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Political and Gender Analysis of Speeches Made by Heads Of

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Political and Gender Analysis of Speeches Made by Heads Of medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Words Matter: Political and gender analysis of speeches made by heads of government during the COVID-19 pandemic Sara Dada1*, Henry Ashworth1,2, Marlene Joannie Bewa3,4, Roopa Dhatt4 1Vayu Global Health Foundation, Boston, MA, USA 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 3University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA 4Women in Global Health, Washington DC, USA *Corresponding author: Sara Dada Email: [email protected] NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. 1 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has put a spotlight on political leadership and decision- making around the world. Differences in how leaders address the pandemic through public messages have practical implications for building trust and an effective response within a country. Methods: We analyzed the public statements and speeches made by 20 heads of government around the world (Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Scotland, Sint Maarten, United Kingdom, United States, Taiwan) to highlight the differences between men and women leaders in discussing COVID-19 and pandemic response. We used a deductive analytical approach, coding speeches for specific themes based on language used and content discussed. Findings: Five primary themes emerged across a total of 122 speeches on COVID-19, made by heads of government: economics and financial relief, social welfare and vulnerable populations, nationalism, responsibility and paternalism, and emotional appeals. While all leaders described the economic impact of the pandemic, women leaders spoke more frequently about the impact on local or individual scale. Women leaders were also more often found describing a wider range of social welfare services, including addressing to: mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence. Both men and women from lower-resource settings described detailed financial relief and social welfare support that would impact the majority of their citizen population. While 17 of the 20 leaders used war metaphors to describe the COVID-19 virus and response, men largely used these with greater volume and frequency. 2 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Conclusion: While this analysis does not attempt to answer whether men or women are more effective leaders in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, it does provide insight into the rhetorical tools and types of language used by different leaders during a national and international crisis. This analysis provides additional knowledge on the importance and impact of political leaders speeches, messages, and priorities to inspire citizens adhesion to the social contract in the adoption of response and recovery measures. 3 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Background The novel COVID-19 pandemic has shone a spotlight on political leadership and decision- making around the world. These decisions made by political leaders have critical implications for scientific research, vaccine development, healthcare delivery and systems, social and economic policy measures to contain the pandemic and ultimately for the health, well-being and life of citizens. In the current chaotic context, leadership and language matter; the ability of heads of governments and global health authority figures to communicate publicly on the impact of COVID-19 and the measures taken to mitigate risks are critical and closely scrutinized. Citizens’ perceptions, behaviors, and attitudes are significantly influenced by the type and quality of information or public services announcements to which they are exposed.1 Responses to the pandemic have varied significantly across countries and continents and are influenced not only by the magnitude of the pandemic, but also by pre-existing preparedness mechanisms and national leadership. For example, politicians' statements are likely to have a powerful impact on citizen’s adherence to social distancing measures or mask-wearing. A recent study analyzing the context and chronology of presidential speeches in Brazil revealed the relationship between statements made by President Bolsonaro on COVID-19 prevention measures and adherence to social distancing policies.2 Additional research has noted that, while the difference is not statistically significant, countries led by women have seen better public health metrics in terms of COVID-19 response compared to countries led by men3. While risk perception and health behaviors may be non-partisan in theory, citizens’ behaviors are likely influenced by political leaders’ messages and calls to action or inaction. 4 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . At the time of writing, COVID-19 has not yet been eliminated in any but the smallest island states; some countries that had low early mortality rates are experiencing a resurgence and a second wave of infections is predicted before a vaccine is in widespread use. It would therefore be premature to conclude that some countries have done better in pandemic response than others since the picture may yet change. It is clear, however, that there are very different rhetorical styles across political leaders and that further work is needed to analyze how these influence public health messaging and public trust. In particular, it is worthwhile to consider if and how these differences are influenced by gender. This study analyzes the public speeches and statements made by heads of government in 20 countries around the world. The purpose is to understand the different language, rhetoric, and priorities expressed by men and women leaders in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Setting We set out to analyze official statements made by heads of government of the United Nations Security Council (Belgium, China, Dominican Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Indonesia, Niger, Russian Federation, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Tunisia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Vietnam), BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and nation-states with women heads of government (Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Namibia, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Serbia, Sint Maarten, Taiwan). We restricted the timeframe to February 26th and April 6th 2020 in order to capture the month of March, the beginning of when COVID-19 was spreading rapidly around the world and when international leaders began to respond actively. We recognize that gender is not 5 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . binary, but for the purposes of this study have categorized political leaders as “man” or “woman” according to their assumed public gender identity, in the absence of other information on gender identity. Data collection We searched for national addresses, statements, or speeches made to the public by all 29 countries’ heads of government (Appendix 1). Where fewer than two formal speeches were available, we also searched for press briefings (including only the introductory statements made by the head of government, before entertaining questions from the press), statements made to governing bodies (speeches to parliament), and other statements aimed towards the general public (podcasts, video announcements) and included these where available. Written speeches were found on the public domain and via government websites. Where only a video was available, the speech was transcribed and cross-checked by a native speaker. All non- English speeches were translated into English using Google Translate and cross-checked by speakers fluent in the original language. In order to have a comparable final dataset, we aimed to include a range of geographic and political contexts that could be matched across the groups of men and women heads of government. We also aimed for gender parity and included the countries with the most available data in order to have a balanced pool. Table 1 exhibits the final list of included countries and the number of statements made during the study period. 6 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20187427; this version posted September 15, 2020.
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