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CMC Citation for 2020 Micius Quantum Prize (Theory Portion)
The Sun rises in Albuquerque on December 10, 2020, as the Prize is announced in Beijing. CMC citation for 2020 Micius Quantum Prize (theory portion) For foundational work on quantum metrology and quantum information theory, especially for elucidating the fundamental noise in interferometers and its suppression with the use of squeezed states. CMC remarks at the press conference announcing award of the Prize First, thanks to the Micius Foundation for awarding me this prestigious, international research prize. The prize is aptly named for the ancient Chinese philosopher Micius, whose moral teachings emphasized introspection, self-reflection, and authenticity, all values that I hold dear, and who taught that all people are equal and that innovation is as valuable as tradition. Second, thanks to the Selection Committee. That this group of outstanding scientists thought that my scientific contributions are worthy of recognition is both gratifying and humbling. Third, thanks to Peter Zoller for a very favorable rendering of my contributions to science. I can only wonder where Peter was back when I was trying to get the University of New Mexico to raise my salary. It is a great honor to have been awarded a prize of this magnitude and prestige. But prizes are dangerous. The head swells, and it needs to be deflated, and for deflation, I have my two kids, Eleanor Caves and Jeremy Rugenstein, both of whom are scientists, as are their spouses. I happened to open the e-mail informing me I had been awarded the Micius Prize on a Saturday morning a few weeks ago, just as I was about to Skype with Eleanor in the UK and Jeremy in Colorado. -
Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular and Cell Biology) Hit the Newspaper Headlines on a Weekly Basis
The Tenovus-Scotland Symposia and Medal Lectures Today medical advances as a result of discoveries in the Life Sciences (Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular and Cell Biology) hit the newspaper headlines on a weekly basis. This was not the case at the time of the first Tenovus-Scotland Symposium nearly 35 years ago. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA twenty years earlier, great advances had been made in understanding, at the level of molecules, how genes work in the cell. From study of simple bacteria and viruses, it was known that the information for making all the different proteins in the cell was encoded in the sequence of nucleotides, the individual chemical units of DNA, but study of higher organisms seemed impossibly complex. The chromosomes in each human cell have about 23,000 genes in their DNA that contains a total of about three thousand million nucleotides - how would it be possible to study these genes individually? Three staff from the Biochemistry Department and the Beatson Institute planned a two day meeting at Glasgow University in 1974 to bring together scientists to discuss and learn about the new discoveries that were beginning to provide answers to that fundamental question. Sir Charles Illingworth, who had recently founded Tenovus- Scotland, saw the importance of these studies and their potential future application in medicine and agreed a grant towards the cost of the meeting, which we called the Tenovus-Scotland Symposium although the First Meeting was also jointly sponsored by the Nucleotide Group of the -
A First Introduction to Quantum Computing and Information a First Introduction to Quantum Computing and Information Bernard Zygelman
Bernard Zygelman A First Introduction to Quantum Computing and Information A First Introduction to Quantum Computing and Information Bernard Zygelman A First Introduction to Quantum Computing and Information 123 Bernard Zygelman Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas, NV, USA ISBN 978-3-319-91628-6 ISBN 978-3-319-91629-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91629-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018946528 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. -
Scientific Report for the Year 2000
The Erwin Schr¨odinger International Boltzmanngasse 9 ESI Institute for Mathematical Physics A-1090 Wien, Austria Scientific Report for the Year 2000 Vienna, ESI-Report 2000 March 1, 2001 Supported by Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Austria ESI–Report 2000 ERWIN SCHRODINGER¨ INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, SCIENTIFIC REPORT FOR THE YEAR 2000 ESI, Boltzmanngasse 9, A-1090 Wien, Austria March 1, 2001 Honorary President: Walter Thirring, Tel. +43-1-4277-51516. President: Jakob Yngvason: +43-1-4277-51506. [email protected] Director: Peter W. Michor: +43-1-3172047-16. [email protected] Director: Klaus Schmidt: +43-1-3172047-14. [email protected] Administration: Ulrike Fischer, Eva Kissler, Ursula Sagmeister: +43-1-3172047-12, [email protected] Computer group: Andreas Cap, Gerald Teschl, Hermann Schichl. International Scientific Advisory board: Jean-Pierre Bourguignon (IHES), Giovanni Gallavotti (Roma), Krzysztof Gawedzki (IHES), Vaughan F.R. Jones (Berkeley), Viktor Kac (MIT), Elliott Lieb (Princeton), Harald Grosse (Vienna), Harald Niederreiter (Vienna), ESI preprints are available via ‘anonymous ftp’ or ‘gopher’: FTP.ESI.AC.AT and via the URL: http://www.esi.ac.at. Table of contents General remarks . 2 Winter School in Geometry and Physics . 2 Wolfgang Pauli und die Physik des 20. Jahrhunderts . 3 Summer Session Seminar Sophus Lie . 3 PROGRAMS IN 2000 . 4 Duality, String Theory, and M-theory . 4 Confinement . 5 Representation theory . 7 Algebraic Groups, Invariant Theory, and Applications . 7 Quantum Measurement and Information . 9 CONTINUATION OF PROGRAMS FROM 1999 and earlier . 10 List of Preprints in 2000 . 13 List of seminars and colloquia outside of conferences . -
Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize Winners Part 4 - 1996 to 2015: from Stem Cell Breakthrough to IVF
Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize winners part 4 - 1996 to 2015: from stem cell breakthrough to IVF By Cambridge News | Posted: February 01, 2016 Some of Cambridge's most recent Nobel winners Over the last four weeks the News has been rounding up all of Cambridge's 92 Nobel Laureates, which this week comes right up to the present day. From the early giants of physics like JJ Thomson and Ernest Rutherford to the modern-day biochemists unlocking the secrets of our genome, we've covered the length and breadth of scientific discovery, as well as hugely influential figures in economics, literature and politics. What has stood out is the importance of collaboration; while outstanding individuals have always shone, Cambridge has consistently achieved where experts have come together to bounce their ideas off each other. Key figures like Max Perutz, Alan Hodgkin and Fred Sanger have not only won their own Nobels, but are regularly cited by future winners as their inspiration, as their students went on to push at the boundaries they established. In the final part of our feature we cover the last 20 years, when Cambridge has won an average of a Nobel Prize a year, and shows no sign of slowing down, with ground-breaking research still taking place in our midst today. The Gender Pay Gap Sale! Shop Online to get 13.9% off From 8 - 11 March, get 13.9% off 1,000s of items, it highlights the pay gap between men & women in the UK. Shop the Gender Pay Gap Sale – now. Promoted by Oxfam 1.1996 James Mirrlees, Trinity College: Prize in Economics, for studying behaviour in the absence of complete information As a schoolboy in Galloway, Scotland, Mirrlees was in line for a Cambridge scholarship, but was forced to change his plans when on the weekend of his interview he was rushed to hospital with peritonitis. -
Simulation and Programming of Quantum Computers
Simulation and Programming of Quantum Computers Roland Rudiger¨ [email protected] Lecture given at Department of Transportation, University of Applied Sciences and Department of High Performance Computing { Center of Logistics and Expert Systems GmbH, Salzgitter, Germany April 25, 2003 Outline . Quantum computation|basic concepts . Algorithms and simulation . Quantum programming languages . Realization of QCs|present state Quantum computation|basic concepts Introductory remarks and example General remarks on quantum mechanics . Feynman: \I think I can safely say that nobody understands quan- tum mechanics." . Bohr: \Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it." . \Quantum mechanics is a mathematical framework or set of rules for the construction of physical theories." (Nielsen & Chuang [NC00, p. 2]) . framework is highly counter-intuitive: physical states and processes are described in a state space terminology . main differences to classical physics: { superposition principle (At any given time a quantum system can be \in more than one state".) but: Statements in natural language like this might be mis- leading and inadequate (and sometimes wrong). { statistical interpretation (The outcomes of measurements obey probabilistic laws.) . in QM: typically 3 steps: preparation of a state (unitary) time evolution ! ! measurement . the problem: there is no direct intuitive interpretation of the notion of \state": states comprise the statistics of measurement outcomes . a pragmatic advice to students: \Shut up and calculate." An example 1 . spin-2 particle: a potential realization of a 2 level system (a \qubit") . experimental experience: for every given space direction there are exactly two possible measurement outcomes: . ~, where ~ = h , h = Planck's constant ±2 2π . state space: 2-dim Hilbert-space: = C2 H possible choice of basis: ~eup;~edown system states after a measurement of the electron spin in z-direction . -
Cleavage Stage and Cell Division Kinetics
Cleavage stage and cell division kinetics Thorir Hardarson, PhD. Possible conflict of interest NO Kinetics? Greek: κίνησις "kinesis", movement or to move i.e. Cleavage rate (of embryos) Cleavage rate then …? Cleavage rate = Cell division rate Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells, i.e. mitosis. A human being's body experiences about 10,000 trillion cell divisions in a lifetime Before division can occur, the chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome separated cleanly between cells. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse For their discoveries of "key regulators of the cell cycle" ”Start -G”Genes” “Checkpoints” “CDK” (Cyclin dependent kinase) “Cyclins, (proteins that regulate CDK) Mitosis Cell cycle control Hundred of genes and macromolecules involved Checkpoints of DNA damage and order of cell cycle events Hundred of genes and macromolecules involved Checkpoints of DNA damage and order of cell cycle events Cell cycle checkpoints So… For all living eukaryotic organisms it is essential that the differen t ph ases o f th e cell cyc le are prec ise ly coordinated. The phases must follow in correct order, and one phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. Errors in this coordination may lead to chromosomal alterations. Chromosomes or parts of chromosomes may be lost, rearranged or distributed unequally between the two daughter cells, often seen in cancer cells. Checkpoints in oocytes High chromosomal aberration rates in the human oocyte/embryo Has evolution favored low fecundity in humans? Fertil. -
ILAE Historical Wall02.Indd 10 6/12/09 12:04:44 PM
2000–2009 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Tim Hunt Robert Horvitz Sir Peter Mansfi eld Barry Marshall Craig Mello Oliver Smithies Luc Montagnier 2000 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2007 2008 Arvid Carlsson Eric Kandel Sir Paul Nurse John Sulston Richard Axel Robin Warren Mario Capecchi Harald zur Hauser Nobel Prizes 2000000 2001001 2002002 2003003 200404 2006006 2007007 2008008 Paul Greengard Leland Hartwell Sydney Brenner Paul Lauterbur Linda Buck Andrew Fire Sir Martin Evans Françoise Barré-Sinoussi in Medicine and Physiology 2000 1st Congress of the Latin American Region – in Santiago 2005 ILAE archives moved to Zurich to become publicly available 2000 Zonismide licensed for epilepsy in the US and indexed 2001 Epilepsia changes publishers – to Blackwell 2005 26th International Epilepsy Congress – 2001 Epilepsia introduces on–line submission and reviewing in Paris with 5060 delegates 2001 24th International Epilepsy Congress – in Buenos Aires 2005 Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Nicaragua, Pakistan, 2001 Launch of phase 2 of the Global Campaign Against Epilepsy Singapore and the United Arab Emirates join the ILAE in Geneva 2005 Epilepsy Atlas published under the auspices of the Global 2001 Albania, Armenia, Arzerbaijan, Estonia, Honduras, Jamaica, Campaign Against Epilepsy Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Malta, Malaysia, Nepal , Paraguay, Philippines, Qatar, Senegal, Syria, South Korea and Zimbabwe 2006 1st regional vice–president is elected – from the Asian and join the ILAE, making a total of 81 chapters Oceanian Region -
Pursuing the Impossible: an Interview with Tim Hunt Tim Hunt
Hunt BMC Biology (2015) 13:64 DOI 10.1186/s12915-015-0164-y INTERVIEW Open Access Pursuing the impossible: an interview with Tim Hunt Tim Hunt synthesis in sea urchin (Fig. 1) and clam eggs at the time Abstract and we began to wonder why it was that — again some- Tim Hunt took an undergraduate degree in Natural thing that had been known for a long time — fertilised Sciences at Cambridge in 1964, and his PhD and sea urchin eggs needed new protein synthesis in order to subsequent work focussed on the control of protein divide: what were these proteins — we assumed there synthesis until 1982, when his adventitious discovery were several proteins — that they needed to divide? We of the central cell cycle regulator cyclin, while he was knew they could synthesise DNA without new protein teaching at the Marine Biological Laboratory in synthesis, but they couldn’t divide. Sometime around Woods Hole, redirected him to the study of cell cycle then a paper was published that showed that there was a regulation. From 1990 to his retirement Tim worked in critical period for each cycle where you had to make the Clare Hall Laboratories of Cancer Research UK. He new proteins in order for the next division to take place. shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine That didn’t strike anybody as unusual, because if you with Lee Hartwell and Paul Nurse in 2001, and talked think about normal cells, they have to double in size, to us about the series of coincidences that led him to so of course they need to make new proteins. -
Quantum Physics from a to Z
Quantum Physics from A to Z M. Arndt,1 M. Aspelmeyer,1 H. J. Bernstein,2 R. Bertlmann,1 C. Brukner,1 J. P. Dowling,3 J. Eisert,4 A. Ekert,5 C. A. Fuchs,6 D. M. Greenberger,7 M. A. Horne,8 T. Jennewein,9 P. G. Kwiat,10 N. D. Mermin,11 J.-W. Pan,12 E. M. Rasel,13 H. Rauch,14 T. G. Rudolph,15 C. Salomon,16 A. V. Sergienko,17 J. Schmiedmayer,12 C. Simon,18 V. Vedral,19 P. Walther,1 G. Weihs,20 P. Zoller,21 and M. Zukowski22 1University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, USA 3Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA 4University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 5Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK 6Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, USA 7City College, CUNY, NY, USA 8Stonehill College, Easton, MA, USA 9Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria 10University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA 11Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 12University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 13University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany 14Atomic Institute of the Austrian Universities, Vienna, Austria 15Imperial College, London, United Kingdom 16Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France 17Boston University, Boston, MA, USA 18CNRS, Grenoble, France 19University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 20University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada 21University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 22University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland th (Dated: May 20 , 2005) This is a collection of statements gathered on the occasion of the Quantum Physics of Nature meeting in Vienna. Since philosophers are beginning to discuss the “Zeilinger principle” of quantum physics [1, 2, 3] it appears timely to get a community view on what that might be. -
Peter Zoller
Peter Zoller Professor of Physics, University of Innsbruck Research Director, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Austria Academy of Sciences Talk Title: Quantum Variational Optimization of Ramsey Interferometry and Atomic Clocks Abstract: We report a theory [1] - experiment [2] collaborative effort to devise and implement optimal N-atom Ramsey interferometry with variational quantum circuits on a programmable quantum sensor realized with trapped-ions. Optimization is defined relative to a cost function, which in the present study is the Bayesian mean square error of the estimated phase for a given prior distribution, i.e. we optimize for a finite dynamic range of the interferometer, as relevant for atomic clock operation. The quantum circuits are built from global rotations and one-axis twisting operations, as are natively available with trapped ions. On the theory side, low-depth quantum circuits yield results closely approaching the fundamental quantum limits for optimal Ramsey interferometry. Our experimental findings include quantum enhancement in metrology beyond squeezing, and we verify the performance of circuits by both directly using theory predictions of optimal parameters, and performing online quantum-classical feedback optimization to 'self-calibrate' the variational parameters for up to N=26 ions. Successfully demonstrating operation beyond standard squeezing using on-device optimization opens the quantum variational approach to application across a wide array of sensor platforms and tasks. [1] R. Kaubruegger, D. V. Vasilyev, M. Schulte, K. Hammerer, and P. Zoller, arxiv:2102.05593 [2] C. D. Marciniak, T. Feldker, I. Pogorelov, R. Kaubruegger, D.V. Vasilyev, R. van Bijnen, P. Schindler, P. Zoller, R. Blatt, and T. -
Close to the Edge: Co-Authorship Proximity of Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to Cross-Disciplinary Brokers
Close to the edge: Co-authorship proximity of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to cross-disciplinary brokers Chris Fields 528 Zinnia Court Sonoma, CA 95476 USA fi[email protected] January 2, 2015 Abstract Between 1991 and 2010, 45 scientists were honored with Nobel prizes in Physiology or Medicine. It is shown that these 45 Nobel laureates are separated, on average, by at most 2.8 co-authorship steps from at least one cross-disciplinary broker, defined as a researcher who has published co-authored papers both in some biomedical discipline and in some non-biomedical discipline. If Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine and their immediate collaborators can be regarded as forming the intuitive “center” of the biomedical sciences, then at least for this 20-year sample of Nobel laureates, the center of the biomedical sciences within the co-authorship graph of all of the sciences is closer to the edges of multiple non-biomedical disciplines than typical biomedical researchers are to each other. Keywords: Biomedicine; Co-authorship graphs; Cross-disciplinary brokerage; Graph cen- trality; Preferential attachment Running head: Proximity of Nobel laureates to cross-disciplinary brokers 1 1 Introduction It is intuitively tempting to visualize scientific disciplines as spheres, with highly produc- tive, well-funded intellectual and political leaders such as Nobel laureates occupying their centers and less productive, less well-funded researchers being increasingly peripheral. As preferential attachment mechanisms as well as the economics of employment tend to give the well-known and well-funded more collaborators than the less well-known and less well- funded (e.g.