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Divaricating Plants in New Zealand in Relation to Moa Browsing
GREENWOOD AND ATKINSON: DIYARICATING PLANTS AND MOA BROWSING 21 EVOLUTION OF DIVARICATING PLANTS IN NEW ZEALAND IN RELATION TO MOA BROWSING R. M. GREENWOOD' and I. A. E. ATKINSON' SUMMAR Y: New Zealand appears to be the only country where spineless, small-leaved divaricating plants make up nearly 10% of the woody flora. Climatic explanations have been advanced to &ccount for the origin of these divaricating plants. We suggest that the divergent and interl~ced branching, the woody exterior and the tough stems of these plants are adaptations evolved in response to browsing by moas. Together with a few species of much smaHer birds, moas were the only browsing vertebrates in New Zealand prior to the arrival of man. Thq divaricate habit is probably only one of several strategies evolved by plants in response to moa browsing. However, because fioas fed in a different way from mammals there is little to support the idea that introduced browsing mammals have merely replaced moas as aQ ecological factor in New Zealand. MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND difficult. The most helpful keys are those of Bulmer DIY ARICATING fLANTS (1958) and Taylor (1961), which deal specifioolly The term Hdivaricating", indicating branching at with these plants. New Zealand species found in this a wide angle, is used in New Zealand to describe the investigation to be capable of divaricating are listed many species of small-leaved woody shrubs that in Table 1. In cases where there was difficulty in have closely interlaced bra,nches. Some are the deciding whether a species should be included in juvenile stages of trees that lose the divaricate habit the table the criteria used for inclusion were (i) as they grow taUer. -
Revitalization and Social Change: Contributions from Psychiatric Epidemiology
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 115 574 SO 008 808 AUTHOR Foulks, Edward F. TITLE Revitalization and Social Change: Contributions from Psychiatric Epidemiology. PUB DATE 75. NOTE 14p.; Paper presented at the, Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association (San Francisco, California, December 1975) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.58 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Behavior Patterns; *Change Agents; Culture Conflict; Literature Reviews; *Mental Illness; Psychology; *Schizophrenia; *Social Change; Social Influences; *Social Psychology; Social Science Research; Sociocultural Patterns ABSTRACT The relationship between schizophrenia and social change is examined through a review of recent medical research' in genetics, biology, and epidemiology. Those mental traits that today in our society characterize the schizoprenic, in a previous era or in another society may have provided a mechanism for cultural change during the periods of stress when traditional methods of coping with the environment proved unadaptive. In many cases, prophets, shamens, and seers experience the same estrangement and disorganization of the self =as does the schizophrenic" in our society. This perspective views schizOphrenia in our society as an evolutionary anachronism which in a previous society may have been organized early in youth and shaped into a socially useful form. Cultural change has in recent human history become a dominating ethos and is accordingly valued for its- own sake. The particular psychological functions of these sensitive individuals are therefore no longer used to transcend traditional points of view. (Author/DE) ************************************************#********************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. EPIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * .reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). -
Essex Windsor Regional Transportation Master Plan
ESSEX-WINDSOR REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION MASTER PLAN Technical Report IBI Group With October, 2005 Paradigm Transportation Solutions Essex-Windsor Regional Transportation Master Plan MAJOR STUDY FINDINGS & EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 1: MAJOR STUDY FINDINGS Official Plan policies of both the County of Essex and the City of Windsor acknowledge that comprehensive regional transportation policies and implementation strategies are needed to effectively address regional transportation needs now through to 2021. This is needed because during this time period, the City and County combined are expected to grow by about 92,000 more residents and 53,000 jobs. The location and form of this growth will have a significant impact on the capability of the existing transportation system, and specifically the major roadway system, to serve the added travel needs. Coupled with this is the overall background growth in trip-making throughout the Essex-Windsor region, and the amount of cross-border traffic moving through the region. This is why the regional transportation plan has taken a very integrated transportation/land use planning approach, with as much emphasis on demand-side issues such as trip-making characteristics and travel mode choice, as on the more traditional supply-side alternatives dealing with major roadway widenings and extensions. The transportation planning approach used in this study emphasizes the integration of land use and transportation planning in Essex-Windsor region. Continued regional growth will put pressure on strategic parts of the transportation system, reducing its ability to move people and goods safely and efficiently in these parts of the region. Other transportation system needs will continue to grow in response to growth in international cross-border traffic, and are addressed more specifically in the Lets Get Windsor-Essex Moving initiatives, the Detroit River International Crossing Study and the Windsor Gateway Report prepared for the City of Windsor by Sam Schwartz Engineering PLLC and released in January 2005. -
Ecological and Genetic Analysis of Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean Environments
UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Ecological and Genetic Analysis of Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean Environments Análisis Ecológico y Genético de Interacciones Planta-Animal en Ambientes Mediterráneos D. Vicente Martínez López 2018 Ecological and genetic analysis of plant-animal interactions in Mediterranean environments Análisis ecológico y genético de interacciones planta-animal en ambientes mediterráneos Tesis Doctoral Vicente Martínez López 2018 Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad de Murcia (EIDUM) Universidad de Murcia Directores: Dra. Mª Pilar De la Rúa Tarín Dr. Francisco Robledano Aymerich Con el apoyo de (support): Esta tesis ha sido realizada en los Departamentos de Zoología y Antropología Física y Ecología e Hidrología de la Universidad de Murcia bajo de dirección de los doctores Mª Pilar De la Rúa Tarín y Francisco Robledano Aymerich. El autor ha sido beneficiario de un Contrato Predoctoral para la Formación del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (referencia FPU 13/05115). Además ha realizado dos estancias predoctorales de tres meses de duración cada una financiada también por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte en régimen de concurrencia competitiva en la Universidad de Marburg (Alemania), supervisado por la Dra. Nina Farwig, y en CIBIO/InBIO (Universidad de Oporto, Portugal), supervisado por la Dra. Cristina García. Las investigaciones realizadas en el presente trabajo han recibido financiación de los proyectos de la -
Waterfowl in Iowa, Overview
STATE OF IOWA 1977 WATERFOWL IN IOWA By JACK W MUSGROVE Director DIVISION OF MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES STATE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT and MARY R MUSGROVE Illustrated by MAYNARD F REECE Printed for STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION DES MOINES, IOWA Copyright 1943 Copyright 1947 Copyright 1953 Copyright 1961 Copyright 1977 Published by the STATE OF IOWA Des Moines Fifth Edition FOREWORD Since the origin of man the migratory flight of waterfowl has fired his imagination. Undoubtedly the hungry caveman, as he watched wave after wave of ducks and geese pass overhead, felt a thrill, and his dull brain questioned, “Whither and why?” The same age - old attraction each spring and fall turns thousands of faces skyward when flocks of Canada geese fly over. In historic times Iowa was the nesting ground of countless flocks of ducks, geese, and swans. Much of the marshland that was their home has been tiled and has disappeared under the corn planter. However, this state is still the summer home of many species, and restoration of various areas is annually increasing the number. Iowa is more important as a cafeteria for the ducks on their semiannual flights than as a nesting ground, and multitudes of them stop in this state to feed and grow fat on waste grain. The interest in waterfowl may be observed each spring during the blue and snow goose flight along the Missouri River, where thousands of spectators gather to watch the flight. There are many bird study clubs in the state with large memberships, as well as hundreds of unaffiliated ornithologists who spend much of their leisure time observing birds. -
Transportation Discussion Paper, June 2016 OUR FILE: D08 TNOP
THE CORPORATION OF THE TOWN OF TECUMSEH Planning and Building Services Report No. 15/16 TO: Mayor and Members of Council FROM: Chad Jeffery, MA, MCIP, RPP Manager, Planning DATE: June 23, 2016 DATE TO COUNCIL: June 28, 2016 SUBJECT: Town of Tecumseh New Official Plan Transportation Discussion Paper, June 2016 OUR FILE: D08 TNOP RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that: 1. Planning and Building Services Report No. 15/16 and the document attached thereto entitled “Tecumseh New Official Plan Process, Transportation Discussion Paper, June 2016”, as prepared by the Planning and Building Services Department, be received; and 2. The document entitled “Tecumseh New Official Plan Process, Transportation Discussion Paper, June 2016”, be made available for agency and public consultation review. BACKGROUND As part of the development of the Town’s new Official Plan, Council received and endorsed a report entitled “Tecumseh 2030, New Official Plan Process: Planning Context and Issues Report”. This report was the first in a series of discussion papers that will form the basis for and guide policy development in the new Official Plan. It provided background and contextual information and identified relevant issues and emerging trends that would need to be addressed. The attached Discussion Paper, “Tecumseh New Official Plan Process, Transportation Discussion Paper, June 2016”, is the tenth in the series of 12 discussion papers and follows the Natural Heritage Discussion Paper that was received by Council in December of 2015. COMMENTS Background on Transportation in Tecumseh Transportation, fundamentally, is about providing connectivity – between settlement areas, between urban and rural areas and between the residential, employment, shopping and parkland areas that comprise the settlement areas. -
Morristown Street Tree Resource Booklet
Morristown Street Tree Resource Booklet June 2020 I. Large Shade Trees for Areas Larger than 4’ x 6’ 3 Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylcatica) 4 Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) 5 Elm (Ulmus spp.) 6 Gingko (Gingko biloba) 7 Hardy Rubber Tree (Eucommia ulmoides) 8 Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos inermis) 9 Katsura Tree (Cercidphyllum japonicum) 10 Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioicus) 11 Linden (Tilia spp) 12 Little Leaf Linden (Tilia cordata) 13 Silver Linden (Tilia tomentosa) 14 Crimean Linden (Tilia x euchlora) 15 London Plane Tree (Platanus x acerfolia) 16 Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) 17 Maple, Sugar ( Acer saccharum) 18 Oak, Pin (Quercus palustris) 19 Oak, Red (Quercus rubra) 20 Oak, Shingle (Quercus imbricaria) 21 Oak, White (Quercus alba) 22 Oak, Willow (Quercus phellos) 23 Pagoda Tree (Styphnolobium japanicum) 24 Sweetgum (Liquidambur styraciflua) 25 Japanese Zelkova (Zelkova serrata) 26 II. Understory Small and Medium Trees for Areas Larger than 2’ x 6’ 27 American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea) 28 Amur Maackia (Maackia amurensis) 29 Cherry (Prunus spp) 30 Crabapple (Malus spp) 31 Dogwood (Cornus spp) 32 Eastern Rudbud (Cercis canadensis) 33 Golden Raintree (Koelreuteria paniculata) 34 Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) 35 Hawthorne (Crataegus spp) 36 Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) 37 Japanese Snowball (Styrax japonicas) 38 Maple Amur (Acer ginnala ‘Flame’) 39 Maple, Hedge (Acer campestre) 40 Purpleleaf Plum (Prunus cerasifera) 41 Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryanan’) 42 I. Large Shade Trees for Areas Larger than 4’ x 6’ Black Tupelo (Nyssa sylcatica) Form: Pyramidal in youth with horizontal branches forming, and rounded or irregular crown. Mature Height: 30’ to 50’ Mature Spread: 20’ to 30’ Use: Acceptable street tree. -
Plant Structural Defences Against Browsing Birds: a Legacy of New Zealand’S Extinct Moas
OIKOS 104: 500Á/508, 2004 Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand’s extinct moas William J. Bond, William G. Lee and Joseph M. Craine Bond, W. J., Lee, W. G. and Craine, J. M. 2004. Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand’s extinct moas. Á/ Oikos 104: 500Á/508. Browsing by large vertebrates has been a major force in the evolution of terrestrial plants but Holocene extinctions of the browsers have left a legacy of broken biotic partnerships. Ratite birds were the largest herbivores in several regions, such as the moas of New Zealand. Many woody plants there have a distinct form of branching, described as ‘‘divaricate’’, with thin, wide angled, branches intertwining to form a tangled canopy. Divaricate branching has been interpreted as a form of protection against climate extremes or as an anachronistic defense against the extinct moas. Here we report the first experimental evidence that many of these plants are defended against extant ratite browsers. In feeding experiments on two tree species with different (heteroblastic) juvenile and adult branch morphology, emus and ostriches obtained adequate feeding rates from adult shoots but sub-maintenance feeding rates from juvenile shoots with the ratite-resistant traits. Divaricate juvenile shoots suffered 30Á/ 70% less biomass removal to the birds than adult shoots. Ratites browse by a distinctive clamping and tugging action. Structural defence traits that exploit the limitations of this feeding mode include narrow, strong, elastic branches that resist being torn off, wide branching angle (‘‘divaricate’’) that makes shoots difficult to swallow, and small, widely spaced leaves. -
U.S.-Canada Greenways Vision Map Will Bridge the Gap Between Emerging Trails and Bicycle Lanes
For Immediate Release: 24 April 2016 U.S.-Canada Greenways Vision Map Will Bridge the Gap Between Emerging Trails and Bicycle Lanes Windsor, Ontario/Detroit, Michigan – A U.S. - Canadian partnership is hoping a new map will encourage people to grab their bikes and explore both sides of the Detroit River. The group has released a binational greenways vision map to connect emerging international greenways, trails, and bike lanes, establishing safe and convenient routes for pedestrians and bicyclists. It is the vision of these Canadian and U.S. partners to encourage stronger linkages between emerging greenways of southwest Ontario and southeast Michigan via a future dedicated bike lane on the new Gordie Howe Bridge and a possible future ferry system between Windsor and Detroit. Greenways are connections that link communities, parks, nature areas, cultural features, economic centers, and historic sites. Based on experience throughout the world, greenways promote outdoor recreation, catalyze ecotourism and economic development, promote healthier life styles, provide safe alternatives to motorized transportation, increase adjacent property values, celebrate historical and cultural assets, promote conservation and environmental education, and improve quality of life. Windsor and Detroit share the same ecosystem and have much in common culturally, socially, economically, and historically. Each has a unique greenway system. For example, the City of Winsor maintains 128 km (79.5 miles) of trails, including the Windsor Loop that is a 42.5-km (26.4-mile) loop when completed will traverse around the City’s perimeter, joining neighborhoods and providing access to the Trans Canada Trail. The Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway trails will soon be open, offering an additional 20 km (12.4 miles) of greenways. -
HORIZONS Evolution of the Arctic Calanus Complex
JOURNAL OFJPR PLANKTON Advance RESEARCH Accessj VOLUME published0 j NUMBER January0 j PAGES 3, 12012–5 j 2012 HORIZONS Evolution of the Arctic Calanus complex: an Arctic marine avocado? Downloaded from JØRGEN BERGE 1,2*, TOVE M. GABRIELSEN 1, MARK MOLINE 1,3 AND PAUL E. RENAUD 1,4 1 2 UNIVERSITY CENTRE ON SVALBARD, PB 156, N-9171 LONGYEARBYEN, NORWAY, FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES, FISHERIES AND ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OF 3 TROMSØ, N-9037 TROMSØ, NORWAY, CENTER FOR COASTAL MARINE SCIENCES, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE 4 UNIVERSITY, SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA 93407, USA AND AKVAPLAN-NIVA. FRAM CENTRE FOR CLIMATE AND THE ENVIRONMENT, N-9296 TROMSØ, NORWAY *CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: [email protected] http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/ Received August 5, 2011; accepted in principle November 23, 2011; accepted for publication December 5, 2011 Corresponding editor: Mark J. Gibbons Before man hunted the large baleen whales to near extinction by the end of the nineteenth century, Arctic ecosystems were strongly influenced by these large pre- dators. Their main prey were zooplankton, among which the calanoid copepod at University Library of Tromsø on March 11, 2013 species of the genus Calanus, long considered key elements of polar marine ecosys- tems, are particularly abundant. These herbivorous zooplankters display a range of adaptations to the highly seasonal environments of the polar oceans, most notably extensive energy reserves and seasonal migrations to deep waters where the non-feeding season is spent in diapause. Classical work in marine ecology has suggested that slow growth, long lifespan and large body size in zooplankton are specific adaptations to life in cold waters with short and unpredictable feeding seasons. -
The Significance of Bernarr Macfadden's
1 UNFIT FOR AMERICA: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BERNARR MACFADDEN’S “WEAK CHILD” CLAIM IN AMERICAN PHYSICAL CULTURE Hubbard M. Uhlhorn TC 660H Plan II Honors Program The University of Texas at Austin May 10, 2017 ________________________________________ Kimberly A. Beckwith, Ph.D. Department of Kinesiology and Health Education Supervising Professor _________________________________________ Tolga Ozyurcu Department of Kinesiology and Health Education Second Reader 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the entire staff of the H.J Lutcher Stark Center at the University of Texas Austin for allowing me the opportunity to preform archival research at such an expansive facility. I would like to thank Cindy Slater, the Associate Director for Library Services at the Stark Center for every pound of box she hauled out of the archives and her extensive knowledge of the collections which made my work so much easier. I would also like to thank Dr. Jan Todd, Co-Director of the Stark Center, for pointing me in the direction of writing a thesis dealing with this subject matter early last semester. A special thanks to my second reader, Dr. Tolga Ozyurtcu, for signing every single paper I gave to him, sometimes on blind faith. You provided some insight from your own personal experience writing these types of things and it helped me stay focused while writing it. A very special thanks to my Thesis Supervisor Dr. Kimberly Beckwith, who took substantial amounts of time out of her own busy schedule to discuss my paper and help me improve it. I’ve never seen someone edit as thoroughly as Kim does. -
Greenway Trials in Windsor, Ontario
Greenway Trials in Windsor, Ontario Lori Newton, Executive Director, Bike Windsor Essex, [email protected] Background Greenways are linear open spaces, including habitats and trails, that link parks, nature areas, cultural features, or historic sites with each other, for recreation and conservation purposes. Based on experience throughout North America, greenways promote outdoor recreation, catalyze economic development, increase adjacent property values, celebrate historical and cultural assets, promote conservation and environmental education, and improve quality of life. Greenways can provide an exceptional outdoor recreational experience that reconnects children and families to natural resources, and that builds a stewardship ethic. It should not be surprising that greenways are an enormous source of community pride. Windsor has a long history of greenways dating back to the 1960s. Windsor's Department of Parks and Recreation maintains 12 km2 of green space, 180 parks, and 64 km of trails. Beginning in the 1960s, Windsor started creating a shared-usage trail network, initially called the "Windsor Loop," that circumnavigates around the entire city and connects to neighboring communities (Table 1). The longest greenway trail in this network is the Roy A. Battagello River Walk (built in the late 1960s, and upgraded/widened several times), stretching from west of the Ambassador Bridge to the historical Hiram Walker Distillery, a distance of about 8 km. Table 1. History of greenway trails in Windsor and Essex County. Time Period