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Keesing's World News Archives Keesing's World News Archives http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp... Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 29, November, 1983 Lebanon, Page 32531 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Summary and key dates Attacks on Israeli soldiers (June-July 1983). Release of Lebanese Government report on Sabra and Chatila massacre (June 20). Withdrawal of Syrian troops from Tripoli (July 28). Abduction of cabinet ministers by Druse militiamen (Aug. 10). Fighting in west Beirut between Lebanese Army and Amal (August). Formation of opposition of National Salvation Front (July 23). Escalation of fighting following Israeli withdrawal (September) Ceasefire and resignation of Lebanese Cabinet (Sept. 25-26) After the conclusion of the Israeli-Lebanese troop withdrawal agreement in May 1983 [see 32408 A], there was a marked deterioration in the security situation in Lebanon. Clashes between Druse and Christian Phalangist forces in the Chouf mountains developed into open civil war in early September when the Lebanese Army, as well as the rival Druse and Phalangist militias, moved to occupy the area (after the withdrawal of Israeli forces on Sept. 4 to new defensive positions further south along the Awali river–see 32454 A). The Lebanese Army, with United States artillery support, halted a Druse advance at the strategic town of Souk el-Gharb, five miles south of Beirut, and US and Saudi mediators in late September succeeded in negotiating a ceasefire. Other aspects of the fighting during this period included the resurgence of militia activity in Moslem west Beirut, clashes between pro- and anti-Syrian factions in the northern port of Tripoli, attacks on the Israeli Defence Force (IDF), and attacks on troops serving with the multinational peace- keeping force in the Beirut area resulting in direct intervention by French and US forces. (Developments from late September onwards will be covered in a forthcoming article, including in particular the bomb attacks in Beirut on Oct. 23 in which large numbers of US marines and French paratroopers were killed.) IDF personnel in Lebanon continued to suffer from guerrilla attacks during the early summer, while there were also a number of demonstrations against the continuing Israeli occupation among sections of the Moslem population. On June 6, the anniversary of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 [see page 31914], Moslem shopkeepers and workers staged a general strike and held demonstrations in west Beirut, Tripoli and Tyre, and also in Sidon where Israeli forces made a number of arrests. In an ambush near the Phalangist-controlled town of Bhamdoun in the Chouf mountains on May 30, two IDF soldiers were killed, following which the Israelis arrested over 100 Lebanese and Palestinians, of whom 80 were detained in the Ansar prison camp in southern Lebanon. After serious rioting in the camp on June 6-9, during which a number of detainees and guards were injured, President Amin Gemayel of Lebanon called for the release of all “innocent detainees”. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) stated in its bulletin of Aug. 3 that it viewed with concern the “worsening state of insecurity and intimidation” to which the 5,000 detainees in the camp were subjected. Two Israeli soldiers and one Lebanese policeman were killed on June 8 in a car bomb attack on an Israeli convoy in west Beirut. WAFA, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) radio station, stated that the attack had been carried out by the Lebanese National Resistance[see page 32163], although Shia Moslem militiamen were widely believed to be responsible for this and other attacks in west Beirut. On June 10, three IDF soldiers were shot dead in an ambush at the village of Deir el-Qamar, near Tyre, and a fourth soldier who attempted to pursue the guerrillas was reportedly kidnapped, although this was denied by 1 of 8 11/30/2010 14:54 Keesing's World News Archives http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp... Israeli spokesmen. The IDF subsequently sealed off the village, cutting off food, water and power supplies and preventing convoys from both the ICRC and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) from reaching the village. According to claims by the inhabitants the Israelis also took away all men between the ages of 15 and 40 for questioning. After protests from the Lebanese Government, the blockade was partially lifted on June 16. Three guerrillas were killed on June 13 when the bomb they were planting beside the main Israeli supply route into Beirut blew up prematurely. In a gun battle at an Israeli checkpoint on July 17, seven IDF men and an undisclosed number of guerrillas were killed. The Lebanese independent daily An-Nahar reported on June 30 that the Israeli military governor of south- eastern Lebanon had issued an edict informing residents that the Israeli forces would remain in the area for “at least five years”, and that Hebrew would be taught in schools. The report was denied by Israeli military sources, who insisted that there was no plan for the IDF to stay in the area for such a length of time. The privately-owned Christian news agency Markazaya released on June 20 what was described as the “first draft” of a report on the September 1982 massacres in the Sabra and Chatila refugee camps [see page 32039-41], prepared at the Lebanese Government's request by the office of the military prosecutor. The report, the release of which was described as “unauthorized” by Mr Wadi Haddad, the Lebanese national security adviser, did not identify those directly responsible for the killings, but deemed Israel to be “legally responsible”. The report stated that there was “no evidence that the leadership of the Phalange party or the command of the Lebanese Forces [the name by which the Phalangist militia was officially known] were aware in advance of what happened. The investigation did not establish that either of these two commands had issued orders to fighters to support or take part in the operation.” Instead the report suggested that those responsible consisted of “armed elements not from the Israeli camp… perhaps they are from the border element [a reference to Maj. Saad Haddad's militia–[see page 32163], or others who may have suffered under the excesses of the Palestinians”. The report recommended that there should be a “delay in judicial prosecutions for the time being, pending the definition of the competent judicial authorities”. Phalangist militiamen on April 29 transferred to government custody Mr Habib Chartouni, who had reportedly confessed responsibility for the assassination in September 1982 of the Lebanese President-elect Mr Bashir Gemayel[see page 31926]. Continuing tension between pro-Syrian Alawite Moslem and anti-Syrian Sunni Moslem factions in Tripoli[see page 32164] erupted into violence on June 16. Following an attack on Syrian personnel earlier in the day in which one soldier was wounded, 18 people were killed in indiscriminate shooting by unidentified gunmen, and three others were kidnapped and later killed–none of the victims being known for their political affiliations. The attack was variously attributed to the local Alawite militia, and to Israeli or Syrian agents. Four days later, two Syrian Army colonels and another soldier were killed when their jeep was ambushed at Enfe Bay, outside Tripoli. On July 28, the 1,000-strong Syrian garrison in Tripoli withdrew from the town to positions in the surrounding countryside, apparently without consulting either the local militias or the Lebanese Government. As the Syrian troops departed, fighting broke out between rival militias, notably between the Islamic Unit Movement, which had formerly fought against the Syrian forces but had recently aligned itself with them, and the anti-Syrian “October 24” Movement[see page 32164]. In an attempt to arrange a ceasefire and the takeover of the town by Lebanese police, Col. Osman Osman, the chief of police, arrived in Tripoli on July 29. Although the fighting then subsided, renewed clashes broke out the following week after a car bomb exploded outside a mosque, killing 19 people including a number of children. On Aug. 20, 20 people were 2 of 8 11/30/2010 14:54 Keesing's World News Archives http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp... injured when a bomb exploded at the offices of the October 24 Movement. A massive car bomb explosion on Aug. 7 in the town of Baalbek (in the Syrian-controlled Bekaa Valley) killed 28 people and injured a further 37. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners, a rightist Christian organization which had previously carried out attacks against Syrian and Palestinian targets [ibid.;page 31925]. Increasingly fierce clashes developed in the Chouf mountains from May onwards as the Druse sought to expel the Phalangists from areas which the latter had occupied in the wake of the Israeli invasion in 1982. Druse artillery also shelled Christian and Lebanese Army positions in and around Beirut. In a series of clashes on May 22, which coincided with a wave of kidnappings by both sides, 23 people were killed, a number of others wounded, and over 100 reportedly seized, including the Maronite Bishop of Tyre, who was however freed on May 23 after a personal plea for his release from President Gemayel. The fighting died down after leaders from both sides had urged an end to hostilities and the release of all hostages. (Although Israeli troops were still stationed in the Chouf, they rarely intervened to stop the fighting.) In the first major clash between Druse and regular Lebanese Army forces in the Chouf, 14 members of an army patrol were injured and two Druse were killed in a Druse ambush on July 14.
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