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Közösségi Lakhatás És Lakásmobilitás Koncepciójának Kidolgozása

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Közösségi Lakhatás És Lakásmobilitás Koncepciójának Kidolgozása SZOCIÁLIS ÉS GYERMEKVÉDELMI FŐIGAZGATÓSÁG EFOP-1.9.4-VEKOP-16-2016-00001 „A SZOCIÁLIS ÁGAZAT MÓDSZERTANI ÉS INFORMÁCIÓS RENDSZEREINEK MEGÚJÍTÁSA” C. KIEMELT PROJEKT Közösségi lakhatás és lakásmobilitás koncepciójának kidolgozása EFOP-1.9.4-VEKOP-16-2016-0001 kiemelt projekt Szociális és Gyermekvédelmi Főigazgatóság Székhely:1132 Budapest, Visegrádi utca 49. Postacím:1132 Budapest, Visegrádi utca 49. Honlap: www.szgyf.gov.hu Közösségi lakhatás és lakásmobilitás koncepciójának kidolgozása Kutatási jelentés Készítette: Hegedüs József Munkatársak: Gerőházi Éva, Szemző Hanna, Tönkő Andrea, Somogyi Eszter Készült „A szociális ágazat módszertani és információs rendszerének megújítása” c. kiemelt projekt (EFOP-1.9.4-VEKOP-16-2016-0001) keretében Szociális és Gyermekvédelmi Főigazgatóság Budapest, 2019. december 15. 1 Tartalom Előszó ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Bevezetés................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. A lakáspolitikai elemzések konceptuális keretei ............................................................................. 7 1.1 A hazai és nemzetközi lakásszociológiai előzmények ............................................................. 7 1.2 Alternatív módszerek és elméletek a lakásrendszerek összehasonlító kutatásában .............. 9 1.2.1 A lakásrendszer társadalmi-gazdasági modelljére (housing provision) épülő megközelítés .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Lakástulajdon/használat típusára (tenure) épülő megközelítés: egységes és reziduális lakásrendszerek ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3 A két megközelítés kombinálása: a lakáspiacot leíró „részpiac mátrix” ....................... 12 1.2.4 Lakásrezsimek: jogszabályi háttér, a támogatások/adók rendszere és a politikai berendezkedés .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Szociális és megfizethető lakáspolitikai eszközök alapmodelljei .......................................... 17 1.4 A lakásrezsim elmélet alkalmazása a hazai lakásrendszerre ................................................. 19 2. A lakáspolitika stratégiai irányai a 2008-2009-es pénzügyi válság után ....................................... 22 2.1 Különböző válaszok a lakásválságra: nemzetközi példák ...................................................... 22 2.1.1 Bevezető: intézményi válaszok a válságra: innováció és útfüggőség ............................ 22 2.1.2 A dán lakásszövetkezetek finanszírozása ...................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Mietshäuser Syndikat – Bérházszövetkezetek .............................................................. 23 2.1.4 Amerikai Egyesült Államok – Lakásügyi és Városfejlesztési Minisztérium (HUD) ......... 24 2.1.5 Az angol Buy-to-let (BTL) program ................................................................................ 26 2.1.6 Angol lakásszövetkezetek .............................................................................................. 27 2.1.7 Berlini lakbérszabályozás és a német lakbértükör ........................................................ 28 2.1.8 Értéknövekedés megosztására épülő jelzáloghitelek (Share appreciation mortgages) 31 2.1.9 Bécs lakáspolitikája ........................................................................................................ 31 2.1.10 OFS hálózat és a lille-i Cosmopole projekt .................................................................... 33 2.1.11 Ausztrália – Országos Lakbér Megfizethetőségi Modell (National Rent Affordability Scheme) 33 2.1.12 Szingapúr ....................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.13 Korlátozott tulajdonú szövetkezeti, társasházas modellek ........................................... 37 3. Magyar lakáspolitikai trendek és a 2015 utáni programok ........................................................... 39 3.1 Lakáspolitika szakaszai .......................................................................................................... 39 3.1.1 A rendszerváltás utáni lakáspolitikák áttekintése a 2000-es évek elejéig .................... 39 3.1.2 A lakásberuházások fellendülése (2000 – 2008) ........................................................... 40 3.1.3 A gazdasági válság (2009–2014) .................................................................................... 43 3.1.4 A lakáspiac helyreállásának jelei (2015 után) ................................................................ 44 2 3.1.5 Összefoglalás ................................................................................................................. 44 3.2 Kiemelt lakásprogramok 2015 után ...................................................................................... 46 3.2.1 Áfakedvezmény ............................................................................................................. 46 3.2.2 Lakás-takarékpénztárak ................................................................................................. 47 3.2.3 Nemzeti Otthonteremtési Közösség (NOK) ................................................................... 49 3.2.4 CSOK és „falusi CSOK” ................................................................................................... 49 3.2.5 A szociális és lakhatási célú segélyezési rendszer átalakulása ...................................... 52 4. Lakhatási kockázatok csökkentésére irányuló hazai kísérletek ..................................................... 53 4.1 Pokoli torony – A Magyar Máltai Szeretetszolgálat programja ............................................. 53 4.2 Málta – VESZOL ..................................................................................................................... 55 4.3 Szombathely – szociális szállás .............................................................................................. 56 4.4 Szociális lakásügynökség kezdeményezések ......................................................................... 57 4.5 A multinacionális vállalatok és az önkormányzatok összefogása a megfizethető lakáskínálat növelése érdekében .......................................................................................................................... 58 4.6 MÁV telep lakásszövetkezetté alakításának opciói ............................................................... 60 4.7 Nemzeti Eszközkezelő............................................................................................................ 62 4.8 ULE: Utcáról Lakásba Egyesület ............................................................................................. 62 4.9 Munkásszállás típusú megoldások ........................................................................................ 64 4.10 Rákóczi Kollektíva (RK)........................................................................................................... 65 4.11 Önkormányzati lakásépítés mint lehetőség .......................................................................... 66 4.12 Lakmusz projekt..................................................................................................................... 69 5. Közösségi lakhatást és mobilitást támogató lakáspolitika – javaslat ............................................ 70 5.1 A lakáspiaci környezet ........................................................................................................... 70 5.2 A javasolt modell főbb elemei ............................................................................................... 71 5.2.1 Központi Lakáshivatal (KLH) .......................................................................................... 74 5.2.2 Központi Lakásalap (KLA) ............................................................................................... 75 5.2.3 Speciális programok Irodája .......................................................................................... 75 5.3 Lakáspiaci szervezetek, lakhatási megoldások ...................................................................... 75 5.3.1 Önkormányzatok és önkormányzati szociális intézmények .......................................... 75 5.3.2 Állami tulajdonú bérletek .............................................................................................. 75 5.3.3 Lakástársaságok ............................................................................................................. 76 5.3.4 Regisztrált magánbérletek ............................................................................................. 77 5.3.5 Közösségi társasházak ................................................................................................... 77 5.3.6 Társasházak, lakásszövetkezetek ................................................................................... 77 5.3.7 Családi házak ................................................................................................................. 78 6. Irodalom ........................................................................................................................................ 79
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