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Pomorske Veze I Turistička Valorizacija Malinske

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Pomorske Veze I Turistička Valorizacija Malinske ISSN 0554-6397 UDK 338.48(497.52 Malinska) IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI RAD (Original scientific paper) Primljeno (Received): 12/2002 Dr. sc. Hrvoje Turk, izv. profesor Medoviæeva 8, 51000 Rijeka Helena Turk-ariæ, profesor geografije Medoviæeva 8, 51000 Rijeka POMORSKE VEZE I TURISTIÈKA VALORIZACIJA MALINSKE Saetak U èlanku se raspravlja o meðusobnoj uvjetovanosti pomorskih veza Malinske s kopnom i njenog turistièkog razvoja. Izdvojene su dvije etape u pomorskom povezivanju otoka Krka i Malinske (parobrodarska i trajektna) i tri razdoblja u turistièkoj valorizaciji. Turizam je uvjetovao smanjenje udjela primarnog stanovnitva i poveæanje vanosti tercijarnog sektora djelatnosti. Izgradnjom hotelskih objekata i, posebice, kuæa za odmor i stanova za odmor i rekreaciju obavljena je velika transformacija prostora. Kljuène rijeèi: otok Krk, Malinska, pomorske veze, turistièka valorizacija Uvod Malinska je znaèajno turistièko mjesto na otoku Krku, koji ima sredinji poloaj u Kvarneru. Kao dio Kvarnera otok je u prometnoturistièkom pogledu povoljno poloen, pa mu gravitira veliki dio europske unutranjosti. Iz Kvarnera prema sjeverozapadu vode prometnice prema Sloveniji, Italiji, Austriji i Njemaèkoj, a preko Gorskog kotara i Delnièkih vrata ide vana prometnica prema unutranjosti Hrvatske i srednjoj Europi (Maðarska, Èeka, Slovaèka). Vano je istaknuti i jadransku cestovnu magistralu, koja prolazi du sjevernohrvatskog priobalja, odakle se, preko Krèkog mosta, lako dolazi na otok Krk, koji je time postao praktièki poluotokom. Most je izgraðen 1980. godine, èime je otok postao prometno pristupaèan, a time je Pomorski zbornik 40 (2002)1, 361-386 361 Hrvoje Turk, Helena Turk-ariæ Pomorske veze i turistièka valorizacija Malinske dobio i tranzitnu funkciju. Ta je uloga jo vie dola do izraaja 1989. godine uspostavom trajektne linije od Krka do Cresa (Valbiska - Merag). Trajektna linija iz Bake do Lopara na Rabu, takoðer, funkcionira u turistièkoj sezoni, dok je linija ilo - Crikvenica ukinuta, ali se ljeti uspostavlja veza turistièkim brodiæem. Na Krku je i zraèna luka, izgraðena 1970. godine, u blizini Omilja koja ima velike tehnièke moguænosti, jer moe prihvatiti meðunarodne letove. Slika 1.: Poloaj otoka Krka i Malinske u Kvarneru Malinska se nalazi na sjeverozapadnom dijelu otoka Krka, koji je u turistièkome smislu jedan od najvanijih dijelova otoka. Dananji prometnogeografski poloaj 362 Pomorski zbornik 40 (2002)1, 361-386 Hrvoje Turk, Helena Turk-ariæ Pomorske veze i turistièka valorizacija Malinske Malinske oèituje se u relativno dobroj cestovnoj povezanosti s Krèkim mostom, a time i rijeèkim priobaljem. Naime, od mosta prema Krku, te dalje prema Baki ide glavna otoèka prometnica, koja prolazi blizu Malinske. Od mosta pa do Malinske svega je 20-ak km, dok je udaljenost od Rijeke samo èetrdesetak kilometara. Malinska je sredite opæine koja pod imenom Malinska-Dubanica datira iz 1997. godine.1 Protee se uz obalu od rta Èuf (sjeverno od Malinske) do uvale Èavlena (jugozapadno od Porta) na duini od priblino 20 km, a obuhvaæa i dio unutranjosti otoka. Malinska je postala najvanije naselje Dubanice Malinska je najmlaðe i najveæe naselje ovog prostora. Prvi put se spominje u 15. st. ali samo kao lokalitet, gdje se uz mali vodotok nalazila vodenica. Ime je dobila od èakavske rijeèi malin, to znaèi mlin.2 Na karti Rijeèkog zaljeva koja se pripisuje kartografu i topografu Ivanu Klobuèariæu (1550-1605) oznaèen je toponim Du- basniza. Iz toga je moguæe pretpostaviti da je Dubanica bila selo koje je nestalo, najvjerojatnije zbog malarije. Poslije se ime zadralo za cijeli sjeverozapadni prostor otoka Krka. Na karti Krka talijanskog geografa Coronellija (1650-1718) oznaèen je lokalitet Molino (mlin) i Walle Molisca (malinskarska uvala) i lokaliteti Dobasnisza i Porto Dobasnisca. Porat je prema tome bio luka Dubanice iz koje se, kao to je poznato, svojedobno izvozilo ogrijevno drvo. Drvo je bilo vaan izvozni artikl, a prodavao se u manjim snopovima ili faima ili na kilograme u Veneciji, Chioggi i Rijeci. Zbog toga je u Portu jo u vrijeme Mletaèke republike postojao sanitarno-luèki ured. Malinskarska je uvala u irem smislu veæ prije bila znana kao relativno sigurno sidrite za brodove. Zbog toga su Portani svoje brodove, odnosno jedrenjake ovdje vezali, posebice u vrijeme jakog juga ili nevere. Vjerojatno je to bio jedan od razloga zbog èega je u drugoj polovici 19. st. izvoz drveta iz Porta prebaèen u Malinsku, kamo je premjeten i sanitarno-luèki ured. Zatiæenost zapadnog dijela Krka od hladnijih vjetrova s kopna bila je razlog da je ovaj dio otoka puèki nazvan otovento, to znaèi zavjetrina. Malinskarski kraj ne ubraja se u punom smislu u otovento, ali je relativno dobro zatiæen od bure. Èestinu i jaèinu vjetrova u Malinskoj prikazuje sljedeæa slika. 1 Dubanica je tradicionalno ime za najveæi dio prostora ove opæine, zbog èega je taj naziv pridodan imenu Malinska. Ime je motivirano fitonimom dub, kako ovdje zovu drvo hrasta medunca. Dio opæine na sjeveroistoku, gdje se nalazi Sv. Vid Miholjice nije dio Dubanice, jer je u prolosti pripadao omialjskoj opæini. 2 Turk, M. (1996): Nazivi krèkih naselja. Krèki kalendar 1996, Krk, str.103. Pomorski zbornik 40 (2002)1, 361-386 363 Hrvoje Turk, Helena Turk-ariæ Pomorske veze i turistièka valorizacija Malinske Slika 2.: Godinja rua vjetrova u Malinskoj (1981-1997.) Vidi se da èestinom dominiraju jugoistoèni, juni i sjeverozapadni vjetrovi. Jugo i levant su vjetrovi junog i jugoistoènog kvadranta i izraeni uglavnom u hladnijoj polovici godine. Po svojim su karakteristikama vlani i topli.Prosjeèna im je jaèina 1,7, odnosno 2,4 bofora. Sjeverozapadni vjetar zvan maestral pue preteno u toplije doba godine i ima osvjeavajuæi karakter. Isto tako, preteno u toplijem dijelu godine, pue i jugozapadni vjetar zvan pulenat, koji ponekad ima i olujnu snagu. Prosjeèna mu je jaèina 2,2 bofora. Sjeverni vjetar zove se tramontana i ima manju èestinu, ali je na ovoj obali dosta jak. Vie pue u hladnoj polovici godine, dok se ljeti ponekad javlja i kao olujni vjetar. 364 Pomorski zbornik 40 (2002)1, 361-386 Hrvoje Turk, Helena Turk-ariæ Pomorske veze i turistièka valorizacija Malinske Iako je Malinska relativno dobro zatiæena od bure, jer joj je èestina manja od 9%, ona je po prosjeènoj jaèini od 2,5 bofora prvi vjetar. U Malinskoj ljudi razlikuju tzv. bakarsku (NE) i senjsku (E) buru. Uèestalija je senjska, ali veæu jaèinu ima bakarska bura. Vano je istaknuti da zapadni dio otoka Krka, a time i Malinska, ima vie tiina od ostaloga dijela otoka. Vjetrovi su znaèajan faktor klimatske diferencijacije otoka, to su potvrdili i japanski struènjaci koji su ispitivali buru u Kvarneru. Prema savijenosti stabala i kroanja oni su snagu i jaèinu bure izrazili brojkama od 1 do 6. Na toj su osnovi izradili kartu izolinija snage bure na Kvarneru, gdje se vidi relativno dobra zatiæenost zapadnoga dijela Krka. Veæina prostora ima vrijednost 1, odnosno najslabiju buru.3 Ovdje treba istaknuti da Malinska ima i povoljne biometeoroloke karakteristike koje su sliène Opatiji, to je bio jedan od razloga turistièke valorizacije ovog prostora.4 U popisu naselja koji je napravio biskup antiæ 1798. godine, Malinska se spominje kao lokalitet, a ne kao naselje. Tu je na malom vodotoku, odnosno izvoru zvanom Jaz, knez Ivan Frankopan dao izgraditi manju branu i vodenicu. Ostaci brane bili su vidljivi sve do 1934. godine, kada je ona uklonjena i Jaz ureðen kao to danas izgleda. Vodenica se sastojala od dvije male usporedne kuæice, izmeðu kojih je protjecala voda, koja je pokretala rvanj. Oko mlina poèele su se izgraðivati kuæe tek u 19. st.5 Prvi su se stanovnici u Malinsku doselili iz Porta. Bili su preteno poljopriv- rednici, ali su se bavili i brodarstvom i ribolovom. Postoje podaci o brodovlasnicima u Dubanici s godinom kada su se pojavili u plovidbi i to veæ od 1602. godine. Spominju se primjerice Anton Katariniæ, a i neki mornari, pomorci i ribari.6 Kasnije su takoðer poznate brodovlasnièke obitelji iz Malinske, kao Mascolini ( Makulin) koji potjeèu iz Venecije i koji su izgradili kuæu u Malinskoj i bili vlasnici broda Bella Marietta. Brod Margherita prevozio je drvo u Italiju i bio je u vlasnitvu obitelji Bogoviæ i Matuè. I obitelj karpa imala je vie brodova, primjerice Vilu, Slaviju, Primorku i Dva brata, kojima se izvozilo drvo, ali i prevozili putnici, odnosno turisti.7 Jo krajem 19. st. Malinska je brojem ljudi bila manja (173 st.) od nekih naselja Dubanice. Tek jaèim razvojem turizma u meðuratnom razdoblju ona je postala najveæe mjesto ovog prostora. U suvremenom razdoblju ona je spojena s okolnim mjestima Bogoviæima, Radiæima, Milèetiæima i Zidariæima i danas ima vie od 1.200 stanovnika. 3 Yoshino, M.M. (1976): The Local Wind Bora. Tokyo. Vidi takoðer Novosel-ic, P. (1975): Otok Krk - od trajekta do mosta (socijalno-geografska transformacija). Krk - Zagreb, str. 54. 4 Vidi opirnije: Penzar, B. (1974): Studija o indeksu ohlaðivanja na istoènom dijelu Jadrana. Acta Adriatica, Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Split, vol. XV, br. 6, Split 5 Barbi, V. (1997): Na izvorima Malinske. Malinska, str.19. 6 Isto, str. 17 i 21. 7 galjiæ, J. (1999): Krèki jarboli, vremeplov brodogradnje i pomorstva otoka Krka, Rijeka-Krk, str.13-25. Pomorski zbornik 40 (2002)1, 361-386 365 Hrvoje Turk, Helena Turk-ariæ Pomorske veze i turistièka valorizacija Malinske Poèeci parobrodarstva i turizma Poèeci turistièke valorizacije na otoku Krku, pa tako i u Malinskoj, bili su vezani za razvoj parobrodarstva u drugoj polovici 19.stoljeæa. Pomorske veze otoka sa susjednim kopnom bile su bitne, kako za otoèko stanovnitvo, tako i za posje- titelje otoka i turiste. Te su veze u prolosti bile neredovite i povremene. U uvjetima razvoja parobrodarstva u 19. st. veze otoka s mjestima na kopnu znatno su po- boljane jer su postale redovitije. Vanu je ulogu u tome imao Austrijski Lloyd iz Trsta. Prvi njihov parobrod pristao je u Krku 1846. godine, kamo je dovezao izletnike iz Rijeke.8 Prva stalna brodska pruga, uspostavljena 1853. godine, iz Rijeke do Zadra ticala je Baku, dok je ljetna linija Rijeka - Omialj - Krk uspo- stavljena 1857.
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