Liban) : Territoire(S) “ Hérité(S) ” Au Défi De La Mondialisation ? Rola Chidiac

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Liban) : Territoire(S) “ Hérité(S) ” Au Défi De La Mondialisation ? Rola Chidiac La moyenne montagne autour de Beyrouth (Liban) : territoire(s) “ hérité(s) ” au défi de la mondialisation ? Rola Chidiac To cite this version: Rola Chidiac. La moyenne montagne autour de Beyrouth (Liban) : territoire(s) “ hérité(s) ” au défi de la mondialisation ? . Géographie. université sorbonne Paris IV, 2015. Français. tel-01651834 HAL Id: tel-01651834 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01651834 Submitted on 29 Nov 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS IV-SORBONNE École Doctorale 7 de Géographie de Paris Laboratoire ENEC - Espaces, Nature et Culture THÈSE pour l’obtention de grade de DOCTEUR EN GÉOGRAPHIE DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS IV-SORBONNE La moyenne montagne autour de Beyrouth (Liban) : territoire(s) « hérité(s) » au défi de la mondialisation ? Présentée par Rola Chidiac Sous la direction de M. le Professeur Michael F. Davie Soutenue publiquement le 23 octobre 2015 Composition du Jury : M. Michael F. DAVIE (directeur de thèse) : Professeur, Université François-Rabelais de Tours et chercheur Umr-Cnrs 8185 « Espaces, Nature et Culture » (Universités Paris 4 et Paris 8). M. Jean-Paul BORD (rapporteur) : Professeur, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. M. Youssef DIAB (rapporteur) : Professeur, Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée. Mme Françoise ARDILLIER-CARRAS : Professeur émérite, Université d’Orléans. M. Petros PETSIMÉRIS : Professeur, Université Paris 1. 2 3 4 Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance à mon directeur M. le Professeur Michael F. Davie. Ce travail n’aurait pas pu être possible sans l’aide de plusieurs personnes qui m’ont soutenue durant les dernières années. Il serait trop long de les nommer toutes. Je souhaite cependant qu’elles trouvent ici, l’expression de mes remerciements. 5 6 7 8 Résumé Les localités de la moyenne montagne du Mont-Liban sont souvent présentées comme des bastions des communautés religieuses et des chefs politiques. Cet espace subit, cependant, depuis plus de quatre décennies, de profondes transformations suite à différents processus comme la villégiature, les déplacements de populations durant la guerre, ainsi que la périurbanisation et les investissements des ressortissants du Golfe et des émigrés. Au-delà du mythe de la montagne, refuge des minorités persécutées en Orient, cette thèse vise à interroger ce terrain sur l’évolution des territoires hérités, construits par des générations précédentes d’acteurs, dans un processus de mondialisation et de métropolisation. La place des communautés religieuses et des zaïm-s libanais dans l’échiquier politique national ou régional reste prédominante dans les logiques d’urbanisation des différentes régions libanaises. Cependant, l’évolution des différentes parties de la moyenne montagne autour de Beyrouth reste liée aux contraintes physiques et économiques (altitude, accessibilité, ressources…) plutôt qu’aux spécificités « héritées ». Les autorités qui s’imposent dans les localités de la moyenne montagne, en revendiquant un pouvoir basé sur le passé, sont elles- mêmes obligées de renouveler leurs stratégies et alliances pour relever les défis de la mondialisation et des logiques de compétitivité économique. Abstract Moderate altitude localities of Mount Lebanon are often presented as bastions of religious communities and political leaders. During the last four decades, this space however witnessed profound changes due to various processes such as tourism, population movements during the war, suburbanization and investments of nationals from the Gulf and emigrants. Beyond the myth of the Lebanese mountain, a shelter of persecuted minorities in the Middle East, this thesis aims to examine the evolution of inherited territories built by previous generations of actors in a process of globalization and metropolization. 9 The logics underlying the urbanization of different Lebanese regions remain strongly influenced by religious communities and zaim-s (political leaders). However, the evolution of the localities surrounding Beirut remains related to physical and economic constraints (altitude, accessibility, resources ...) rather than "inherited" specificities. Authorities claiming power based on the past are themselves forced to renew their strategies and alliances to meet the challenges of globalization and economic competitiveness. 10 Table des matières Remerciements 5 Résumé 9 Table des matières 11 Liste des figures 15 Liste des clichés 17 Glossaire des sigles 21 Introduction 233 Première partie : Beyrouth, la moyenne montagne et les « territoires hérités » 57 Chapitre 1 – La moyenne montagne dans l’espace métropolitain de Beyrouth 61 1.1-Beyrouth et le réseau des métropoles mondiales et régionales 61 1.2- Une aire urbaine éclatée, marquée par multiplicité des pôles « secondaires » et par la faiblesse du poids de la ville-centre 65 1.3- Les banlieues de la moyenne montagne : des pôles secondaires de la métropole situés aux carrefours des fronts d’urbanisation 77 1.4- Une organisation de l’espace liée à des logiques communautaires et claniques 101 Chapitre 2 - La moyenne montagne du Mont-Liban : une identité d’ensemble, des clivages internes, un espace à la croisée des dynamiques régionales et occidentales 105 2.1-Les « identités » plurielles du Mont-Liban 105 2.2-Les territoires imbriqués du Mont-Liban 115 2.3-Les terrains d’influence des puissances régionales et occidentales 125 2.4-La résurgence des « appels d’empire » 127 Chapitre 3- La moyenne montagne aux différentes étapes de l’évolution de Beyrouth 131 3.1-La moyenne montagne avant la guerre de 1975 : une croissance liée à l’évolution de la capitale 131 3.2-La moyenne montagne pendant le conflit armé de 1975 : une diffusion de l’urbanisation au détriment de la capitale divisée 143 3.3- La moyenne montagne après le retour à la paix en 1990 : les espaces périphériques de la capitale en cours de reconstruction 155 11 Chapitre 4- Les « territoires hérités » de la moyenne montagne : entre banalisation de l’urbanisation et héritage du passé 167 4.1- Les noyaux électoraux de la moyenne montagne dans l’organisation spatiale du Mont- Liban 167 4.2- Des identités territoriales marginalisées par les revendications « religieuses » et « politiques » 173 4.3- Territoires « hérités » et processus de métropolisation 185 4.4- Des « fiefs » des autorités religieuses et claniques entourés par une urbanisation banalisée? 205 Deuxième partie : Acteurs « locaux » entre logiques de préservation des territoires hétités et défis de la mondialisation 207 Chapitre 5 - Ressources et prérogatives de « l’autorité religieuse » dans la gestion de l’urbain 213 5.1-Les réserves foncières des wakf-s religieux 213 5.2-Les congrégations religieuses, intermédiaires privilégiées entre les différents acteurs de la production de l’urbain : le cas de la localité d’Ajaltoun dans le Kesrouan 229 5.3-Références religieuses et importation des formes urbaines « exogènes » - le cas d’Aïn Ouzain dans le caza du Chouf 235 Chapitre 6 – La moyene montagne entre logiques communautaristes et politiques publiques de « préservation » 247 6.1- Politiques publiques de « préservation » et spéculation foncière 247 6.2- Politiques publiques de « réparation» entre la vision des groupes politiques dominants et les priorités des autochtones 255 6.3 - « Conflits d’identités » entre solidarité régionale et solidarité communautaire : le cas de Deir el Harf dans le caza de Baabda 265 Chapitre 7 – Autorités locales et gestion de l’urbain: la valorisation du patrimoine au défi des enjeux électoraux « hérités » 279 7.1-Les logiques de « solidarité » politique : de la valorisation de l’appartenance électorale à l’ « internationalisation » des acteurs - les cas d’Aaley et de Bhamdoun 279 7.2-Un urbanisme volontaire au service de l’appropriation allochtone : les cas de Hammana et Chbaniyeh 297 12 7.3- Les logiques de replis communautaires : de la construction des « refuges » à la valorisation d’activités récréatives « propres » à une communauté religieuse - le cas d’Achkout dans le Kesrouan 309 Chapitre 8 - Sociétés civiles entre la « protection » de l’autorité héritée et les tentations de l’économie capitalistique 323 8.1-Les logiques de préservation du patrimoine immatériel : la société civile confrontée à l’appétit des promoteurs - le cas de la vallée de Lamartine (caza de Baabda) 323 8.2- Des maillons perdus entre solidarité communautaire et développement local - le cas de Ras el Metn dans le caza de Baabda 333 8.3-Les réserves foncières de l’autorité religieuse menacées par les ambitions de construction de patrimoine foncier des acteurs individuels : le cas du quartier Beit Eid dans la localité d’Achkout (Kesrouan) 339 8.4-La protection de la « présence » chrétienne confrontée aux tentations de la société de consommation : le cas du quartier Mkaidess dans la localité d’Achkout (Kesrouan) 343 Conclusion générale 351 Bibliographie 381 Annexe I - Exemples de questionnaires soumis aux municipalités 391 13 14 Liste des figures Figure 1 : Le relief du Mont-Liban 66 Figure 2 : Découpage administratif du Liban 68 Figure
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