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree-40 m tall, trunk-0.9 m in diameter. Occasional to common near the interior, in mixed, ever green seasonal, Wallaba, and Mora forest, on sand or sandy loam. Imm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundariessometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement mainly solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width com pared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: t:;:s::: i :: 5 tl@ 7 tit$.:: 9 10 11 12 13 14 :tl$:: 16 11 tWK 19 2 ::::::i�i1;�: 24 25 26 21 28 mrnn 30 :t�ttM�:: 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 t:4.% 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 :u:s.m: 58 t 61 62 63 :t@t: 65 ·.·.··6K. 67 69 10 71 :t!W/ 73 74 {j[$.Q::: i$.9:: .:::m�::: :tmtKfdt&: IWt:: 78 79 :t:$.�t 81 82 83 :tMfft�W 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 ::n�w::::ww:·· · 9·5 · 156 78 Vatairea guianensis Aublet Arisauro Synonym: Vatairea surinamensis Kleinh. Vernacular names: Arakaka(-yek) (Ak),Arisauro (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0.5 (-0.7) m in diameter. Frequent in swamp forest, marsh forest and Mora forest. General near the interior. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of mediwn density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of different sizes and of 2-4 vessels with diagonal pattern. Diametergenerally mediwn to large. Nwnerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Narrow paren chyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres mediwn. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Sparse rays per 5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 6 :tt1ll\�:: 9 10 11 12 \JMtMF 15 16 ... �.? .r::u:r:am 25 26 21 28 : Synonym: Virola melinonii (Benoist) AC. Smith Vernacular names: Dalli (Ar), Hill dalli (Cr), Irikwa (M, W) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -35 m tall, trunk -0.6 (-1) m in diameter. Locally occasional in mixed forest. Occurring in north central and northeastem Guyana, Rupununi district and the KanukuMts. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Y.. of vessel-sizeto smaller than the vessels. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Numbers of features in the key: 1 3 Jf@: 5 r::n�rn 7 t:11:: 9 10 11 12 13 xmc 15 16 mttJ:=· 1 s 19 20 21 22 m:rnm: 24 25 26 27 :t@F 29 30 t%K't$.7.:f·j3 ·· 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 HAW 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 (M:t: : 72 ::11�::: 74 :@1$.!(""?'(i"' l n n::1i:mt��m �� 1::l!ll�l!f:�7w �� ill!!l��:I: �� ;:;;;;;;;; �� :r$1::<�i::: �� �� 91 mrnw:t:t-Ak 9 5 158 80 Virola surinamensis (Ro lander) W arb. Swamp dalli Vernacular names: Baboonwood (Cr), Dalli (Ar), Dollywood (Cr), Irikwa (M, W), Swamp dalli (Cr),Warishi (C), We (Ak) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -25 (-40) m tall, trunk -0.8 (-1.5) m in diameter. Abundant to frequent in marsh forest, Mora forest, and swamp forest. Rare in Greenheart forest. Occurring near the interior and Rupununi district. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and without any difference between heart- and sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally mediwn. Few to medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma normally absent/not visible by lens. Occa sionally banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground ' tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y4 of vessel-size. Rays narrow. Numerous rays per 5 mm, high. Additional feature: Radial canals sometimes present. Numbers of features in the key: 2 . .. .. 11 12 13 15 16 11 19 :f/J::: .... . 2 .. II%t ::<;�:: � :1:111��:%:&�::: �� Itfiif :?JM 20 21 :tz.�u 23 2� 2 . . .. 30 ::::::�Jll$.®.C"i�·· 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ·4j'\JtK 43 44 ::::@>.::r"··46······�f/}%1M 49 50 51 ::::rn�t:@�k 54 55 56 tM�t: ·· 62 63 ·65 66 67 68 10 5 8 t::S.9.t::::6of""(5"C /M�F ':#�K ····71···· iilUt�\..?.1 . . t:!Ml1�::: WV:: ;;is . 79··m:rnam ::::::$.�::: 84 86 87 88 89 90 ·91 92 . . 95 I ··· ····· 81 82 :J:�M :t9.$.itiW4.i: 159 81 Vitex stahelii Mold. Hakiaballi Vernacular name: Hakiaballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -40(- 45) m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Occasional in mixed forest. Occurring near the interior and the Rupununi district. lmm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yellow or shades of yellow and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries sometimes indistinct, sometimes distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels sometimes distinct, sometimes indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse. Arrange ment mainly solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4vessels. Clusters of 2-4 vessels. Ty loses present. Diameter generally small to medium. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma absent/not visible by lens. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium to large. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow to medium. Sparse rays per 5 mm, high to very high. Numbers of features in the key: t<1111i::: 3 IJ]F 5 r:1m 1 :rt�:: 9 {):p::: 11 12 13 14 ti�::: l 6 fJ%tWK 19 20 21 22 t:2:i:: 24 25 26 21 28 t:2% 30 t\Mfftl�m 33 34 35 36 37 38 ll'il�� 1� lrnii.. 1 � 1ff 1i1::1!:,iimi�·11�i �� �� �� n�i11iiJ�1illl�li 160 82 Vochysia surinamensis Stafleu Iteballi Vernacular names: Deokunud (W), Hill iteballi (Cr), Iteballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 (-40)m tall, trunk-0.55 (-0.9) m in diameter. Locally frequent in seasonal forest, occasional in mixed forest, rare in Morabukea forest. Occurring in north-central and eastern Guyana (east of Essequibo R. ), Kanuku Mts. and in further interior. 1mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically bn�wn or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally large to very large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma distinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded irregular. Narrow to medium parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands small to large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is Yi of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays medium. Extremely sparse to sparse rays per 5mm , high. Additional feature: Axial canals present. Numbers of features in the key: 1 t=:mr 9 lo 11 12 13 14 r:::rn::: 16 11 18 :11w 26 21 281:��r:mm:: 31 32 33 34 35 mMm 37 38 45 47 :t4stt4w 50 m:@:tu:rn�tI? ss :tJ6.:: �t ..?.� .. rrnm... ?.?... 64 :t§.W 66 :::rn1::r::�ij::: 69 10 11 n ·=·=·:-::n:- 14 15 -=-=-rill" 83 :11wr::�$.::: 86 87 88 89 90 91 '''''\J'i\n��rnnM/''''�=5''' 161 82a Vochysia schomhurgkii Warm. Iteballi Vernacular name: Iteballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree 10-20 m tall, trunk0.2-0.35 m in diameter. Occasional in north-central Guyana, in Ite (Mauritia flexu osa) swamp forest and riverine forest. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of medium density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, red or shades of red. Growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Tyloses present. Diameter generally large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres large. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is v.i of vessel-size to smaller than half of vessel-size. Rays narrow to medium. Sparse rays per 5 mm, high to very high. Additional f ea ture: Axial canals present. Numbers of features in the key: 2 3 Vernacular name: Iteballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree (6-) 20-40 m tall, trunk0.2- 1 m in diameter. Widely distributed. Frequent to common in riverine, Mora, and marsh forest, sometimes in bush islands in savanna, on sand or sandy loam. 1 mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundariesdistinct. Anatomical features: Vessels distinct to naked eye. Extremely sparse to sparse. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels Tyloses present. Diameter generally large to very large. Numerous solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma dis tinct to naked eye, paratracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Wide parenchyma bands. Distance between the parenchyma bands large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibresmedium. Rays distinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is half of vessel-size to smaller than the vessels. Rays wide. Extremely sparse rays per 5 mm, high to very high. Additional feature: Axial canals present. Numbers of features in the key: . 5 1 0 :t:u::.. ?!!Mt . . . . �.... . }.FWWt: :\t:4:: t!lK 9 1 11 12 13 14 16 .1.?. 18 t:JR: {/3fo. . . 24 25 ...... 27 28 31 32 33 35 .... 37 38 :m::gffolf.lJti�t}�.. 2.? ::t2�Yt:J(f· "'34 .... 41 44 46 .. . . :@m: 51 ::J��fi?�H 54 57 :1in1¥n 1A�t.. 1I. 't1?m ..�.?..:·:::4.f"""4'9"·:: . . 5·�r:::@m t:S:K 59 60 61 :I6.2:. :: 63 64 65 :I&F/6%' 68 69 70 71 72 �B ,.::.74: 75 ···.rl.fi ]:77:: 78 79 /j:$.9(. 8i' 82 83 ::::::$.:!J!!!ij�ff... 86. 87 88 89 90 91 ·n \W$1IW# 5 9 163 83 Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw. Sarebebeballi Vernacular name(s): Sarebebeballi (Ar) Field characteristics and distribution: Tree -30 m tall, trunk -0.6 m in diameter. Locally common in mixed forest near the interior and in swamp forest on alluvial flats in southeastern Guyana. Occasional in Kakaralli-Clump wallaba forest near the interior. I mm Physical properties and structural features: Lustrous wood of low to high density. Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown, yel low or shades of yellow and darker than the sapwood. Growth ring boundaries distinct. Anatomical features: Vessels indistinct to naked eye. Somewhat sparse to numerous. Arrangement solitary and radial multiples or clusters. Radial multiples of the same size and of 2-4 vessels. Diameter generally small. Medium solitary vessels. Axial parenchyma indistinct to naked eye, para tracheal aliform and confluent, banded marginal. Narrow parenchyma bands. Distance be tween the parenchyma bands small to large. Parenchyma bands smaller than the fibre tissue bands. Proportion of ground tissue fibres medium. Rays indistinct to naked eye. The width compared to the vessels is smaller than Y.. of vessel-size. Rays narrow. There are numerous rays per5 mm, low. Numbers of features in the key: 11 12 13 @:::1¥ 15 : :: 3.¥: ...2.� . . 2� lili!:ij!ilmrni:l:!!!!�lll. . . .2.;. =t;:�\m:®.:::. . . ��-- 30 : 32 33 34 . . �.1.. . 43 44 46 41 4 50 tmm:m�m. .�LYA�m mmm�::: rmr 9 : @#=(=$�%:%�?::: 58 :t:S.9.?\60.:: 61 62 63 t:6iik 65 66 67 68 : �9{ 10 11 J7W · @ ::win··· ;i8····19· :mrnm:::::::�1:1:::@.::r · ·83· ·:JMJ@�$.::: 86 87 :@$.$.::= 89 90 91 164 6 LITERATURE Anonymous. (1960): Identification of Hardwoods. A lens key. 2nd Ed. Forest Products Re search BulletinNr. 25. Her Majesty's Stationery Office,London, United Kingdom. Hoadley, B. R. (1990): Identifying Wood. The Taunton Press, Newtown, United States of America. IAWA Committee. (1989): IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bulletinn.s. Vol. 10 (3): 219-332. Laming, P. B. and Jutte S. M (1977): Herkennen van Loofhout. Houtinstituut lNO, Delft, the Netherlands. Lignum (1963): La foret suisse et les industries du bois. hnprimerie St.-Paul S.A., Fri bourg, Suisse. Lindeman, J. C. and Mennega, A M W. (1963): Bomenboeck voor Suriname. Uitgave Dienst's Lands BosbeheerSuriname, Paramaribo, Suriname. Mennega, E.A Tammens-de Rooij W.C.M and Jansen-Jacobs MJ. (1988): Check list of woody plants of Guyana. Tropenbos Technical Series nr. 2. Ede, the Netherlands. Polak, A M (1992): Major Timber Treesof Guyana. The TropenbosFoundation, Wagenin gen, the Netherlands. Venet, J. et Keller, R. (1986): Identification et classement des bois frani;:ais. 2eme edition ENGREF, Nancy,France. 165 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC PLANT NAMES The names printed in italics are synonyms Scientific name Vernacularname Page Abarema jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip Huruasa 50 Achrouteria pomifera Eyma 72 Acosmium praeclarum (Sandw.) Yakovlev Blackheart 51 Acrodiclidiumcannella (Meisner) Mez 112 Alexa imperatricis(Schomb.) Baillon Haiariballi 52 Alexa leiopetala Sandw. Haiariballi 53 Andira inermis(Wrigth) OC. Koraro 55 Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle Koraro 54 Aniba hypoglauca Sandw. Yellow silverballi 56 Aniba ovalifoliaKosterm. 56 Antonia ovata Pohl Inyak 57 Aspidosperma album (Vahl) Benoist Shibadan 59 Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson Shibadan 58 Aspidosperma vargasii A. OC. Currywood 60 Astronium ulei Mattick Bauwaua 61 Bagassa guianensis Aublet Cow-wood 62 Bagassa tiliifolia(Hamilton) Benoist 62 Buchenavia fanshawei Exell & Maguire Fukadi 63 Calophyllum lucidum Benth. Kurahara 64 Carapa guianensis Aublet Crabwood 65 Carapa procera A. OC. Crabwood 66 Catostemma altsonii Sandw. Baromalli 69 Catostemma commune Sandw. Common baromalli 67 Catostemma fragrans Benth. Sand baromalli 68 Cedrela odorataL. Red cedar 70 Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Greenheart 71 Rohwer, Richter & van der Werff Cluysophyllumpomiferum (Eyma) Penn. Limonaballi/Paripiballi 72 Clathrotropis brachypetala (Tul.) Kleinh. Aroma ta 74 Clathrotropis macrocarpaDucke Aroma ta 73 Couratari gloriosa Sandw. Wadara 76 Couratari guianensis Aublet Wadara 75 Couratari multiflora (J.E. Smith) Eyma Smooth-leaf wadara 77 Couratari pulchra Sandw. 75 Didymopanaxmorototoni Aublet 139 Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Sandw. Dakama 78 Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist Huruhurudan 79 Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff Tatabu 80 Dipteryx odorata(Aublet) Willd. Tonka bean 81 Eperuafalcata Aublet Soft wallaba 82 Eperua grandiflora (Aublet) Benth. Ituri wallaba 83 Eperua jenmanii Oliver Ituri wallaba 84 Eperua rubiginosa Miq. Watapa 86 Eperua schomburgkiana Benth. Ituri wallaba 85 166 Scientific name Vernacular name Page Eschweilera alata AC. Smith Guava-skin kakaralli 87 Eschweilera confertiflora AC. Smith 106 Eschweilera coriacea (A DC.) Mori Smooth-leaf kakaralli 89 Eschweilera corrngata (Poit.) Miers 107 Eschweilera decolorans Sandw. Smooth-leaf kakaralli 88 Eschweilera parviflora (Aublet) Miers Fine smooth-leaf kakaralli 90 Eschweilera pedicellata(L .C. Rich.) S. Mori Kakaralli 93 Eschweilera sagotiana Miers Common black kakaralli 92 Eschweilera subglandulosa(Steudel ex 0. Berg) Black kakaralli 94 Miers Eschweilera wachenheimii (Benoist) Sandw. Fine-leaf kakaralli 91 Goupia glabra Aublet Kabukalli 95 Humiria balsamifera (Aublet) A St. Hi!. Tauroniro 96 var balsamifera Humiriajloribunda Mart. 96 Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemiio Suradan 97 Hyeronima laxiflora(T u!.) Muell. Arg. 97 Hymenaea courbaril L. Locust 98 Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber Locust 99 Hymenolobium flavum K.leinh. Koraroballi 100 Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. Maporokon( i) 101 Iryanthera lancifoliaDucke Kirikaua 102 Jryanthera macrophylla Warb. Kirikaua 103 Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don Futui 104 Laetia procera (Poeppig) Eichler Wa rakai(o )ro 105 Lecythis confertiflora (AC. Smith) S. Mori Wirimiri 106 Lecythis corrugata Poit. Wina 107 Lecythis davisii Sandw. 108 Lecythis zabucajo Aublet Monkey pot 108 Licania alba (Bernoulli) Cuatr. Kautaballi 109 Licania laxiflora Fritsch Kauta 110 Licania majuscula(ta) Sagot Kautaballi 111 Licania venosa Rushy 109 Licaria cannella (Meisner) Kosterm. Brown silverballi 112 Licaria cayennensis(Meisner) Kosterm. 112 Loxopterygium sagotii Hook. f. Hububalli 113 Manilkara bidentata (A DC.)Chev. Bulletwood 114 Mora excelsa Benth. Mora 115 Mora gonggrijpii (Kleinh.) Sandw. Morabukea 116 Moronobeacoccinea Aublet Manniballi 117 Nectandra rubra (Mez) Allen 122 Neoxythece dura (Eyma) Aubr. & Pellegr. 131 Ocotea canaliculata (Rich.) Mez White silverballi 118 Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez Kurahara silverballi 119 167 Scientific name Vernacularname Page Ocotea oblonga (Meisner) Mez Soft kereti 120 Ocotea rodiei (Schomb.) Mez 71 Ocotea rubra Mez Determa 122 Ocotea tomentella Sandw. Baradan 123 Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist Hard kereti 121 Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) B.D. Jackson Barakaro 124 Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke Korokororo 125 Parahancomia amapa (Huber) Ducke 126 Parahancornia fasciculata (Lam.)Benoist Dukali 126 Parahancomia fasciculata (Poir.) Benoist 126 Parinari campestris Aublet Bu(hu)rada 127 Parinari rodolphii Huber Burada 128 Peltogyne venosa (Vahl)Benth. Purpleheart 129 Pithecellobiumjupunba (Willd.) Urban 50 Platania esculenta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu Pakuri 130 Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.)Baehni Kokoritiballi 131 Pouteria dura Eyma ·131 Pouteria guianensis Aublet Asepoko 132 Pouteria speciosa (Ducke) Baehni Suya 133 Pouteria subsp. dura (Eyma) Penn. 131 Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand Kurokai 134 Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl Hill corkwood 135 Quassia simarouba L.f Simarupa 136 Sacoglottis guianensis Benth. Sand dukuria 137 Scheffiera decaphylla (Seemann) Harms Blunt-leafkarohoro 138 Scheffiera morototoni (Aublet) Pointed-leafkarohoro 139 Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin Schejjlera paraensis Huber ex Ducke 138 Sclerolobium guianense Benth. Kaditiri 140 Sclerolobium rnicropetalum Ducke Thin-skin kaditiri 141 Simarouba amara Aublet 136 Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann Smooth-leaf maho 143 Sterculia rugosa R. Br. Rough-leafmaho 142 Swartzia benthamiana Miq. Itikiboroballi 144 Swartzia leiocalycina Benth. Wamara 147 Swartzia sprucei Benth. Itikiboroballi 145 Swartzia xanthopetala Sandw. Itikiboroballi 146 Sweetia praeclara Sandw. 51 Symphonia globulifera L.f Manni 148 Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandw. White cedar 149 var. monophylla Sandw. Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl)Nicholson Hakia 150 Talisia squarrosa Radlk. Moroballi 151 Terrninalia amazonia (J.F. Gmelin) Exell Hill fukadi 152 Terrninalia dichotoma G. Meyer Swamp fukadi 153 Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Swart Haiawaballi 154 Trattinickia demerarae Sandw. Thick-skin ulu 156 Trattinickia rhoifolia Willd. Ulu 155 168 Scientificname Vernacularname Page Vatairea guianensis Aublet Arisauro 157 Vatairea surinamensis Kleinh. 157 Virolamelinonii (Benoist) AC. Smith 158 Virola michelii Heckel Hill dalli 158 Virola surinamensis(Rola nder) Warb. Swamp dalli 159 Vitex stahelii Mold. Hakiaballi 160 Vochysia schomburgkii Wann. Iteballi 162 Vochysia surinamensis Stafleu Iteballi 161 Vochysia tetraphylla (G. Meyer) OC. Iteballi 163 Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw. Sarebebeballi 165 Xylosterculia rugosa (R. Br.) Kosterm. 142 169 INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES Vernacular name (+language) Scientific name Page Adarouna (Ar) Catostemma fragrans 68 Aip6(Ak) Dipteryxodorata 81 Akayoran (C) Dimorphandra conjugata 78 Aknon (Ak) Chrysophyllum pomiferum 72 Aku (Ak) Jacaranda copaia 104 Aku (Ak) Quassia simarouba 136 Akurima(Ak) Eschweilera decolorans 88 Akuyari (Ar) Cedrela odorata 70 Alasoabo (Ar) Terminalia dichotorna 153 Arakaka(-yek) (Ak) Vatairea guianensis 157 Araurarna (C) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Arawnig (Ak) Tabebuiaserratifolia 150 Arisauro (Ar) Vatairea guianensis 157 Arornata (Ar) Clathrotropis brachypetala 74 Arornata (Ar) Clathrotropis macrocarpa 73 Aruain (Ak) Tabebuiaserratifolia 150 Asau (W) Tetragastris altissima 154 Asepoko (Ar) Pouteria guianensis 132 Atoreb (W) Cedrela odorata 70 Atoritan (W) Hymenolobium spp. 100 Aupar (W) Loxopterygium sagotii 113 Awartu (M) Swartzia leiocalycina 147 Baboonwood(Cr) Virola surinamensis 159 Balata (P) Manilkara bidentata 114 Balata burue (Ar) Manilkara bidentata 114 Baradan (Ar) Ocotea tomentella 123 Barakaro (Ar) Ormosia coccinea 124 Bararnanni (Cr) Catostemma commune 67 Bararnanni(Cr) Catostemma fragrans 68 Baromalli (Ar) Catostemma altsonii 69 Baromalli (Ar) Catostemma commune 67 Baromalli (Ar) Catostemma fragrans 68 Bastard bulletwood (Cr) Humiria balsamifera 96 Bastard kabukalli (Cr) Laetia procera 105 Bastard kokoritiballi (Cr) Pouteria cuspidata 131 Bastard kurokai (Cr) Trattinickia rhoifolia 155 Bastard purpleheart (Cr) Astronium ulei 61 Bat seed (Cr) Andira surinamensis 54 Bauwana (W) Astronium ulei 61 Bauwaua (M) Astronium ulei 61 Beefwood( Cr) Manilkara bidentata 114 Bibiro (Ar) Chlorocardium rodiei 71 Biburu (Ar) Chlorocardium rodiei 71 Bitter ash (Cr) Quassia simarouba 136 Black kakaralli (Cr) Eschweilera sagotiana 92 Black kakaralli (Cr) Eschweilera subglandulosa 94 Blackheart (Cr) Acosmium praeclarum 51 Blunt-leafkarohoro (Cr) Scheffiera decaphylla 138 170 Vernacular name (+language) Scientific name Page Broad-leaved burada (Cr) Parinari carnpestris 127 Brown ebony(Cr) Swartzia leiocalycina 147 Brown silverballi (Cr) Licaria cannella 112 Buckwax tree (Cr) Symphonia globulifera 148 Buhurada (Ar) Parinari carnpestris 127 Bulletwood (Cr) Manilkara bidentata 114 Bully tree (Cr) Manilkara bidentata 114 Burada(Ar) Parinari carnpestris 127 Burada(Ar) Parinari rodolphii 128 Candlewood(Cr) Parinari carnpestris 127 Candlewood (Cr) Talisia squarrosa 151 Chuya(M) Pouteria speciosa 133 Clubwood (Cr) Swartzia leiocalycina 147 Coffee mortar(Cr) Terminalia dichotoma 153 Cogwood (Cr) Chlorocardium rodiei 71 Common asepoko (Cr) Pouteria guianensis 132 Common baromalli (Cr) Catostemma commune 67 Common black kakaralli (Cr) Eschweilera sagotiana 92 Common kurokai (Cr) Protium decandrum 134 Cookerwood(Cr) Terminalia dichotoma 153 Countaballi (Cr) Licania alba 109 Counter(Cr) Licania alba 109 Cow-wood(Cr) Bagassa guianensis 62 Crabwood(Cr) Carapa guianensis 65 Crabwood(Cr) Carapa procera 66 Crook(Cr) Alexa imperatricis 52 Crook(Cr) Onnosia coutinhoi 125 Currywood(Cr) Aspidosperma vargasii 60 Dakama (Ar) Dimorphandra conjugata 78 Dalli (Ar) Virola spp. 158 Darina (Ar) Hymenolobium spp. 100 Deokunud (W) Vochysia surinamensis 161 Determa (Cr) Ocotea rubra 122 Dollywood(Cr) Virola surinamensis 159 Dukali (Ar) Parahancornia fasciculata 126 Dukuria (Ar) Sacoglottis guianensis 137 Durban pine (Cr) Pouteria speciosa 133 Epik rik(Ak) Onnosia coccinea 124 Fine smooth-leafkakaralli(Cr) Eschweilera parviflora 90 Fine-leafkakaralli(Cr) Eschweilera wachenheirnii 91 Fine-leafwadara (Cr) Couratari guianensis 75 Fukadi (Ar) Buchenavia fanshawei 63 Fukadi (Ar) Terminalia amazonia 152 Fukadi (Ar) Terminalia dichotoma 153 Futui (Ar) Jacaranda copaia 104 Goupi (Cr) Goupia glabra 95 Greenheart(Cr) Chlorocardiumrodiei 71 Guava-skin(kakaralli) (Cr) Eschweilera alata 87 171 Vernacular name (+language) Scientificname Page Haiariballi (Ar) Alexa imperatricis 52 Haiariballi (Ar) Alexa leiopetala 53 Haiawaballi (Ar) Tetragastris altissima 154 Hakia (Ar) Tabebuiaserratifolia 150 Hakiaballi (Ar) Vitex stahelii 160 Hard kereti (Cr) Ocotea wachenheimii 121 Hariraro shiruaballi (Ar) Ocotea canaliculata 118 Heburu(W) Ocotea canaliculata 118 Hill corkwood(Cr) Pterocarpus rohrii 135 Hill dalli(Cr) Virola michelii 158 Hill fukadi(Cr) Terminalia amazonia 152 Hill iteballi (Cr) Vochysia surinamensis 161 Horse-eye(Cr) Ormosia coutinhoi 125 Hububalli (Ar) Loxopterygium sagotii 113 Huruasa (Ar) Abarema jupunba 50 Huruhurudan (Ar) Dimorphandra polyandra 79 Deng(Ak) Ocotea canaliculata 118 Inyak(W) Antonia ovata 57 Iriar(W) Manilkara bidentata 114 Irikwa(M, W) Virola michelii 158 Irikwa(M, W) Virola surinamensis 159 Irimariye(M) Couratari guianensis 75 Irimiyar(W) Couratari guianensis 75 Ironwood(Cr) Swartzia leiocalycina 147 Ironwood(Cr) Tabebuiaserratifolia 150 Iteballi (Ar) Vochysia schomburgkii 162 Iteballi (Ar) Vochysia surinamensis 161 Iteballi (Ar) Vochysia tetraphylla 163 Itik (Ak) Licaria cannella 112 Itikiboro (Ar) Pterocarpus rohrii 135 Itikiboroballi (Ar) Swartzia bentharniana 144 Itikiboroballi (Ar) Swartzia sprucei 145 Itikiboroballi (Ar) Swartzia xanthopetala 146 Ituri wallaba (Cr) Eperua grandiflora 83 Ituri wallaba(Cr) Eperuajenmanii 84 Ituri wallaba(Cr) Eperua schomburgkiana 85 Jumbi bead tree (Cr) Ormosia coccinea 124 Kabiuk(Ak) Goupia glabra 95 Kabukalli (Ar) Goupia glabra 95 Kaditiri (Ar) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Kaditiri (Ar) Sclerolobium micropetalum 141 Kakaralli (Ar) Eschweilera alata 87 Kakaralli (Cr) Eschweilera pedicellata 93 Kalili(W) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Kamaragwa(M) Tetragastris altissima 154 Kamarai(Ak) Licaria cannella 112 Kamatana (M) Catostemma fragrans 68 Kapai (Ak) Alexa imperatricis 52 Kara(M) . Sterculia rugosa 142 Karaba (Ar, P, Ak) Carapa guianensis 65 172 Vernacular name (+language) Scientific name Page Karamanni (M) Symphonia globulifera 148 Karapa-yek (Ak) Carapa guianensis 65 Karapai(Ak) Carapa guianensis 65 Karawai (Ak) Peltogyne venosa 129 subsp. densiflora Karimora(-yek) (Ak) Talisia squarrosa 151 Karohoro(Ar) Scheffiera decaphylla 138 Karohoro(Ar) Scheffieramorototoni 139 Kaserena(M) Hymenolobium spp. 100 Kata(M) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Katama(Ak) Catostemma commune 67 Katowar(W) Bagassa guianensis 62 Kauada(M) Licania alba 109 Kaudanaro(Ar) Licania alba 109 Kauta(Ar) Licania laxiflora 110 Kautaballi (Ar) Licania alba 109 Kautaballi(Ar) Licania majuscula 111 Kauwi(Ak) Clathrotropis macrocarpa 73 Kawanari(Ar) Hymenaea courbaril 99 Kawioi (Ak) Aniba hypoglauca 56 Kharemero shiruaballi(Ar) Licaria cannella 112 Kirikaua(Ar) Iryanthera lancifolia 102 Kirikaua(Ar) Iryanthera macrophylla 103 Klaipio(C) Abarema jupunba 50 Koatoi(Ak) Alexa imperatricis 52 Kobero(Wr) Manilkara bidentata 114 Kokoritiballi(Ar) Pouteria cuspidata 131 Konatopo(C) Diplotropis purpurea 80 Konawadranup (W) Tabebuia serratifolia 150 Kopaia (C) Jacaranda copaia 104 Koperi (Ak) Cedrela odorata 70 Kopl>(Ak) Calophyllum lucidum 64 Koraro (Ar) Andira inermis 55 Koraro (Ar) Andira surinamensis 54 Koraroballi (Ar) Hymenolobium flavum 100 Koreko(C) Clathrotropis macrocarpa 73 Koroboreli(Ar) Peltogyne venosa 129 subsp. densiflora Korokororo (Ar) Onnosia coutinhoi 125 Koron(W) Catostemma fragrans 68 Korongpinbiu(Ak) Onnosia coutinhoi 125 Kotik(Ak) Hymenolobium spp. 100 Kotore(Ak) Sacoglottis guianensis 137 Krapabosi(C) Dipteryx odorata 81 Kukwi(Ak) Peltogyne venosa 129 subsp. venosa Kumaru(Ar) Dipteryx odorata 81 Kume(Ak) Lecythis zabucajo 108 Kupisini (C) Parinari campestris 127 Kupiye(C) Goupia glabra 95 Kurahara(Ar) Calophyllum lucidum 64 Kurahara silverballi(Cr) Ocotea glomerata 119 Kurana (An) Cedrela odorata 70 173 Vernacular name (+language) Scientificname Page Kurang (Ak) Inga alba 101 Kurero silverballi (Cr) Aniba hypoglauca 56 Kurokai (Ar) Protium decandrum 134 Kut (Ak) Chlorocardium rodiei 71 Kwai (C) Tenninalia amazonia 152 Kwari (Ak) Inga alba 101 Kwariye (M) Inga alba 101 Kwatapuna(M) Abarema jupunba 50 Kwateri(C) Eschweilera decolorans 88 Kwateri(C) Eschweilera sagotiana 92 Kwatpain (W) Abarema jupunba 50 Kwatru(M) Eschweilera decolorans 88 Kwatru(M) Eschweilera sagotiana 92 Kwikpa(Ak) Chrysophyllum pomiferum 72 Kwipari(C) Loxopterygium sagotii 113 Kwipariye(M) Loxopterygium sagotii 113 Limonaballi (Ar) Chrysophyllum pomiferum 72 Locust(Cr) Hymenaea courbaril 98 Locust(Cr) Hymenaea oblongifolia 99 Lucky seed(Cr) Ormosiacoccinea 124 Maats (W) Andira surinamensis 54 Mabinanero(Ak) Hymenolobium spp. 100 Mahaicaballi (Ar) Parinari campestris 127 Maho(Ar) Sterculia rugosa 142 Maitakin (Ak) Symphonia globulifera 148 Maiuarai(Ak) Licania alba 109 Makarai(Ak) Parinari campestris 127 Manni (Ar) Symphonia globulifera 148 Manniballi(Ar) Moronobea coccinea 117 Maporokon(i)(Ar) Inga alba 101 Marako(C) Peltogyne venosa 129 subsp. densiflora Marapasmukri (M) Pouteria guianensis 132 Marawaro(Ak) Calophyllum lucidum 64 Marbuk(Ak) Iryanthera lancifolia 102 Marimari(Wr) Couratari guianensis 75 Maruwa(Ak) Protium decandrum 134 Matchwood(Cr) Scheffieradecaphylla 138 Matchwood(Cr) Scheffieramorototoni 139 Matora (M) Tenninalia amazonia 152 Meri(Cr) Humiria balsamifera 96 Moire(M) Hymenaea courbaril 98 Mok(Ak) Peltogyne venosa 129 subsp. densiflora Monkey pot (Cr) Lecythis zabucajo 108 Mora(Ak, Ar) Mora excelsa 115 Mora-yek(Ak) Mora excelsa 115 Morabukea (Ar) Mora gonggrijpii 116 Moroballi(Ar) Talisia squarrosa 151 Morornbo-rai(Ak) Moronobea coccinea 117 Morornpo(M) Swartzia benthamiana 144 174 Vernacular name (+language) Scientificname Page Morototo (C) Scheffiera morototoni 139 Murewa(C) Laetia procera 105 Mutushi(C) Pterocarpus rohrii 135 Mutuwali(Ak) Clathrotropis macrocarpa 73 Naharu(Cr) Tenninalia dichotoma 153 Napo(Ak) Hyeronima alchorneoides 97 Not(W) Hymenaea courbaril 98 Ogoru(Ak) Diplotropis purpurea 80 Okoromai (Ak) Eschweilera alata 87 Okraprabu(Ak) Swartzia benthamiana 144 Olgoi (Ak) Diplotropis purpurea 80 Orukorong(Ak) Abarema jupunba 50 Paku (An) Catostemma commune 67 Paku (An) Catostemma fragrans 68 Pakuri (Ar) Platonia esculenta 130 Panda(C) Tabebuia insignis 149 Parakaua(C) Mora excelsa 115 Parakwai(Ak) Mora gonggrijpii 116 Parank(W) Cedrela odorata 70 Paranka(M) Cedrela odorata 70 Parewe(C) Eperuafalcata 82 Paripiballi (Ar) Chrysophyllum pomiferum 72 Pasa(Ak) Jacaranda copaia 104 Phootee(Cr) Jacaranda copaia 104 Pi(W) Scheffiera morototoni 139 Pointed-leafkarohoro (Cr) Scheffiera morototoni 139 Poko(Ak) Eschweilera sagotiana 92 Por(W) Pouteria speciosa 133 Pornai(Ak) Scheffiera morototoni 139 Porokai (Ar) Protium decandrum 134 Poyak(Ak) Pouteria guianensis 132 Prukoi(P) Eschweilera sagotiana .92 Puire(M) Sacoglottis guianensis 137 Puna(M) Scheffiera morototoni 139 Purpleheart (Cr) Peltogyne venosa 129 Purue(M) Manilkara bidentata 114 Ranai (W) Sterculia rugosa 142 Ranoi(M) Tabebuiaserratifolia 150 Red cedar (Cr) Cedrela odorata 70 Rora(-yek)(Ak) Chlorocardium rodiei 71 Rough-leafmaho(Cr) Sterculia rugosa 142 Saka (Ar) Peltogyne venosa 129 subsp. venosa Sand baromalli (Cr) Catostemma fragrans 68 Sand dukuria(Cr) Sacoglottis guianensis 137 Sand mora(Cr) Talisia squarrosa 151 Saraurai (Ak) Sterculia rugosa 142 Sarebebeballi (Ar) Vouacapoua macropetala 164 175 Vernacular name (+language) Scientificname Page Sawariskin silverballi(Cr) Ocotea canaliculata 118 Sekerau(Ak) Sterculia rugosa 142 Serena (M) Calophyllum hicidum 64 Shibadan (Ar) Aspidospenna album 59 Shibadan(Ar) Aspidospenna cruentum 58 Shibadan(Ar) Aspidospenna vargasii 60 Shiraip (W) Swartzia leiocalycina 147 Shirima(M) Quassia simarouba 136 Simana(Ak) Catostemma commune 67 Simana (Ak:) Catostemma fragrans 68 Simarupa(Ar, C) Quassia simarouba 136 Simere (W) Quassia simarouba 136 Simia chimi (Ak:) Tenninalia dichotoma 153 Simiri (Ar) Hymenaea oblongifolia 98 Sipiri(An) Chlorocardium rodiei 71 Sipu (C) Chlorocardiurn rodiei 71 Smooth-leafkakaralli(Cr) Eschweilera coriacea 89 Smooth-leafkakaralli(Cr) Eschweilera decolorans 88 Smooth-leafmaho(Cr) Sterculia pruriens 143 Smooth-leafwadara(Cr) Couratari multiflora 77 Soapwood(Cr) Abarema jupunba 50 Soft kereti (Cr) Ocotea oblonga 120 Soft wallaba(Cr) Eperua falcata 82 Stinking toe(Cr) Hymenaea courbaril 98 Stinkwood(Cr) Goupia glabra 95 Suradan (Ar) Hyeronima alchorneoides 97 Suya(Cr) Pouteria speciosa 133 Swamp dalli (Cr) Virola surinamensis 159 Swamp fukadi(Cr) Terminalia dichotoma 153 Swamp kirikaua (Cr) Iryanthera lancifolia 102 Tamad(W) Eschweilera sagotiana 92 Tamanokware(C) Antonia ovata 57 Tamarotan(W) Tenninalia amazonia 152 Tatabu (Ar) Diplotropis purpurea 80 Tauaranru(Ar) Hurniria balsamifera 96 Tauroniro (Cr) Hurniria balsamifera 96 Tekroma(Ak:) Eschweilera alata 87 Teteruma(Ar) Ocotea rubra 122 Thick-skin kaditiri(Cr) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Thick-skin ulu (Cr) Trattinickia demerarae 156 Thin-skin kaditiri(Ar) Sclerolobium micropetalum 141 Thin-skin ulu(Cr) Trattinickia rhoifolia 155 Tiniari(C) Licaria cannella 112 Toker(W) Licania alba 109 Tonka bean(Cr) Dipteryx odorata 81 Tuwne(M) Bagassa guianensis 62 IBu(Ar) Trattinickia demerarae 156 IBu(Ar) Trattinickia rhoifolia 155 Urimari(C) Couratari guianensis 75 Wabaima(Ar) Licaria cannella 112 176 Vernacular name (+language) Scientific name Page Wadaduri(A r) Lecythis zabucajo 108 Wadara(Ar) Couratari gloriosa 76 Wadara(Ar) Couratari guianensis 75 Wamara(Ar) Swartzialeioca lycina 147 Wamkoam(W) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Wamuk(W) Parinari campestris 127 Wamuku(M) Parinari campestris 127 Wanaka( M) Onnosiacoutinhoi 125 Wanu(C) Ocotearubra 122 Warabari (Ak) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Warakai(o)ro(Ar) Laetia procera 105 W araku ri(Ar ) Tabebuia insignis 149 var. monophylla Waramai (Ak) Goupia glabra 95 Waranaka(Ak) Couratari guianensis 75 Warishi(C) Virola surinamensis 159 Waruwai(Ak) Protium decandrum 134 Watafa(Ar) Eperuarub iginosa 86 Watapa(Ar) Eperuarub iginosa 86 Water wallaba (Cr) Eperuarub iginosa 86 Water wallaba (Cr) Eperuaschomb urgkiana 85 Watschir(W) Calophyllum lucidum 64 Watuwai (Ak) Laetia procera 105 Wayama(Ak) Trattinickia rhoifolia 155 We(Ak) Virola surinamensis 159 Weputana(C) Iryanthera lancifolia 102 White cedar (Cr) Tabebuia insignis 149 var. monophylla White silverbal li(Cr) Ocoteaca naliculata 118 White wallaba(Cr) Eperuafalcata 82 Wild mammee apple(Cr) Platonia esculenta 130 Wina(Ar ) Lecythis corrugata 107 Wirirniri(Ar) Lecythis confertiflora 106 Wopa(A) Eperuafalca ta 82 Yahu (Ar) Sterculia rugosa 142 Yaku (Ar) Quassia simarouba 136 Yaneau(Ak) Ocoteatomentella 123 Yapopari(C) Sacoglottis guianensis 137 Yawahudan(Ar ) Bagassaguia nensis 62 Yawaredan (Ar) Sclerolobium guianense 140 Yellow silverballi(Cr) An iba hypoglauca 56 Yoboko (Ar) Eperuagra ndiflora 83 Yokar(W) Inga al ba 101 177 LEGEND OF FIGURES 4.1 Explanations and Illustrations of Features Number of Species Number of figure woodsample I Humiria balsamifera u 11391 2 Pterocarpus rohrii U694 3 Pouteria cuspidata MAD32967 4 Virola surinamensis U573 5 Andira surinamensis U57 6 Swartzia leiocalycina u 20716 7 Hymenolobium flavum GFC 3047 8 Vitex stahelii MAD8450 9 Ailanthus altissirna ETHL 30.W 2233 10 Knightia excelsa ETH30749 11 Calophyllum lucidum MAD30513 12 Bagassa guianensis 5790 13 Astronium ulei MAD2963 14 Antonia ovata u 34234 15 Quassia sirnarouba STR35726 16 Jacaranda copaia ETH30271 17 Inga alba PK U635 18 Bagassa guianensis u 5790 19 Sterculia pniriens u 34222 20 Abarema jupunba u 34122 21 Humiria balsamifera u 11391 22 Vouacapoua macropetala STR46478 23 Aspidosperma vargasii MAD27110 24 Antonia ovata u 34234 25 Chlorocardium rodiei u 11235 26 Jacaranda copaia U788 27 Loxopterygium sagotii U752 28 Parahancornia fasciculata STR50911 29 Hymenodictyon sp. ETH4354 30 Acosrnium praeclarum MAD5632 31 Abarema jupunba u 34122 32 Alexa leiopetala STR43680 33 Onnosia coutinhoi u 5225 34 Aspidosperma album U6790 35 Couratari gloriosa s 33766 36 Eschweilera parviflora u 12174 37 Iryanthera lancifolia PK U2642 38 Moronobea coccinea u 5531 39 Eschweilera parviflora u 12174 40 Pterocarpus rohrii U694 41 Andira surinamensis U57 42 Licania alba u 34075 43 Calophyllum lucidum ETH30260 44 Licania majuscula u 15336 45 Catostemma commune U800 46 Onnosia coutinhoi u 5225 178 Number of Species Number of figure wood sample 47 Onnosiacoutinhoi U5225 48 Moronobeacoccinea u 5531 49 Calophyllum lucidum MAD30513 50 Licania majuscula u 15336 51 Loxopterygium sagotii U752 52 Eperuagrandiflora U821 53 Sterculia pruriens u 34222 54 Mora excelsa U536 55 Catostemma commune U800 56 Sterculia pruriens U34222 57 Sterculia pruriens U34222 58 Vitex stahelii MAD8450 59 Couratari guianensis U2008 60 Swartzialeioca lycina u 20716 61 Tabebuia serratifolia MAD5639 62 Tabebuia insignis U720 63 Symphonia globulifera u 34100 64 Sterculia pruriens u 34222 65 Couratari guianensis U2008 66 As pidospermacruentum U778 67 Tabebuia serratifolia S1R32915 68 Catostemma commune u 12256 72 Tetragastris al tissima U2745 73 Eperua grandiflora PKU821 74 Antonia ovata U3 4234 75 Ocoteatomentella U5 786 5 Description by Species Number of Figure on the Figure on the Species left hand side right hand side 1 u 34106 u 34122 2 MAD5632 MAD5632 3 U20702 ETII30931 3a E1H226 S1R43680 4 U57 U642 4a U109a U459 5 u 34164 S1R50092 6 u 34234 u 34234 7 U778 u 163 7a S1R24816 u 31642 8 MAD27110 S1R42644 9 PK34224 GFC 2156 10 u 10826 U5790 75a S1R43602 u 34322 11 ETII30260 MAD30513 12 30/4 L 18.3 UW 947 179 Number of Figure on the Figure on the Species left hand side right hand side 12a U665 U30875 13 U800 u 12256 14 u 11214 u 33089 14a U799 MAD37911 15 U948 Ellila 3 16 u 11235 U20712 17 u 34085 SIR43560 18 PK34160 u 34168 18a PK 1021 UW6496 19 U633 U2008 19a s 33766 s 33766 19b U4875 U44 20 Elli2286 SIR46446 20a U818 U5099 21 U20704 U641 22 u 1024 11539 23 u 11542 U27673 24 U821 U9605 24a U822 U24828 24b U824 u 30742 25 u 179.26 u 34143 26 u 34109 u 34109 27 u 1704 u 1704 27a U27653 U 136a 27b U913 u 12174 27c U916 U4672 28 u 5741 u 5191 28a u 32112 U3 2112 28b U911 u 30572 29 Elli U30276 U20713 30 U5734 u 11391 31 Elli L 30730 U5299 32 Elli 2348 U639 32a STR36597 SIR36597 33 U5723 GFC 3047 34 U635 Elli2124 35 U2642 u 34115 35a SIR21107 SIR21108 36 Ui788 Elli30271 37 u 1103 u 124 38 SIR35448 SIR43894 39 U628 U5168 40 U918 U5237 41 u 11801 u 34075 4la u 1064 u 1931 4lb U20706 u 15336 42 u 10 u 34220 43 u 34230 u 34227 44 U600 u 34229 45 U704 u 536 46 U2099 u 192 47 U882 u 5531 { 180 I Number of Figure on the Figure on the Species left hand side right hand side 48 U527 u 1203 48a U905 uw5359 48b u 11180 U24154 48c U2051 u 5275 49 S1R45684 S1R45685 50 U534 U5786 51 U357 U5349 52 U251 U5225 53 MAD20180 S1R50911 54 U682 U5267 54a S1R35901 S1R43668 55 u 32506 U650 56 U648 U5100 57 MAD32946 MAD32967 58 U4897 u 11636 59 u 34067 u 34171 60 U20705 U20705 61 U694 U5579 62 u 34228 S1R35726 63 U894 U710 64 u 15 U5265 65 u 32164 u 12299 66 U833 u 34137 66a U3687 U2098 67 U8663 S1R43704 67a Elli258 A u 34222 68 U837 u 4961 68a STR43716 u 34242 68b MAD5627 S1R43583 69 U27385 U20716 70 Elli30262 u 34100 71 U791 U720 72 STR32915 MAD5639 73 u 1112 U20717 74 U93 u 5192 75 U8 55 U363 76 U2745 u 11775 77 u 509 U629 77a u 508 u 34235 78 u 1036 Elli 30119 79 u 32158 S1R47632 80 u 32276 u 573 81 MAD8450 MAD24028 82 u 34219 UW4997 82a MAD8460 MAD8460 82b u 32285 u 5348 83 STR46478 GFC 2460 181 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ak Akawaio An Arecillla Ar Arawak C Carib Cr Creole ETH Eidgen1lssischeTechnische Hochschule IAWA International Association of Wood Anatomists M Macushi P Patamona W Wapisiana Wr Warrau 182 APPENDICES Synoptic Tables by Species Check List with Macroscopic Features for Field-Work Transparent Scale Grid Floppy Disk 183 Vessel visibility Proportion of solitaryvessels[%) Vessel visibility