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Évolution Spatio-Temporelle Du Pergélisol Alpin Marginal Au Mont Jacques-Cartier, Massif Des Chic-Chocs, Gaspésie (Qc)

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Évolution Spatio-Temporelle Du Pergélisol Alpin Marginal Au Mont Jacques-Cartier, Massif Des Chic-Chocs, Gaspésie (Qc) Université de Montréal Évolution spatio-temporelle du pergélisol alpin marginal au mont Jacques-Cartier, massif des Chic-Chocs, Gaspésie (Qc) par Gautier DAVESNE Département de Géographie Faculté des arts et sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise en géographie Août 2015 © Gautier Davesne, 2015 ii Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Évolution spatio-temporelle du pergélisol alpin marginal au mont Jacques-Cartier, massif des Chic- Chocs, Gaspésie (Qc) Présenté par : Gautier Davesne a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : François Cavayas, président rapporteur Daniel Fortier, directeur de recherche James Gray, membre du jury iii iv Résumé L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’acquérir une connaissance détaillée sur l’évolution spatiale de la température de surface du sol (GST) au mont Jacques-Cartier et sur la réponse thermique de son îlot de pergélisol alpin aux changements climatiques passés et futurs. L’étude est basée sur un ensemble de mesures de température (GST, sous-sol) et de neige, ainsi que des modèles spatiaux de distribution potentielle de la GST et des simulations numériques du régime thermique du sol. Les résultats montrent que la distribution de la GST sur le plateau est principalement corrélée avec la répartition du couvert nival. Au-dessus de la limite de la végétation, le plateau est caractérisé par un couvert de neige peu épais et discontinu en hiver en raison de la topographie du site et l’action des forts vents. La GST est alors couplée avec les températures de l’air amenant des conditions froides en surface. Dans les îlots de krummholz et les dépressions topographiques sur les versants SE sous le vent, la neige soufflée du plateau s’accumule en un couvert très épais induisant des conditions de surface beaucoup plus chaude que sur le plateau dû à l’effet isolant de la neige. En raison de la quasi-absence de neige en hiver et de la nature du substrat, la réponse du pergélisol du sommet du mont Jacques-Cartier au signal climatique est très rapide. De 1978 à 2014, la température du sol a augmenté à toutes les profondeurs au niveau du forage suivant la même tendance que les températures de l’air. Si la tendance au réchauffement se poursuit telle que prévue par les simulations climatiques produites par le consortium Ouranos, le pergélisol pourrait disparaître d’ici à 2040-2050. Mots-clés : pergélisol alpin, neige, température de surface du sol, changements climatiques i Abstract The objective of the study was to acquire detailed knowledge of the spatial evolution of the ground surface temperature (GST) on Mont Jacques-Cartier and the thermal response of its marginal permafrost body to the past and future climate changes. The study is based on temperature (GST, underground) and snow measurements, and spatial modeling of the potential GST distribution and numerical modeling of the ground thermal regime. The result showed that the spatio-temporal variability of the GST over the summit is mainly correlated with the snowpack distribution. On the wind-exposed plateau, the snowpack is thin and discontinuous. The GST is thus closely connected to the very cold air temperature in winter. In the krummholz patches and in the topographic depression on the leeward slope, drifted snow accumulation is significant leading to surface condition warmer than over the wind-exposed plateau. Because of the near snow-free condition of the plateau summit and the highly conductive nature of its bedrock, the response of the permafrost to the climate signal is rapid. From 1978 to 2014, the ground warmed at all depths. If the recent trend continues as predicted by the climate simulations provided by the Ouranos consortium, the complete disappearance of the permafrost body at Mont Jacques-Cartier could occur around 2040-2050. Keywords: mountain permafrost, snow, ground surface temperature, climate changes ii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. ii Table des matières ............................................................................................................................ iii Liste des tableaux .............................................................................................................................. v Liste des figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Liste des sigles ................................................................................................................................... x Remerciements ................................................................................................................................. xi Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 : Concepts fondamentaux et revue de littérature ........................................................... 3 I.1. Qu’est-ce que le pergélisol ........................................................................................................ 3 I.1.1. La définition de l’invisible .................................................................................................. 3 I.1.2. La formation du pergélisol ................................................................................................. 5 I.1.3. La structure et le régime thermique du pergélisol ............................................................... 6 I.2. Le pergélisol alpin, quelles spécificités ? ................................................................................... 8 I.2.1. Une dépendance au relief : entre le contrôle de l’altitude et de la topographie ................... 8 I.2.2. Les types de pergélisol alpin .............................................................................................. 9 I.2.3. Les facteurs contrôlant la distribution spatiale du pergélisol alpin ................................... 10 I.3. Les effets des changements climatiques sur le pergélisol ......................................................... 16 I.3.1. Évidences des changements climatiques dans les régions alpines ..................................... 16 I.3.2. Les réponses du pergélisol alpin aux changements climatiques ......................................... 18 I.3.3. Impact de la dégradation du pergélisol sur les géosystèmes alpins ................................... 21 Conclusion Chapitre 1. .................................................................................................................... 23 Chapitre 2 : Contexte de l’étude et problématique ........................................................................ 24 II.2. Le site d’étude ....................................................................................................................... 24 II.2.1. La géologie ..................................................................................................................... 25 II.2.2. Les dépôts de surface ...................................................................................................... 25 II.2.3. La glaciation wisconsinienne dans les Chic-Chocs .......................................................... 26 II.2.4. L’environnement périglaciaire ........................................................................................ 29 II.2.5. Le climat ......................................................................................................................... 36 II.3. L’intérêt du site ...................................................................................................................... 38 II.4. Questions et objectifs de recherche ........................................................................................ 39 II.5. Implications et retombées potentielles du projet de recherche ................................................. 40 iii Chapitre 3 : Articles Scientifiques .................................................................................................. 41 III.1. Article 1 ............................................................................................................................... 42 III.1.1. Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 42 III.1.2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 43 III.1.3. Study site ....................................................................................................................... 44 III.1.4. Methods and data .......................................................................................................... 46 III.1.5. Results ........................................................................................................................... 55 III.1.6. Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 70 III.1.7. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 78 III.2. Article
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