DOCSLIB.ORG

Igc-SEA Inverse Gas Chromatography- Surface Energy Analyzer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Igc-SEA Inverse Gas Chromatography- Surface Energy Analyzer iGC-SEA Inverse Gas Chromatography- Surface Energy Analyzer Surface Characterization For materials such as: Particles and powders Nanomaterials Films Fibers Composite components Pharmaceuticals ACCURATE. PRECISE. AUTOMATED. Surface Energy The Key to Understanding Surface Properties iGC-SEAiGC-SEA The factors which control the behavior and performance It is the same intermolecular forces which are responsible of many particulate solids, powders, fibers and films for the attraction between powder particles and other What is iGC-SEA? are often poorly understood. Such solids often display solids, liquid and vapor molecules which can occur via iGC-SEA or Inverse Gas Chromatography-Surface moisture induced T , BET specific surface area, surface problems during manufacture, usage or storage across long range van der Waals forces (dispersion forces) and g Energy Analyzer is an instrument that uses the iGC all industrial sectors. short range chemical forces (polar forces). Thus, surface energy, wettability, adhesion and cohesion. principle. The heart of its innovation is the patented energy values (dispersive and polar) correlate to several injection manifold system which generates accurate Typically, particulate solids are subject to cursory key solid properties including wetting, dispersability, The system also has a unique data analysis software solvent pulse sizes across a large concentration characterization from a physical chemistry perspective, powder flowability, agglomeration, process-induced suite, specifically designed to analyze surface energy range, resulting in isotherms at unprecedented and often all that is known is the particle size or disorder, adhesion/cohesion, static charge, adsorption heterogeneity, isotherm properties and related high and low sample surface coverages. This allows BET surface area of the solid. Contrast this with the capacity and surface chemistry. physical termodynamic parameters. Further, bulk for the accurate determination of surface energy detailed analytical chemical information, including the solid property experiments resulting from probe- heterogeneity distributions. chemical structure and morphology as determined by The iGC-SEA probes the solid surface interface bulk interactions and using solubility theory are now NMR, FTIR, XRD, GC-MS and HPLC, which is routinely by exposing the solid sample to vapor probes of known possible. It automatically and directly provides a wide iGC-SEA has a humidity control option, thereby the available. However, none of this information describes properties. The intermolecular forces that result from range of surface and bulk properties of the solid impact of humidity and temperature can be determined the thermodynamic state of the material. Researchers this interaction can be analyzed to quantify the total samples and gives more accurate and reliable data on the physico-chemical properties of solids such as have now established that one of the most important surface energy of the sample. than manual calculations. properties of a powder, particulate material, film or fiber is its surface energy. Experimental Technique for Surface energy γ, is the principle characteristic of solids Measuring Surface Energy measured by the Inverse Gas Chromatography-Surface Energy Analyzer (iGC-SEA). The surface energy of a There are a range of techniques available for measuring solid is analogous to the surface tension of a liquid and the surface energy of solid particulate materials. it is a measure of attractive intermolecular forces on a Though contact angle measurement is by far the solid surface. most common method, it is rarely used for particulate and other non-planar materials due to experimental limitations leading to inaccurate and unreliable results. Inverse gas chromatography is now the proven and Understanding solid properties related to preferred method for surface energy measurements, surface energy and surface energy heterogeneity in particular. High Surface Energy Low Surface Energy iGC-SEA schematic Agglomeration Process-induced behavior disorder Contact angle for droplets on surfaces The chart below shows different techniques and capabilities for measuring surface properties. Work of adhesion Surface Surface chemistry and cohesion and surface Inverse Gas Chromatography (iGC) is a gas-solid Energy charging technique for characterizing surface and bulk properties Inverse Gas Chromatography (iGC) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Contact Angle (CA) Wetting Balance of powders, particulates, fibers, films and semi-solids. Ok for flat surfaces. Ok for flat surfaces. Excellent for flat surfaces. Excellent for flat surfaces. A series of vapor pulses are injected through a column Excellent for particulates - Powder mixing, Not well suitable for Not suitable for Not suitable for Wettability of packed with the sample of interest. Unlike traditional repeatable, no-hysteresis or flow and roughness effects. particulates - slow and poor particulates - swelling, hystere- particulates - swelling, hystere- surfaces segregation analytical gas chromatography, iGC is a physical data statistics. sis, dissolution, surface rough- sis, dissolution, surface rough- chemistry technique using vapor probes with known Surface energy heterogeneity. ness. ness. Theory for determining surface properties to characterize the unknown surface/bulk Can measure vapor adsorption energy can be complex. Very few solutes possible. Very few solutes possible. isotherms as well as properties of the solid sample. surface area. Applications Surface Energy Heterogeneity Profiling The surface energy distribution is the integration of the surface energy profile across the entire range of surface coverages and is analogous in principle to a particle size distribution. ] 2 Area Increment [%] Increment Area Dispersive Surface Energy [mJ/m Dispersive Surface Energy Fraction Surface Coverage Dispersive Surface Energy [mJ/m2] Figure 1. Dispersive Surface Energy Profiles Figure 2. Dispersive Surface Energy Distributions Budesonide Samples Budesonide Samples Ref.: SMS TN 806 ] Surface Energy Reproducibility 2 36.0 [mJ/m + 34.4 0.15 34.1 + 0.38 34.1 + 0.37 d - - 33.8 + 0.20 - , - When determining the dispersive component of γ 34.0 32.0 the surface energy at infinite dilution on 4 columns 30.0 with 10 replicas on each column, an average 28.0 26.0 standard deviation of less than 0.8% is observed. 24.0 10 successive measurement on each column - Deviation < 0.8% 22.0 ispersive part of Surface Energy ispersive part of Surface Energy D 20.0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Figure 3. Technical performance of iGC-SEA on commercial Paracetamol (Sigma-Aldrich) Adsorption Isotherms, Heats of Adsorption and Henry Constants Figure 4. Series of pulses for a multiple injection experiment Figure 5. Sorption isotherms of hexane by pulse (variable concentration) on *M745 with hexane at 303 K injections on *M745 *The M745 is an α-alumina, which is used as a certified reference material. Reference: SMS Application Note 208. Case Studies DPI Formulation Case Study The surface energy derived Cohesion-Adhesion balance (CAB) can be used to predict blending performance. As shown, the CAB model can effectively predict the interactive powder mixing behavior of small particles along with the compatibility/ flow behaviour of resultant interactive mixtures at certain excipient proportions. 540.0 Blue bars: Cohesive Energy Table 1. 490.0 Red bars: Adhesive Energy Wcoh Wadh CAB with lactose 440.0 1.2 390.0 BUD 490 400 Wcoh > Wadh ] 2 340.0 SS 270 290 Wcoh ≤ Wadh [mJ/m 290.0 0.9 Table 2. 240.0 190.0 Formulation Content uniformity 140.0 RSD (%) 90.0 SS+LAC 4.2 LAC-LAC BUD-BUD LAC-BUD SS-SS LAC-SS BUD+LAC 28.1 Figure 6. Work of Cohesion and Adhesion (Data by R.Price, Univ. of Bath, UK) LAC: Lactose, BUD: Budesonide, SS: Salbutamol Sulfate Similar study: “Applying surface energy derived cohesive–adhesive balance model in predicting the mixing, flow and compaction behaviour of interactive mixtures” (European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 104 (2016) 110–116). Flowability & Distribution Case Study Total surface energy distribution of milk powders (Figure 7) and their flowability (Table 3). Energetically more homogenous powders show better flowing behavior. Demineralised whey ( ), Infant Milk Formula ( ), Phosphocasein ( ) and Skimmed milk powder ( ). Table 3.* Brookfield Flow Tester GEA TEST Flow function Classification [s] 1/slope Mean +_ SD Mean +_ SD DMW 23a +_ 2.8 4.93a +_ 0.26 Easy-flowing IMF 23a +_ 0.7 10.50b +_ 1.29 Free-flowing Area increment (%) increment Area PCN 103b +_ 8.5 4.15a +_ 0.25 Easy-flowing SMP 21a +_ 0.7 9.19b +_ 0.19 Easy-flowing DMW: Demineralised whey powder, IMF: Infant milk formula powder, PCN: Phosphocasein powder, SMP: Skim Total Surface Energy [mJ/m2] milk powder. GEA Powder Flow Method A23a (1978). Figure 7. Total surface energy distribution of milk powder* *Reference: “Relationships between surface energy analysis and functional characteristics of dairy powders” (Food Chemistry 237 (2017) 1155–1162). Case Studies Specific Surface Area Table 4.* Commercial natural fibres studied Analysis Case Study Sample Variety Fibre processing Cellulose BioMid® (ENC Dry jet-wet spinning International, process Run 3= 508.12x + 248.65 South Korea) R2= 0.9987 Run 1= 520.63x + 247.19 Kenaf KK60 (Thailand) Water retting R2= 0.9986 Flax Linseed flax Mechanical decortication (Canadian) by scrutching Run 1= 507.07x + 246.97 R2= 0.9987 Table 5.* Reproducibility BET experiment. BET specific surface area (Octane) (m2g-1) at
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Substrate Wettability Guided Oriented Self Assembly of Janus Particles
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Substrate wettability guided oriented self assembly of Janus particles Meneka Banik1, Shaili Sett2, Chirodeep Bakli3, Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri2, Suman Chakraborty4* & Rabibrata Mukherjee1* Self-assembly of Janus particles with spatial inhomogeneous properties is of fundamental importance in diverse areas of sciences and has been extensively observed as a favorably functionalized fuidic interface or in a dilute solution. Interestingly, the unique and non-trivial role of surface wettability on oriented self-assembly of Janus particles has remained largely unexplored. Here, the exclusive role of substrate wettability in directing the orientation of amphiphilic metal-polymer Bifacial spherical Janus particles, obtained by topo-selective metal deposition on colloidal Polymestyere (PS) particles, is explored by drop casting a dilute dispersion of the Janus colloids. While all particles orient with their polymeric (hydrophobic) and metallic (hydrophilic) sides facing upwards on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates respectively, they exhibit random orientation on a neutral substrate. The substrate wettability guided orientation of the Janus particles is captured using molecular dynamic simulation, which highlights that the arrangement of water molecules and their local densities near the substrate guide the specifc orientation. Finally, it is shown that by spin coating it becomes possible to create a hexagonal close-packed array of the Janus colloids with specifc orientation on diferential wettability substrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Inverse Gas Chromatographic Examination of Polymer Composites
    Open Chem., 2015; 13: 893–900 Invited Paper Open Access Adam Voelkel*, Beata Strzemiecka, Kasylda Milczewska, Zuzanna Okulus Inverse Gas Chromatographic Examination of Polymer Composites DOI: 10.1515/chem-2015-0104 received December 30, 2014; accepted April 1, 2015. of composite components and/or interactions between them, and behavior during technological processes. This paper reviews is the examination of Abstract: Inverse gas chromatographic characterization various polymer-containing systems by inverse gas of resins and resin based abrasive materials, polymer- chromatography. polymer and polymer-filler systems, as well as dental restoratives is reviewed. Keywords: surface activity, polymer-polymer interactions, 2 Discussion adhesion, dental restoratives, inverse gas chromatography 2.1 Surface energy and adhesion 1 Introduction IGC is useful for surface energy determination of solid polymers and fillers. Solid surface energy of consists of Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was introduced in 1967 dispersive ( , from van der Waals forces) and specific by Kiselev [1], developed by Smidsrød and Guillet [2], and ( , from acid-base interactions) components: is still being improved. Its popularity is due to its simplicity D and user friendliness. Only a standard gas chromatograph = + (1) is necessary [3] although more sophisticated equipment has been advised. “Inverse” relates to the aim of the experiment. for solids can be calculated according to several It is not separation as in classical GC, but examination of methods [7]; one of the most often used is that of Schultz- the stationary phase properties. Test compounds with Lavielle [8-12]: known properties are injected onto the column containing dd the material to be examined. Retention times and peak RT××ln VN =× 2 N ×× aggsl × + C (2) profiles determine parameters describing the column filling.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoparticles Improving the Wetting Ability of Biological Liquids
    dynam mo ic Torrisi and Scolaro, J Thermodyn Catal 2017, 8:1 er s h & T f C DOI: 10.4172/2157-7544.1000184 o a t l a a l Journal of y n r s i u s o J ISSN: 2157-7544 Thermodynamics & Catalysis Research Article Open Access Nanoparticles Improving the Wetting Ability of Biological Liquids Torrisi L* and Scolaro C Dottorato di Ricerca in Fisica and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche MIFT, Università di Messina, V.le F.S. D’Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata (ME), Italy Abstract The contact angle of some biological liquids was investigated on different biocompatible surfaces and nanoparticles were employed to improve their wetting ability. Biocompatible nanoparticles based on titanium, silver and gold were prepared using the technique of the pulsed laser ablation in liquids. The nanoparticles were characterized in size, shape, coalescence and concentration in solutions. Solid biocompatible substrates based on polyethylene, hydroxyapatite and titanium were employed as simulation of prosthetic surfaces. Measurements of contact angle were performed in different biological solution, including the human blood, with respect to the distilled water, without and with the use of the metallic nanoparticles at concentration of the order of 80-370 µg/ml. Keywords: Nanoparticles; Laser ablation; Contact angle; viscosity, thermal and electric conduction, vapour pressure, the PH Biocompatibility; Interfaces and other parameters [5,9]. The wetting ability of the liquid on a given surface changes introducing specific nanoparticles at the interface. This Introduction aspect is of special interest in Biology and Medicine, especially due More and more the nanotechnology is becoming important to the impact on the protein absorption and the cellular response in and promising in different fields of the science.
    [Show full text]
  • Robust Omniphobic Surfaces
    Robust omniphobic surfaces Anish Tutejaa,1, Wonjae Choib,1, Joseph M. Mabryc, Gareth H. McKinleyb,2, and Robert E. Cohena,2 aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139; and cAir Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base, CA 93524 Edited by John M. Prausnitz, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved September 26, 2008 (received for review May 20, 2008) Superhydrophobic surfaces display water contact angles greater angle. The question that arises is, ‘‘Which of these states is naturally than 150° in conjunction with low contact angle hysteresis. Micro- realized by any given surface, and how can one design textures that scopic pockets of air trapped beneath the water droplets placed on promote the formation of a composite interface for a given liquid?’’ these surfaces lead to a composite solid-liquid-air interface in The answer is determined by considering the overall free energy of thermodynamic equilibrium. Previous experimental and theoreti- the system comprising the liquid droplet, the surrounding vapor, cal studies suggest that it may not be possible to form similar and the textured solid surface (13, 16, 18, 19). The critical value of fully-equilibrated, composite interfaces with drops of liquids, such the equilibrium contact angle (␪c) beyond which the composite as alkanes or alcohols, that possess significantly lower surface interface leads to a lower overall free energy, in comparison to the ؍ ␥ tension than water ( lv 72.1 mN/m). In this work we develop fully wetted interface, can be determined by equating the Wenzel surfaces possessing re-entrant texture that can support strongly and Cassie-Baxter relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Inverse Gas Chromatography a Tool to Follow
    Inverse gas chromatography a tool to follow physicochemical modifications of pharmaceutical solids: Crystal habit and particles size surface effects María Graciela Cares Pacheco, Rachel Calvet, G. Vaca-Medina, A. Rouilly, Fabienne Espitalier To cite this version: María Graciela Cares Pacheco, Rachel Calvet, G. Vaca-Medina, A. Rouilly, Fabienne Espitalier. In- verse gas chromatography a tool to follow physicochemical modifications of pharmaceutical solids: Crystal habit and particles size surface effects. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Elsevier, 2015, 494 (1), pp.113-126. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.078. hal-01611017 HAL Id: hal-01611017 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01611017 Submitted on 5 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Inverse gas chromatography a tool to follow physicochemical modifications of pharmaceutical solids: Crystal habit and particles size surface effects a, a b,c b,c a M.G. Cares-Pacheco *, R. Calvet , G. Vaca-Medina , A. Rouilly , F. Espitalier a Université de Toulouse; Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE; Campus Jarlard, F-81013 Albi cedex 09, France b Université de Toulouse; INP-ENSIACET, LCA, 310130 Toulouse, France c INRA; UMR 1010 CAI, 310130 Toulouse, France A B S T R A C T Powders are complex systems and so pharmaceutical solids are not the exception.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Angle Vs Dyne
    A practical means to measure surface treatment levels of PE Film using PGX+, a new portable contact angle instrument. Contact angle measurements The PGX + uses a liquid droplet (e.g. water) applied to the surface of the substrate in order to determine properties specific to the surface layer of the material. This is commonly referred to as a contact angle measurement using “the sessile drop method”. The contact angle is measured as the inward angle between the base and the tangent at the point of contact between the liquid and the surface. This value corresponds to the surface energy level in the equilibrium system formed between the liquid and the solid on the condition the surface is smooth, non-porous, non-sorptive, and homogeneous. Furthermore the liquid must not react chemically with the substrate. The relationship between a static contact angle and the surface energy forces was defined by Young [1] from the interfacial tensions: γSV = γSL + γLV cos θ; γ LV where γSV = solid-vapour interaction γSL =solid-liquid interaction γLV = liquid-vapour interaction θ ”Wetting” is obtained if contact angle is ≤ 90° γ SV γ SL Static contact angles A static contact angle occurs where the water droplet reaches an A “flying saucer”? “equilibrium” condition and the dimensions of the liquid droplet would not change over time. This situation will normally occur for a non- θ < 9 absorbent substrate (e.g. liquid container board, release papers). This 0° condition would also occur when a water droplet is applied to a copy paper because of its “hydrophobicity” (water repellence).
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity
    Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silanes Water, water everywhere is the refrain from the rhyme of the ancient mariner and a concern of every modern coatings technologist. hether decorative, protective are playing an increasing role in controlling the inter- or functional, coatings must action of water with a surface. contend with water in the Silanes are silicon chemicals that possess a hydrolyti- environment. A problem dis- cally sensitive center that can react with inorganic sub- tinct from the issue of wet strates such as glass to form stable covalent bonds and Wadhesion and hydrolytic stability of coatings is con- organic substitution that alters the physical interac- trolling the interaction of water with a coated surface. tions of treated substrates (Figure 1). Different than Very often the descriptors hydrophobic or hydrophilic most additives, which have a limited performance are applied to coated surfaces. Although the terms range, they can achieve surface properties ranging from hydrophobic and hydrophilic are casually used, they hydrophobic to hydrophilic. They may be a sole active are usually not defined. A growing number of applica- ingredient or a component in a coatings formulation, tions ranging from architectural coatings to aortic controlling the interaction of water over a broad spec- stents require a precise control and, therefore, precise trum of requirements. In order to understand how definition of substrate interaction with water. Silanes silanes can affect hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, it is important to understand some of the fundamentals of Figure 1 | Silanes and surface modification. the interaction of water with surfaces. OCH 2CH 3 Water, Hydrophobicity CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2— Si — OCH 2CH 3 and Hydrophilicity Hydrophobic and hydrophilic are frequently used OCH CH 2 3 descriptors of surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimized Size and Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles on the Surface of Titanium Implant Regarding Cell Viability
    applied sciences Article Optimized Size and Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles on the Surface of Titanium Implant Regarding Cell Viability 1,2,3, 4, 1 1 1 4 Péter Hajdu y, István Lampé y, Richárd Rácz ,Sándor Biri , Attila Csík , Ferenc Tóth , Melinda Szalóki 4, Viktória Heged ˝us 4, Zsuzsanna Dombrádi 5, István Varga 6, István Csarnovics 2,Sándor Kökényesi 2, Dezs˝oLászló Beke 7 and Csaba Heged ˝us 4,* 1 Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Bem tér 18/c, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] (P.H.); [email protected] (R.R.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (A.C.) 2 Faculty of Science and Technology Institute of Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/a, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] (I.C.); [email protected] (S.K.) 3 Doctoral School of Physics, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sqr. 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary 4 Department of Biomaterials and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Rd. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] (I.L.); [email protected] (F.T.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (V.H.) 5 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Rd. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] 6 Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Rd. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] 7 Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Péter Hajdu and István Lampé have contributed equally to this study as part of their Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Angle Experiment
    Contact Angle Experiment Please note that this experiment is NOT in the P. Chem lab in Mergenthaler. Students doing this experiment should go directly to NCB 228. Objective • To explore the concepts of surface free energy, adhesion and wetting by measuring the contact angle of a series of liquids on a polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) substrate. • To create a Zisman Plot from a series of contact angle measurements to determine the surface tension of polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon). Introduction The interaction between a liquid and a solid involves three interfaces; the solid-liquid interface, the liquid-vapor interface and the solid-vapor interface. Each of these interfaces has an associated surface tension, γ, which represents the energy required to create a unit area of that particular interface. Figure 1. Diagram of the contact angle The angle between a liquid drop and a solid surface, Young’s contact angle, is related to the surface tensions of the three interfaces according to the relationship: cos θY = (γSolid-Vapor - γSolid-Liquid) / γLiquid-Vapor (1) The magnitude of Young’s contact angle is a result of energy minimization. If the liquid- vapor surface tension is smaller than the solid-vapor surface tension (γLV < γSV), the liquid-solid interface will increase to minimize energy. As the drop wets the surface, the contact angle approaches zero. The critical surface tension of a material, γc, is a measure of the surface’s wettability and it is proportional to the surface free energy of the material. A liquid with a surface tension less than or equal to the critical surface tension of a particular material will “wet” that surface, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Superhydrophobicity
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Nottingham Trent Institutional Repository (IRep) An Introduction to Superhydrophobicity Neil J. Shirtcliffe, Glen McHale, Shaun Atherton and Michael I. Newton School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK Abstract This paper is derived from a training session prepared for COST P21. It is intended as an introduction to superhydrophobicity to scientists who may not work in this area of physics or to students. Superhydrophobicity is an effect where roughness and hydrophobicity combine to generate unusually hydrophobic surfaces, causing water to bounce and roll off as if it were mercury and is used by plants and animals to repel water, stay clean and sometimes even to breathe. The effect is also known as The Lotus Effect® and Ultrahydrophobicity. In this paper we introduce many of the theories used, some of the methods used to generate surfaces and then describe some of the implications of the effect. Contents 1. Basics of Superhydrophobicity a) Interfacial tensions between solids, liquids and gases b) Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity c) Young’s Equation, force balance and surface free energy arguments d) How the suspended state stays suspended e) Important considerations when using Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter equations f) More complex topography 2. Consequences of Superhydrophobicity a) Amplification and attenuation of contact angle changes b) Bridging-to-penetrating transition c) Contact angle hysteresis 3. Materials Methods for Surface Fabrication a) Textiles and fibres b) Lithography c) Particles d) Templating e) Phase separation f) Etching g) Crystal Growth h) Diffusion Limited growth 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Roughness Effects on Contact Angle Measurements Bernard J
    Roughness effects on contact angle measurements Bernard J. Ryan and Kristin M. Poduska Citation: American Journal of Physics 76, 1074 (2008); doi: 10.1119/1.2952446 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2952446 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/76/11?ver=pdfcov Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AAPT content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 134.153.186.189 On: Tue, 18 Feb 2014 13:53:31 APPARATUS AND DEMONSTRATION NOTES Frank L. H. Wolfs, Editor Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 This department welcomes brief communications reporting new demonstrations, laboratory equip- ment, techniques, or materials of interest to teachers of physics. Notes on new applications of older apparatus, measurements supplementing data supplied by manufacturers, information which, while not new, is not generally known, procurement information, and news about apparatus under development may be suitable for publication in this section. Neither the American Journal of Physics nor the Editors assume responsibility for the correctness of the information presented. Manuscripts should be submitted using the web-based system that can be accessed via the American Journal of Physics home page, http://www.kzoo.edu/ajp/ and will be forwarded to the ADN editor for consideration. Roughness effects on contact angle measurements ͒ Bernard J. Ryan and Kristin M. Poduskaa Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada ͑Received 12 June 2007; accepted 6 June 2008͒ We have developed a simple and economical procedure to demonstrate the effects of roughness and wetting fraction on the equilibrium contact angles of liquid droplets on solid surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Static and Dynamic Contact Angle Measurement on Rough Surfaces Using Sessile Drop Profile Analysis with Application Ot Water Management in Low Temperature Fuel Cells
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2010 Static and dynamic contact angle measurement on rough surfaces using sessile drop profile analysis with application ot water management in low temperature fuel cells Vinaykumar Konduru Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Copyright 2010 Vinaykumar Konduru Recommended Citation Konduru, Vinaykumar, "Static and dynamic contact angle measurement on rough surfaces using sessile drop profile analysis with application ot water management in low temperature fuel cells", Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2010. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/376 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Static and Dynamic Contact Angle Measurement on Rough Surfaces Using Sessile Drop Profile Analysis with Application to Water Management in Low Temperature Fuel Cells By Vinaykumar Konduru A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (Mechanical Engineering) MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2010 Copyright © 2010 Vinaykumar Konduru This thesis, “Static and Dynamic Contact Angle Measurement on Rough Surfaces Using Sessile Drop Profile Analysis with Application to Water Management in Low Temperature Fuel Cells,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN Mechanical Engineering. Department of Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics Advisor: Dr. Jeffrey S. Allen Committee Member: Dr. Jaroslaw Drelich Committee Member: Dr. Chang Kyoung Choi Department Chair: Professor William W.
    [Show full text]