Garden insect pest management

using chemical tactics: advanced training for Master Gardeners

Celeste Welty Ohio State University 2007 Chemical Control

• History • Classification of insecticides available for garden food crops – By origin • Natural • Synthetics – By mode of action • The OMRI list • Data on efficacy against common pests History of insecticides • Sulfur, Homer 1000 BC • Arsenic, China AD 900 • Mineral oil for camel mange, 1300 • Tobacco decoction on pears, 1690 • Pyrethrum for fleas <1800 • Paris Green (copper aceto-arsenite), 1867 • Kerosene + soap, 1874 • Lead arsenate, 1892 • DDT, 1939 Insecticides, by Origin • Minerals & elementals • Oils & soaps • Botanicals (plants) • Diatomaceous earth • Microbials • Compounds derived from microbes • Mimics of natural insect hormones • Petroleum-based synthetic chemicals Insecticides, by Mode of Action

• Nerve poisons • Respiration disruptors • Gut disruptors • Insect growth regulators • Suffocation agents • Cuticle disruptors Minerals & Elementals

• sulfur • lime-sulfur • kaolin (‘Surround At Home’) • iron phosphate (slug baits) • boric acid (for indoor pests only) Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc. Bonham, Texas 75418 EPA Reg. No. 7401-188 EPA Est. No. 7401-TX-1 *32221-BADBAi sulfur & 15M-27-91T

DIRECTIONS FOR USE It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. 98 1. WHAT IS THIS PACKAGE FOR? $4 This product provides effective and economical control of listed plant diseases and insects. May be used as a dust or spray. 2. HOW DO YOU USE IT? When used as a dust, punch out perforated tab on top of shaker can and rotate lid to dust setting. Apply to all lime-sulfur plant surfaces to thoroughly cover. When used as a spray, mix 4 tablespoons per each 1 gallon of water used. Spray to cover thoroughly all plant surfaces. NOTE: DO NOT RE-ENTER TREATED AREAS FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS AFTER APPLICATION IS MADE. ROSES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS: (as a Fungicide and Insecticide) For Black Spot, Brown Canker, Leaf Spot, Powdery Mildew, Thrips and Mites on Roses. Begin spraying when new Dusting growth starts in the Spring. Repeat at 7 day intervals and reapply after rainfall. For diseases and insect control on Shrubs, Flowers and Ornamentals, begin application when diseases appear and repeat at 5-10 day intervals and after rains. For control of Powdery Mildew, Thrips and Mites on Azalea, Alder, Buttonbush, Catalpa, Cosmos, Crape Myrtle, Dahlia, Daisy, Delphinium, Aster, Calendula, Dogwood, Euonymus, Gladiolus, Golden Fleece, Hibiscus, Holly, Hydrangeas, Lady’s Mantel, Ligustrum, Lilac, Petunia, Poplars, Silver Vine, Spirea, Sunflower, Sweet Pea, Verbena, Violets, Willows, Carnations, Cedar, Cherry Laurel, Chrysanthemums, Hollyhock, Juniper, Simlax and Spruce. For control of Leaf Spot, Thrips and Mites on Calendula, Cedar, Cherry Laurel, Sulfur Chrysanthemum, Clematis, Columbine, Foxglove, Hollyhock, English Ivy, Juniper, Laurel, Sage, Simlax, Snapdragons and Spruce. For control of Rust, Thrips and Mites on Asters, Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Hollyhock and Snapdragon. Use as a Dust or Spray! VEGETABLES: (as a Fungicide) For control of Powdery Mildew on Beans, Peas, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, and Cauliflower. For con- trol of Rust on Beans and Peas. Begin application at first sign of disease. Repeat applications at 7–10 day inter- vals. NOTE: Sulfur may injure certain varieties of beans. For control of Powdery and Downy Mildew and Botrytis Blight on Onions. Begin application before diseases are expected to appear. Repeat as necessary. Do not use on • Controls Black Spot, Powdery Mildew, Leaf Cucurbits (Cucumbers, Cataloupes, Melons, Squash) or Tung. FRUITS: (as a Fungicide and Insecticide) Spot, Rust and Brown Canker on Roses. APPLE, PEAR: For Powdery Mildew and Scab. Reduce dosage 1 tablespoon per gallon of water if hot weather threatens. For disease control on Apples, apply from pre-pink through cover periods. For Pears apply at pre- • Controls Listed Diseases & Insects on Shrubs, • sulfur bloom, bloom, petal fall, and cover periods. PEACH: For Brown Rot, Scab. Apply in pink, bloom, shuck, cover and pre-harvest sprays. Flowers, Vegetables and Fruits. CHERRY: For Brown Rot, Leaf Spot. Apply in pink, bloom, petal fall, shuck, cover and post-harvest sprays. PLUM, PRUNE: For Brown Rot, Leaf Spot. Apply in pink, bloom, shuck, cover and pre-harvest sprays. • Controls Thrips, Rust Mites, Red Spider Mites CITRUS: For Brown Rot. Apply according to State recommendations. For Rust Mite, Thrips, Red Spider Mites, Two-Spotted Spider Mites. Begin applications at first signs of damage and repeat as necessary. Rust Mites and Two Spotted Mites on Citrus. should be controlled at all times of the year in order to prevent russeting of fruit and greasy spots on leaves. – Mostly for disease control COMMON CHIGGER CONTROL: For control of chiggers in the yard, dust over the entire lawn, flower garden, shrubs and any place the chiggers may be hiding. This should be done a day or two before protection is desired • Controls Chiggers. and should be repeated at weekly intervals. The contents of this package will cover from 1,500 to 2,000 square feet. IMPORTANT: Do not use within 2 weeks of an oil spray treatment, on Citrus within 3 to 6 weeks. Use only according to State recommendations. Sulfur may burn foliage when temperature is high (90-95°F). 3. HERE ARE THE RESULTS YOU MAY EXPECT! – Kills some mites & thrips When used as directed, this product will provide effective and economical control of listed diseases and insects and thus promote healthy, lush growth. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL Do not reuse container. Wrap container and put in trash collection. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS CAUTION May be harmful if swallowed, inhaled or in eyes. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling and before eating or smoking. Keep children and pets off treated areas for at least 24 hours and until this material has washed into the soil.

FIRST AID Have the product container or label with you when calling a Poison Control Center or doctor, or going for treatment. • lime-sulfur If inhaled • Move person to fresh air. • If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible. • Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for further treatment advice. If on skin • Take of contaminated clothing. or clothing • Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15–20 minutes. • Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for treatment advice. – Mostly for disease control If in eyes • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15–20 minutes. • Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye. • Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for treatment advice. If swallowed • Call a Poison Control Center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. ACTIVE INGREDIENT: • Have a person sip a glass of water if able to swallow. on tree fruit • Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the Poison Control Center or doctor. Sulfur ...... 90% • Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. INERT INGREDIENTS: ...... 10% TOTAL ...... 100% ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS This product is extremely toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to water. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN NOTE: Buyer assumes all risks of use, storage or handling of this product not in strict accordance with directions – Kills some scale insects given herewith. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc. warrants this product to conform to the chemical description on CAUTION the label and for the purposes stated on the label. The limit of any liability incurred shall be the purchase price paid See Back Panel For Additional Precautionary Statements by the user or buyer. NET WEIGHT 2 LBS. iron phosphate: ÊÊÊÊ--ÕÕ}} slug bait » >ŽiÃÊ-Õ}ÃÊ ˆÃ>>«>«i>À }}ˆˆVV UÊ*ÀœÛi˜Ê-˜>ˆÊ>˜`Ê-Õ}ʎˆiÀ UÊœÀÊÕÃiÊ>ÀœÕ˜`ÊÛi}iÌ>LiÃ]ÊvÀՈÌÊÌÀiiÃ]ÊVˆÌÀÕÃ]Ê Ê LiÀÀˆiÃ]ʜÀ˜>“i˜Ì>Ã]Êà ÀÕLÃ]ÊvœÜiÀÃ]ÊÌÀiiÃ]ʏ>ܘÃ]Ê Ê }>À`i˜ÃÊ>˜`ʈ˜Ê}Àii˜ œÕÃið UÊ,i“>ˆ˜ÃÊivviV̈ÛiÊ>vÌiÊ À Ê À>ˆ˜ÊœÀÊëÀˆ˜Žˆ˜} >˜Ê iÊ1Ãi`Ê
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• Petroleum oil • Soap (potassium salts of fatty acids) Diatomaceous earth • Silicon dioxide 6930 17x22.25" Front&Sides.5/15 5/15/02 3:48 PM Page 1 • For indoor pests: sold alone • For food crops: sold only in

C mix with pyrethrins + PBO R I N

A ON HARVESTED TOMATOES AND FRUIT (including grapes): To control Fruit Flies and Vinegar Flies. Apply with a hand or power sprayer or other suitable PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS means on tomatoes and fruit in baskets, on trucks or on plants, and row stock stacked in the yard. Apply liberally at the rate of 8 oz. per 100 sq. ft. of area. ® S

W HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS VEGETABLE CROPS: For the control of insects such as Aphids, 12-Spotted Cucumber Beetle, Armyworms, Beet Webworms, Blister Beetle, Cabbage Looper, Cabbage Worms, Caterpillars, Celery Leaftiers, Colorado Potato Beetle, Corn Earworm, Cucumber Beetles, Diamondback Moth Larva, European CAUTION: Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Use in adequate ventilation and avoid breathing dust. E Corn Borer, Flea Beetles, Garden Fleahoppers, Harlequin Bugs, Imported Cabbage Worms, Japanese Beetles, Leafhoppers, Leaf Miners, Leaftiers, Loopers, Lygus Bugs, Mexican Bean Beetle, Mites, Oblique-Banded Leafrollers, Plant Bugs, Stink Bugs, Squash Vine Borers, Thrips, Vegetable Weevils, Webworms

L USER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS - Users should: Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. Remove and White Flies. C clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothes.

I GROWING CROPS (outdoors and greenhouses): Root and Tuber Vegetables, including but not limited to, Arracacha, Arrowroot, Purple Arrowroot, Japanese Artichoke, Jerusalem Artichoke, Beets, Sugar Beets, Edible Burdock, Carrots, Cassava (Bitter & Sweet), Cerarlac (Celery Root), Chervil (Turnip T N Root), Chicory, Chotia, Dasheen, Ginger, Ginseng, Horseradish, Laren, Parsley (turnip rooted), Parsnip, Potato, Radish, Japanese Radish, Rutabaga, Salsify, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Applicators and other handlers must wear coveralls or long-sleeved shirt and pants, waterproof gloves, shoes Black Salsify, Sweet Potato, Tanier, Tarrow Root, Turmeric, Turnip, Yam, Yam Bean. Leaves of Root and Tuber Vegetables, including but not limited to, and socks, and a dust/mist filtering respirator (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C) or a NIOSH approved respirator with any NRP or HE filter. Beet, Sugar Beet, Edible Burdock, Carrot, Cassava (Bitter & Sweet), Celery, Chervil, Chicory, Dasheen, Parsnip, Radish, Japanese Radish, Rutabaga, Black Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning and maintaining Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). If no instructions for washable are given, use G Salsify, Sweet Potato, Tanier, Turnip, and Yam (True). Bulb Vegetables, including but not limited to, Garlic, Leek, Onion (Bulb & Green) and Shallot. Leafy detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. Vegetables, including but not limited to, Amaranth, Leafy Amaranth, Chinese Spinach, Tompala, Arugula, Celery, Celluce, Chervil, Cilantro, Corn Salad, C R A W L I N G Chrysanthemum (edible leaves), Chrysanthemum garland, Cress (garden), Upland Cress (yellow rocket, winter cress), Dandelion, Dock, Endive, Fennel, Statement of Practical Treatment (First Aid) Lettuce (Head & Leafy), Orach, Parsley, Purslane (garden & winter), Rhubarb, Spinach, Fine Spinach (Metabar, Ceylon), Spinach (New Zealand), Swiss If Swallowed: Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. If Inhaled: Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call Chard. Brassica (Cole) Leafy Vegetables, including but not limited to, Broccoli, Chinese Broccoli, Broccoli Raab, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Chinese 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably mouth-to- mouth if possible. If in Eyes: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with I N S E C T Cabbage (Bok Choy & Napa), Chinese Mustard Cabbage (Gai Choy), Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Mustard Greens and Rape Greens. Legume water for 15-20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing. Call a poison control center or doctor for Vegetables (succulent or dried), including but not limited to, Adzuki Beans, Field Beans, French Beans, Kidney Beans, Lima Beans, Moth Beans, Mung treatment advice. Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor or going for treatment. Beans, Navy Beans, Pinto Beans, Runner Beans, Snap Beans, Tepary Beans, Urd Beans, Wax Beans, Asparagus Beans, Black-eyed Peas, Catjang, Chinese Longbeans, Cowpeas, Chowder Peas, Southern Peas, Yard-Longbeans, Broad Beans (Fava Beans), Chick Peas (Garbanzo Beans), Guar, Jack ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS: This product is toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to any body of water. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift Beans (Sword Beans), Lablab Beans (Hycacinth Beans), Lentils, Peas (garden, field, sugar), Pigeon Peas and Soybeans. Foliage of Legume Vegetables, from the treatment area. Do not contaminate water by disposal of equipment wash rinses. This product is toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or including but not limited to, plant parts of any legume vegetable included in the Legume Vegetables group that will be used as animal feed including any residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product if bees are visiting the treatment area. Apply this product only as specified on this label. variety of Beans, Field Peas and Soybeans. Fruiting Vegetables, including but not limited to, Eggplant, Ground Cherry, Okra, Pepinos, Peppers (Bell, Chili, Cooking and Sweet Peppers and Pimentos), Tomatillo, and Tomatoes. Cucurbit Vegetables, including but not limited to, Balsam Pear (Bitter Melon), STORAGE AND DISPOSAL: Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Storage: Store in original container in a cool, dry place out Chinese Waxgourd, Citron Melon, Cucumber, Gherkin, Edible Gourds, Melons (including hybrids, Cantaloupe, Casaba, Crenshaw, Honeydew, Honey Balls, of sunlight. Protect from moisture. Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the use of this product may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste Mango, Muskmelon and Persian Melons), Pumpkin, Squash (summer & winter) and Watermelon (including hybrids). disposal facility. Container Disposal: Completely empty bag into application equipment, then dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration,

G or, if allowed by State and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke. ORNAMENTALS: For the control of insects such as Aphids, Armyworms, Caterpillars, Chinch Bugs, Flea Beetles, Fleahoppers, Flies, Fruit Flies, Japanese Beetles, Leafhoppers, Leafminers, Leafrollers, Loopers, Lygus Bugs, Mealy Bugs, Mites, Plant Bugs, Thrips and White Flies. Ornamentals such as African DIRECTIONS FOR USE N

Containing Diatomaceous Earth T Violets, Aster, Azalea, Begonia, Calceolaria, Calendula, Calia, Camelia, Carnation, Cineraria, Chrysanthemum, Cypress, Daffodil, Dahlia, Dogwood, Elm, It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. For any requirements specific to

I Eucalyptus, Fern, Ficus, Geranium, Gladiolus, Gypsophila, Holly, Juniper, Lily, Marigold, Oak, Palm, Peony, Petunia, Philodendron, Pine, Roses, Snapdragons, Sweetpeas, Tulips, Viburnum, Wandering Jew, Yew and Zinnia. your State or Tribe, consult the agency responsible for pesticide regulation. C

L HERBS, SPICES AND SPECIALTY CROPS: For the control of such insects as Aphids, Loopers, Mites, Plant Bugs, Thrips and White Flies. Herbs and AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS: Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. • Effective Long Lasting When Kept Dry. Spices, including but not limited to, Anise, Balm, Basil, Burnel, Borage, Chamomile, Caraway, Catnip, Chives, Clary, Coriander, Costmary, Cumin, Curry Leaf, This standard contains requirements for protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, greenhouses and handlers of agricultural pesticides. E Dill, Fennel (Italian & Sweet), Fenugreek, Horehound, Hyssop, Marigold, Marjoram (Sweet & Wild), Mint, Nasturtium, Oregano, Pennyroyal, Rosemary, Rue, It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification, and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions Sage, Savory (Winter & Summer), Sweet Bay (Bay Leaf), Tansy, Tarragon, Thyme, Wintergreen, Woodruff, Wormwood. Specialty Crops, such as pertaining to the statements on this label about personal protective equipment (PPE) and restricted-entry intervals. The requirements only apply to uses of • Kills Cockroaches, Ants, Earwigs, Millipedes, this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard. Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval W Artichoke, Chayote, Asparagus, Coffee, Cotton, Hops, Jojoba, Ornamental Turf Grass, Sesame, Sunflower (leaves & seed) and Tea. S (REI) of 12 hours. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard, and that involves contact with Centipedes, Crickets, Silverfish, Fleas, FIELD GRAIN CROPS: For the control of insects such as Aphids, Armyworms, Chinch Bugs, Boll Weevil, Bollworm, Budworm, Caterpillars, Corn Earworms, anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: coveralls, water-proof gloves and shoes plus socks.

A Fleabeetles, Fleahoppers, Flies, Horn Worms, Loopers, Lygus Bugs, Midges, Mites, Pear Cucurlia, Pink Bollworms, Thrips and White Flies. Cereal Grains, Carpet Beetles, Bedbugs, Grasshoppers, N including but not limited to, Barley, Buckwheat, Corn, Millet (Proso & Pearl), Oats, Popcorn, Rice, Rye, Sorghum (Milo), Teosinte, Triticale, Wheat and Wild See side panel for additional precautions GENERAL INFORMATION: Carefully follow the directions for each type of use. This material may be used on edible crops growing outdoors or in Slugs and Other Crawling Insects. I Rice. Grass Forage, Fodder and Hay, including but not limited to, Bermuda Grass, Blue Grass, Bromegrass, Fescue and any type grass, Gramineae greenhouses, up to and including the day of harvest. PPE required for early entry to treated areas prior to the time the sprays have dried, that is permitted R Family (green or cured), Barley, Buckwheat, Corn, Millet (Proso & Pearl), Oats, Popcorn, Rice, Rye, Sorghum (Milo), Teosinte, Triticale, Wheat and Wild Rice, under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil or water is: long-sleeved shirt and that will be fed to or grazed by livestock, all pasture and range grasses and grasses grown for hay or silage. Non-Grass Animal Feeds, including but not long pants, waterproof gloves, shoes and socks. For Outdoor and Indoor Household Use. limited to, Alfalfa, Velvet Bean, Clover, Kudzu, Lespedeza, Lupine, Saintoin, Trefoil, Vetch, Crown Vetch and Milk Vetch. (See side of bottle) • C Use Rates for the Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, Field Crops, Ornamentals and Miscellaneous Crops: Use 1 to 6 pounds of product per acre depending FRUIT, NUT, VINE CROPS AND ORIENTAL VEGETABLES: For the control of such insects as Aphids, Armyworms, Blueberry Maggots, Cabbage upon the insect population. As a Dust: The best results are obtained when the plants are wet or dew still remains on the leaf surface. It is suggested that WARRANTY STATEMENT the plants be misted prior to application to obtain the maximum benefits and use the least amount of product for control. Reapply only as necessary. As a Loopers, Caterpillars, Cherry Fruit Flies, Cutworms, Fireworms, Fruit Flies, Fuller Rose Beetle, Gooseberry Fruit Worms, Imported Currant Worms, Japanese Seller warrants that this product conforms to the ingredient statement on the label. Since Beetles, Leafhoppers, Mites, Peach Borers, Pecan Weevil, Red-Necked Borers, Raspberry Fruit Worms, Rose Chafers, Stink bugs, Strawberry Leaf Rollers, conditions of use, such as weather, compatibility with other chemicals, and conditions of Wettable Powder: Apply in sufficient water to obtain maximum coverage. Dilution of the material should be at the rate of one half pound in one half gallon ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: KEEP OUT OF REACH Thrips, Weevils and White Flies. Citrus Fruits, including but not limited to, Calamondin, Citrus Citron, Citrus Hybrids, Grapefruit, Kumquats, Lemons, Limes, application equipment will vary, seller makes no claims other than those stated on this label. of water or at a maximum of one pound to 25 gallons of water. It is best to keep the material agitated during application. Apply the material uniformly to Silicon dioxide, from OF CHILDREN Mandarin (Tangerine), Orange (sweet & sour), Pummelo, and Satsuma Mandarin. Pome Fruits, including but not limited to, Apple, Crabapple, Loquat, Pear, both the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Reapply only as necessary. diatomaceous earth ...... 85.0% Oriental Pear and Quince. Stone Fruits, including but not limited to, Apricot, Cherry (sweet & sour), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes, Chickasaw Plum, Other elemental oxides ...... 10.0% Damson Plum, and Japanese Plum. Small Fruits and Berries, including but not limited to, Blackberry, Blueberry, Boysenberry, Cranberry, Currants, GRASSES, LAWNS, & TURF (including golf courses): To control Ants, Armyworms, Caterpillars, Chinch Bugs, Cutworms. Use Rate: Use 16 oz. (1 lb.) CAUTION Dewberry, Elderberry, Gooseberry, Grape, Huckleberry, Loganberry, Ollie Berry, Raspberry (Black & Red), Strawberry, and Youngberry. Subtropical per 1000 square feet of area. Apply either as a dust or as a wettable powder. Hose-End Sprayer: Use 16 oz. (1 lb.) per 1000 square feet of area. Use a INERT INGREDIENTS: ...... 5.0% See Back Panel for Additional Fruits, including but not limited to, Avocado, Banana, Carob, Barbados Cherry, Cherimoya, Dates, Feijoa, Figs (Adriatic, Calimyrna, Kadota, Black Mission, hose-end sprayer for lawns. Add a small amount of water to the jar and add the amount needed for the pre-measured area, stir to make a slurry, then add TOTAL INGREDIENTS:...... 100.00% Precautionary Statements. California Brown Turkey and Brunswick), Guava, Kiwifruit, Lychee, Mango, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Persimmon, Pineapple and Pomegranate. Tree Nuts, the remaining water to the top of the jar. Empty entire contents of the jar on the pre-measured area. As a Dust: Best results are obtained when applied 7 32221 40253 9 7 32221 40253 9 including but not limited to, Almond, Beech Nut, Brazil Nut, Butter Nut, Cashews, Chestnut, Chinquapin, Filbert (Hazelnut), Hickory Nut, Japanese with a hand or power duster or other suitable means of application to the infested area. Apply lightly and uniformly to the treatment area. Hand Sprayer: Horsechestnut, Macadamia Nut (Bushnut), Pecan, Pistachio and Walnut (Black & English). Oriental Vegetables, including but not limited, to Japanese Use .6 oz. (4 tablespoons) to one gallon of water. It is best to keep the material agitated during application. Apply the contents to pre-measured area. Artichoke, Chinese Broccoli (Gai Lon), Chinese Cabbage (Bok Choy & Napa), Chinese Mustard Cabbage (Gai Choy), Cilantro, Dasheen, Ginger, Ginseng, NET WEIGHT 5 LBS. (2.27 kg) Chinese Longbeans, Mung Beans, Citron Melon, Balsam Bear (Bitter Melon), Japanese Radish (Daikon), Chinese Spinach and Chinese Waxgourd.

DV0602.v1

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7 32221 40253 9 CRAWLING INSECT CONTROL Insecticides from plants (botanicals)

• pyrethrum, from chrysanthemum • azadirachtin, from neem tree • rotenone, from cubé root • capsaicin, from hot pepper • garlic extract Insecticides from plants (botanicals) • limonene – from citrus peels – for indoor pests • nicotine – from tobacco • sabadilla – from seeds of tropical lily – cancelled • ryania – from stems of So. American shrub – cancelled neem: azadirachtin

& neem seed oil (7 brands) Rotenone

• Dust, or mix with water to spray • More effective as dust • Very low toxicity to bees Repellents from plants:

capsaicin & garlic Oils from plants

example: ‘Mite-X’ is cottonseed oil + clove oil + garlic oil • Pyrethrins

• = Pyrethrum? • = Pyrethroids? • Pyrethrum: the raw natural product from dried flowers – Dalmatian Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) – Persian Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coccineum) • Pyrethrins: the extracted active ingredients from pyrethrum – pyrethrin I – pyrethrin II – cinerin I – cinerin II – jasmolin I – jasmolin II • Pyrethroids: synthetic mimics of pyrethrins Pyrethrins + PBO*

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What’s PBO?

• PBO = piperonyl butoxide • A synergist • When mixed with some insecticides, makes them more active – Most common with pyrethrins – Also used with pyrethroids, rotenone, & carbamates • Prevents enzymes from detoxifying the a.i. before it acts on target site Status of Pyrethrin Products

• Pyrethrins + PBO (piperonyl butoxide) – Many brands through 2005 – Far fewer brands starting in 2006 • Pyrethrins + oil – Common in shops in 2006 • Pyrethrins + soap – Common in shops in 2006 • Pyrethrins (alone) – Sold in larger packages – For larger farms Examples of pyrethrin products available • Pyrethrins + PBO – FoxFarm ‘Don’t Bug Me’ – Spectracide ‘Bug Stop For Gardens’ • Pyrethrins + oil – Garden Safe ‘Fruit & Vegetable Insect Spray’ – Garden Safe ‘Houseplant & Garden Insect Spray’ • Pyrethrins + soap – Safer ‘Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer’ – Safer ‘Yard & Garden Insect Killer’ • Pyrethrins (alone) • MGK’s ‘PyGanic 1.4 EC’ Microbial Insecticides • Micro-organisms that cause disease in insects – B.t. (bacterium) – Beauveria (fungus) – Nosema (protozoan) – Viruses – Nematodes • Derived from micro-organisms – spinosad (from actinomycete) What is B.t.?

• A natural soil-borne bacterium

• Species: Bacillus thur in gi en sis • produces crystal-like proteins that kill certain insects • Produced by fermentation methods • Discovered 1915; used since 1957 How does B.t. work?

• B.t. must be eaten by target insect • B.t. contains toxins that are activated by insect’s gut enzymes • toxins paralyze insect’s digestive tract • feeding stops within 2 hours • death takes 1 - 5 days Bacteria for Insect Control

• B.T. = Bacillus thuringiensis • B.t. kurstaki (caterpillars)

• B.t. aizawai (caterpillars)

• B.t. tenebrionis (certain beetle larvae)

• B.t. israelensis (mosquito larvae) • Bacillus popillae (Milky Spore) B.t. products

• Sprayable or dusts – For caterpillars: • DiPel, Thuricide – For Colorado potato beetle: • Potato Beetle Beater • Transgenic crops – ‘Attribute’ sweet corn (5 acre minimum) Sprayable B.t.: performance • Sometimes erratic due to: – Breakdown in U.V. light – Reduced toxicity to older larvae – Incomplete spray coverage – Too long a spray interval • Best if: – Target young larvae – Apply at 3-4 day intervals – Get thorough coverage (lot of water) Spinosad: more brands

• Dow: Entrust • Fertilome: Borer, Bagworm, Leafminer & Tent Caterpillar spray • GreenLight: Lawn & Garden Spray Spinosad Concentrate • Monterey: Garden Insect Spray • Gardens Alive: Bulls-Eye Bioinsecticide Insecticides, by Mode of Action

• Suffocation agents (oils, soaps) • Cuticle disruptors (diatomaceous earth) • Respiration disruptors (rotenone) • Gut disruptors (B.t.) • Insect growth regulators (neem) • Nerve poisons Insect growth regulators

• Mimics of insect growth hormones – juvenile hormone (neem) – molting hormone – chitin biosynthesis • For control of caterpillars & other immature insects Conventional petroleum-based synthetic insecticides: Nerve poisons

• 3 old classes: shrinking – Organo-chlorines (2 a.i.s) – Carbamates (1 a.i.) – Organo-phosphates (3 a.i.s) • 1 class: growing – Pyrethroids (5 a.i.s) • Other new classes: – Neonicotinoids: 1 a.i. OK for commercial food crops & home ornamentals, but not yet for garden food crops Organo- chlorines endosulfan (Thiodan) dicofol (Kelthane): concen- trates Carbamate

carbaryl (Sevin)

concentrate RTU Organo- phosphates

VOLUNTARY PURCHASING GROUPS, INC. Bonham, Texas 75418 EPA Reg. No. 7401-26 EPA Est. 7401-TX-1 • malathion 15M-24-91U *32221-BADCFc $ 98 DIRECTIONS FOR USE 6 IT IS A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW TO USE THIS PRODUCT IN A MANNER INCONSISTENT WITH ITS LABELING. 1. WHAT IS THIS PACKAGE FOR? This package of ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES protects plants such as Roses, Chrysanthemums, Azaleas, Pyracantha, Spirea and Birch from damage by Aphids, Spider Mites, Thrips, Leaf Miners, Whiteflies, Lace Bugs and Leafhoppers. ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES enter a plant through its roots (systemic action) and is then moved to all parts of the plant through natural growth Systemic and sap flow. Working from inside of the plant, it controls the listed sucking type insects that feed on this plant. 2. HOW DO YOU USE IT? Apply the ready-to-use granules uniformly (see Recommended Applications) to the soil around the base of the plant. Mix the granules into For use on many cropsthe top soil, then water. The chemical, released from the granules, will reach into the root zone and be absorbed into the plant. The granules – can also be scattered over planting beds and mixed into the top soil before sowing seed or setting bulbs or transplants. Additional applica- tions of ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES can be made as needed to maintain insect control after the plants start to grow. Insecticide RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS: Amount to Use For Flowers To Control Before Planting: Ageratum Aphids (Plant Lice) Apply 16 ounces evenly over 200 square feet (10 x 20 ft.) of bed area and work into the top Calendula Lace Bugs 2 to 3 inches of soil. Sow seed or set plants and water thoroughly. Carnation Leafhoppers Growing Plants: Chrysanthemum Spider mites For Individual Plants: Apply one rounded teaspoonful around base of plant, work into the Delphinium Thrips` soil and water thoroughly. Granules Petunia Whiteflies For Flowers in a Row: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per foot of row in a narrow band near And Other base of plants, work into top soil and water thoroughly. Flowers Repeat application at 4 to 6 weeks intervals if insects reappear. Potted Plants: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per 6 inch pot. Mix thoroughly into top soil FOR ROSES, SHRUBS, and drench with water. • disulfoton (Di-Syston)Shrubs Aphids (Plant Lice) Apply 2 to 4 rounded tablespoons per foot of shrub height. Use the lower rate for shrubs Azaleas, Birch, Holly & Birch leaf up to 3 ft. and the higher rate for shrubs from 3 to 6 ft. in height. Distribute the required FLOWERS AND TOMATOES Camellia, miner, Lace bug, amount evenly from the base of shrub to the drip line on all sides of the plant. Work into Euonymus, Leafhoppers the top 1 to 2 inches of soil and water thoroughly. Repeat application at 4 to 6 week Pine Mimosa Webworm intervals if required. Rhododendron, Pine Tip Moth Roses, Yew Spider Mites And Other Thrips, Whiteflies Shrubs Tomatoes Aphids In The Seed Furrow: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per foot of row. Place the granules Flea beetles either below or to one side of the seed. Do not allow seed to come into direct contact with Leafhoppers the granules. Leaf miners In The Transplant Hole: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per plant in the Transplant hole. – For only a few veg cropsMites Mix granules with soil in hole prior to setting plant. 3. HERE ARE THE RESULTS YOU MAY EXPECT! ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES controls the listed sucking type insects, thereby allowing flowers, shrubs, roses and orna- mentals to grow vigorously to provide beautiful blooms, flowers and shrubs. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL STORAGE: Store in original container and place in a locked storage area. DISPOSAL: Do not reuse container. Rinse thoroughly and securely wrap in several layers of newspaper and discard in trash. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS WARNING: May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Do not breathe dust. Rapidly absorbed through the skin. Do not get on skin, in eyes or on clothing. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Do not apply broadcast applications to lawns. STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT dimethoate (Cygon) IF SWALLOWED: Call a Physician or Poison Control Center immediately. Drink one or two glasses of water and induce vomiting. Do not • induce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. IF ON SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected area with soap and water. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. IF IN EYES: Flush eyes with plenty of water. Get medical attention if irritation persists. IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial respiration if indicated. Get medical attention immediately. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: KEEP OUT OF REACH NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Disulfoton is an organophosphate insecticide. If symptoms of cholinesterase inhibition are present, atropine 0-0-Diethyl S-2-(ethylthio) ethyl sulfate by injection is antidotal. 2-PAM is also antidotal and may be administered, but only in conjunction with atropine. phosphorodithioate* ...... 2.00% OF CHILDREN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS INERT INGREDIENTS ...... 98.00% This product is toxic to fish, birds, and other wildlife. Keep out of lakes, streams, or ponds. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equip- TOTAL ...... 100.00% WARNING ment, or disposal of wastes. Apply this product only as specified on this label. Food utensils such as a teaspoon or measuring cup should •U.S. Patent No. 2,759,010 See back panel for additional warnings not be used for food purposes after use with insecticides. Buyer assumes all risks of use, storage or handling of this material not in strict accordance with directions given herewith. • For only a few veg crops NET WEIGHT 1 LB. • diazinon – Not sold since 2001 Pyrethroids: 5 for food crops

cyfluthrin

esfenvalerate bifenthrin permethrin lambda- cyfluthrin cyhalothrin Beware of similar names

esfenvalerate bifenthrin Comparison of 2 Bug-B-Gon Max Crop esfenvalerate bifenthrin Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 7 d PHI Cuke, squash, pumpkin Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 3 d PHI Pepper, eggplant Yes, 7 d PHI Yes, 7 d PHI Tomato Yes, 1 d PHI Yes, 1 d PHI Sweet corn Yes, 1 d PHI Yes, 1 d PHI Snap beans, green peas Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 3 d PHI Dry beans, dry peas Yes, 21 d PHI No Potato Yes, 7 d PHI No Radish, Carrot Yes, 7 d PHI No Collards Yes, 7 d PHI No Head lettuce No Yes, 7 d PHI Lima beans No Yes, 3 d PHI ‘Biorational’ insect control products

• Microbials that are host-specific • Pheromones (for mating disruption)

• Insect growth regulators OMRI: The Organic Materials Review Institute

• Used by certified organic growers • List of products applied to crops – Fertilizers – Pesticides • Two categories: – ‘Allowed’ – ‘Restricted’ Insect control products on the OMRI List • Behavioral control – pheromone mating disruption • Microbial control – viruses – B.t. (DiPel) • Smothering agents – soaps – oils • Nerve poisons – spinosad (Entrust) – pyrethrins (PyGanic) • Repellents – kaolin (Surround) – neem – garlic Bioassays • Basic set-up – 8 oz deli dish – Leaf sprayed both sides – 24 & 48-hr mortality evaluation – Damage quantified for chewing pests • Residual tests – Pests added after residue dry • Direct tests – Pests added before spray Bioassays to test efficacy of garden insecticides

• % Mortality, for all pests • Damage, for chewing pests • Importance: – #1: Prevention of damage – #2: Death of pest Bioassays

• 2005 – 10 pests – 16 chemicals • 2006 – 6 pests (4 repeats, 2 new) – 2 more chemicals – 3 more pyrethrins +/- PBO • 2007 – 4 pests (2 repeats, 2 new) – 1 more chemical Conventional Products Tested Ingredient Brand bifenthrin Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Lawn & Garden carbaryl Garden Tech Sevin Bug Killer cyfluthrin Bayer Advanced Garden Power Force dicofol Hi-Yield Kelthane Spray endosulfan Hi-Yield Thiodan esfenvalerate Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Garden & Landscape lambda- Spectracide Triazicide cyhalothrin malathion Bonide Malathion Insect Control methoxyfenozide Dow Intrepid permethrin Bonide Eight Garden & Home Natural Products Tested Ingredient Brand azadirachtin Safer BioNeem B.T. Bonide Thuricide BT; GreenLight Dipel Dust capsaicin Bonide Hot Pepper Wax garlic extract Garlic Barrier neem seed oil Garden Safe Fungicide-3 oil (cottonseed + clove + garlic) Bonide Mite-X pyrethrins + PBO Schultz F&V Spray; Spectracide BugStop pyrethrins+ oil GardenSafe Fruit & Veg. Insect Spray pyrethrins+ soap Safer Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer rotenone Bonide Rotenone Insect Control soap Garden Safe Insecticidal Soap spinosad Fertilome Borer, Bagworm, …. Spray Chewing pests Sample of results Most effective products at top of graph

Least effective products at bottom of graph Common for the most effective products to have both LOW damage & HIGH mortality Striped cucumber beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 7/5/05; 4 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate Striped Cucumber Beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 6/30/2006 5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

Evergreen

Schultz Veg Spray

Garden Safe Veg Spray

PyGanic

PyGanic

Safer Veg Killer Striped Cucumber Beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/25/2006 3 replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate Spotted cucumber beetle tested on pumpkin cotyledon & leaf, 8/22/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate Spotted cucumber beetle 2nd test with extra pyrethroids, tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/22/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate Spotted Cucumber Beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/21/2006 3 replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate

Blister Beetle tested on swiss chard leaves, 9/6/05 5 replicates/treatment; 2 beetles/replicate

Sucking pests Two-spotted spider mite tested on snap bean leaves, 10/26/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 30 mites/replicate Melon Aphid tested on pumpkin leaves, 10/5/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate Potato Aphid tested on tomato leaves, 10/3/2006 3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate Potato Leafhopper, nymphs tested on bean leaflet, 7/28/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 5 bugs/replicate Squash bug, young nymphs tested on zucchini leaf & petiole, 8/27/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 bugs/replicate Squash bug, adults tested on zucchini leaf & petiole, 9/19/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 3 bugs/replicate

* *

* Not registered for use on cucurbit crops Squash bug

adult

nymph Harlequin Bug (on kale) 3 replicates/treatment 3 bugs/replicate

nymph

adult Natural Enemies Lady Beetle tested on broccoli leaves, 11/1/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 4 beetles/replicate Efficacy of Pyrethrins

• Pyrethrins + PBO – Very effective in field & lab tests • Pyrethrins + oil – Somewhat effective in lab tests • Pyrethrins + soap – Not effective in lab tests • Field data needed!! Field trial on snap bean • Late planting (seed late August) • Heavy beetle pressure • Start sprays as soon as seedlings emerge • Spray 10 times on 1- to 5-day schedule – Azadirachtin – Capsaicin – Garlic – Neem seed oil – Pyrethrins – Rotenone • Spray 5 times on 5- to 8-day schedule – Spinosad • Spray 4 times on 7- to 10-day schedule – Carbaryl – Permethrin – Endosulfan Field trial on snap beans (bean leaf beetle + spotted cucumber beetle) Trends in efficacy spectrum Exc./Good Good/Fair Fair/Poor broad pyrethrins + PBO permethrin neem seed oil carbaryl malathion azadirachtin esfenvalerate capsaicin lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethrins garlic cyfluthrin +oil pyrethrins bifenthrin +soap less spinosad broad endosulfan rotenone narrow dicofol B.T. soap oil in red if on OMRI list Conclusions: insecticide choices

User’s general preference Best bets

Natural products only (OMRI)* 1) spinosad 2) soap Natural products only (non- 1) pyrethrins+PBO OMRI) 2) rotenone Conventional products only esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gon Max) Anything goes pyrethrins+PBO

* Note lack of effective beetle control product Info on vegetable pest management on web site http://bugs.osu.edu/welty/