An Insight for Scrutiny of Cognizance in Brainwave Entrainment

International Journal of Scientific Research in ______Review Paper . Computer Science and Engineering Vol.6, Special Issue.1, pp.14-18, January (2018) E-ISSN: 2320-7639

Ajit S. Adte#1, S. D. Khamitkar*2, Parag Bhalchandra3, S. N. Lokhande4, Pawan Wasnik5

1School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 2School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 3School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 4School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 5School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India

Abstract—In the present research, we strive for one roof collection of contemporary scientific analysis and literature review of some brainwave entrainment. This is done using some of the brainwave frequencies. There is also comparison of mental state associated with different brainwave frequencies. The draft is further extended to review perception of sound, meditation and binaural beats. This work will be a stepping stone for further research to design similar work.

Keywords—Brainwave Entrainment, Brainwave Frequencies, Perception of Sound, Meditation entrainment auditory stimuli. In 1946 Psychological results I. INTRODUCTION of Brainwave Entrainment were explored, when flickering The brain’s electrical response to rhythmic sensory light produced frequency-dependent sensations of pattern, stimulation like either pulse of sound or light is referred as colour and movement. Brainwave entrainment (BWE) could Brainwave entrainment [1]. The brain can be stimulus, also be used to reduce the need of anaesthesia during through ears, eyes, or sometimes through it could be another surgery. It is also discovered that brainwave entrainment senses, the electrical charge could be thrown in response, is can be used to enhance the meditation in 1975. Oster’s known as Cortical Evoked Response. These types of article on properties of Binaural beats (BB) increases electrical responses passes throughout the brain to become rapidly in the development of Brainwave entrainment (BWE) what you hear as well as see. One may be able to measure tools. Research pursued on the effect of brainwave this type of activity measuring using sensitive electrodes entrainment (BWE) on pain, migraines, headaches, stress, attached to the scalp [1]. and anxiety in 1980s. This research extended to include The definition given by the Tina L. Huang, and ADHD, behavioural problem, PMS, learning, and memory, Christine Charyton, that with the intension of use of in 1990s [2]. To understand this tabular information could rhythmic stimuli which produces frequency following more useful as shown in table I. response (FFR) of brainwave to match the frequency of the stimuli [2]. The stimulus can be either auditory or III. REVIEW sometimes it is visual. Brainwave Entrainment is also As said by Daniel Riordan, Pat Doody, and Joseph Walsh referred to as brain entrainment, audiovisual stimulation Sound could be measure in the different way by modern (AVS), audiovisual entrainment (AVE), photic stimulation, audio sensing systems than human auditory system or auditory entrainment [2]. perceives sound. Therefore the most referenced aspects of The cognitive or mental disorder’s standard pure tone auditory perception could be loudness as well as treatment generally is not suitable for all or the standard pitch, which associate to the objective measure of frequency treatment may be having some unwanted side effects [2]. and sound pressure levels. The model, perception of sound Brainwave entrainment (BWE) has the ability to effectively operates at a discrete level, modelling the perception at as well as safely fill this gap [2]. defined frequency as well as sound pressure level interval and inferring how sound could be perceived in non-defined II. HISTORY OF BRAINWAVE ENTRAINMENT regions. Perception of sound by human auditory system is A review of history of Brainwave Entrainment by the important in many different fields like speech synthesis, Tina L. Huanget al. said the clinical application of speech recognition, and audio quality measurement. Sound Brainwave entrainment (BWE) was first discovered by a perception could be governed by two perceptual measures, French Psychologist, named as Pierre Janet, in the late the perceptual loudness measure and perceived pitch of an 1800s. Later in 1929 Berger has shown that the human audio signal [3]. brain’s electrical activity could be recorded. In the 1934, Tianbao Zhuang, Hong Zhao, and Zheng Tang presented Adrian and Mathews have shown that the Berger rhythm observation and exploring study of the activity of brain (alpha) could be amplified by using photic stimulation at the under brainwave music stimulus by experimental and same frequencies. Dempsey and Morison found that the spectrum analysis. Frontal lobe is placed right under the brainwave entrainment could also be stimulated by a tactile forehead and the function of frontal lobe is initiation of stimulus in 1942. In 1959, Chaitran showed the effects of activities that we do in day-to-day life, judgment, motor Int. J. Sci. Res. in Computer Science and Engineering Vol.6(1), Jan 2018, E-ISSN: 2320-7639 function, memory, and language. Parietal lobe is placed near changes in the human brain that affect the health. But by the top and back of the head; the function of the parietal using brainwave entrainment brain state can be change to lobe is perception, sensation, visual attention, and integrate positive state of brain due to which health can be change in various sensory information. Occipital lobes are located at positive manner, this can be done by bringing the brain into the back of the head and the function of the occipital lobes an alpha state, that melt the stress away. They also is responsible for processing visual information from eyes. mentioned that diet as well as excise is crucial to reduce Occipital lobe is fast part of information processing that the stress. Therefore brainwave entrainment (BWE) could be eyes are sending information based on what eyes are seeing, used to help your mind to change diet and exercise [1]. similar to that the temporal lobe can be used to sense T. Yamsa-ard, and Y. Wongsawat have said that auditory information, whereas, occipital lobe is responsible experiments observed that a relationship between meditation for visual information so that human could understand it. and EEG by analyzing QEEG in absolute power of each Temporal lobe is placed side of the head above ears. And is EEG rhythm and coherence compared to normal people responsible for hearing abilities, memory, visual perceptions database. The results indicated that, when binaural beats [1]. There are important benefits of brainwave entrainment combined with music, it inclines to increase the result of (BWE) presented as, improve the focus and concentration, stimulation. In addition to that, the effect of binaural beats memory performance, problem solving and creativity occurs at frontal midline. For pure beat, there was less effect abilities, better sleep, reduce stress, relaxation, modification to relationship between binaural beats and EEG during of behaviour, some of these were associated with learning meditation practices at the first time of stimulation. efficiencies. To increase the learning ability of brain, brain However, it might be able to improve effective of binaural must be in the state of alpha or delta state of brainwave beats (BBs) stimulation for longer period. The last is the entrainment. According to the most studies that say that result of binaural beat seemed significant for coherence and whenever a person feels sickness most of the time then is concordantly to absolute power [4]. relating to the stress. The stress might cause chemical

IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

TABLE I: HISTORY REVIEWED BY TINA L. HUANG, CHRISTINE CHARYTON [2] Year Name Discovery In the late 1800s French Psychologist Pierre Janet Brainwave Entrainment (BWE) 1929 Berger Electrical activity of brain recorded 1934 Adrian and Mathews Berger rhythm could amplified by using photic stimulation 1942 Dempsey and Morison BWE could be stimulated by a tactile stimulus 1959 Chaitran Reported entrainment effect with auditory stimulus 1959 -- To reduce the need for anesthesia during surgery 1975 -- To enhance meditation Research followed on the effect of Brainwave Entrainment on stress, pain, 1980s -- migraines, headache, and anxiety

TABLE II: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PERCEPTION OF SOUND Sr. Author Method Effect Reference 60-80% of the samples have shown the improvement in the alpha frequency Nasyid band after listening to nasyid and on the other hand 56-66% improved after Renu Bhoria, Swati 1 music, Rock listening to rock music. [5] Gupta music The maximum value increased in alpha wave 11.023μV, minimum value decrease 0.755μV Anna Kalinowska, Alina Kułakowska, Heavy metal No significant effect on the heart rate as well as blood pressure. They 2 Wojciech Kułak, or classical demonstrated significant decrease in the amplitude of alpha rhythm after [6] Bożena Okurowska- music listening to classical music. Zawada

Three While listening to Carnatic music the beta activity was high at the time of experimental mental task in all the three locations when compared to Jazz as well as hard conditions B. Geethanjali, K. rock. like without 3 Adalarasu, R. When Jazz music was played the spectral power of theta band was high at [7] mental task, Rajsekaran CZ location when compared to Carnatic, hard rock. This indicated Jazz with mental music was pleasant as well as it could induce positive emotion, reduces task, as well mental stress. as rest (Open eyes) (Open eyes) Indian Classical Music could be used as a tool to relieve Ram K. Nawasalkar, Indian 4 tension or stress and to relax. [8] Pradeep K. Butey Classical

Music Abstract Music is a universal but still poorly understood form of human Katie Overy, and 5 patterns of communication in which abstract patterns of sound could cause people to [9] Robert Turner sound dance, laugh, cry, reflect, bond and even mate. Response of 5 KHz tone could be unpleasant sound and a classical music, Pachelbel’s Seiji Nishifuji, brain wave Canon could be a pleasant sound, The alpha wave amplitude (8-13 Hz) that Masahiro Sato, to mental is representative component of awake brain wave, was decreased by around 6 [10] Daisuke Maino and task as well 15~20 percentage during performing the mental task. Whereas, the Shogo Tanaka as acoustic amplitude of the beta as well as gamma waves analyzed as no significant stimuli alteration under combined stresses Suggested no profound effect on the physiology of the Automatic Nervous System because of the horror sound movie clip as the stimulus. Sound effect Chinmay Mokashi, Categorical inputs for classification using MLP and RBF ANN networks. 7 in a horror [11] Suraj K Nayak et al. The results of classification suggested physiological changed in the movie clip conduction pathway of the heart with the horror sound movie clip as the stimulus.

TABLE III: COMPARISONS OF BRAINWAVE FREQUENCIES AND ASSOCIATED MENTAL STATE Sr. Brainwave Frequencies Reference Delta Theta Alpha Beta Gamma Young children, Alert/ working, Certain Adults slow drowsiness or Relaxed / active, busy or cognitive or 1 wave sleep in arousal in older reflected, closing [1] anxious thinking, motor functions babies children and the eyes active concentration stress adults (Fast brainwave) (Slower) memory, thinking, (Slowest) deep (Quiet) relaxed 2 deep relaxation, concentration, -- [12] sleep attention daydreaming information processing Relax state, Deep sleep, Deep relaxation, daydreaming, Normal, waking 3 unconsciousnes -- [13] meditation light form of consciousness s meditation 4 (Slower) deep Light sleep, Calm, peaceful Thinking, focusing, -- [2]

sleep creativity, insight yet alert state and (high beta) for intensity or anxiety Alert, working, Affect adults or Drowsiness, or Relaxing and active, busy, anxious 5 babies slow arousal in children -- [14] closing the eyes thinking and active sleep and adults concentration Concentration, Random eye alertness, arousal, movement sleep, 6 Dreamless sleep Relaxation cognition, and -- [16] meditation, higher level beta for creativity anxiety High-level Deep dreamless Light sleep or Awake but Normal awaking 7 information [20] sleep extreme relaxation relaxed consciousness processing Relaxed, alert Active, busy, or 8 Deep Sleep Drowsiness state of -- [5] anxious thinking consciousness

TABLE IV: COMPARISONS OF BRAINWAVE FREQUENCIES RANGE PRACTICES BY DIFFERENT PRACTITIONERS IN HERTZ (HZ) Delta Theta Alpha Beta Gamma Sr. Reference From To From To From To From To From To 1 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 25 25 100 [1] 0.1 3 4 7 8 12 13 40 -- -- 2 Highest Lowest [12] High Amplitude Low Amplitude -- Amplitude Amplitude 3 1 3 4 8 7 13 14 30 -- -- [13] 13 21 4 1 4 4 8 8 12 High -- -- [2] 20 32 5 0 4 4 7 7 12 13 40 -- -- [14] 6 2 4 4 8 8 12 12 30 -- -- [15] 7 0.1 4 4 8 8 13 14 >100 -- -- [16] 8 0.5 4 4 8 8 12 12 30 >30 [17] 9 0.5 4 4 8 8 13 13 30 -- [18] 10 0.5 4 4 8 8 13 >13 -- [19] 11 <4 4 7 8 12 13 40 Above 40 [20] 12 0.5 4 4 8 8 12 14 30 -- [5] conceptually assumed that the frequency range variation V. CONCLUSIONS may be because of perception of beats is subjective . In this paper, we reviewed some of the history of Brainwave entrainment along with perception of sound. REFERENCES There is also a comparison of different methods and their [1] Tianbao Zhuang, Hong Zhao, and Zheng Tang, “A Study of effect. There are also considerations regarding comparison Brainwave Entrainment Based on EEG Brain Dynamics”, Computer and Information Science, Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2009 of different brainwave frequency names and their associated [2] Tina L. Huang, Christine Charyton, “A COMPREHENSIVE mental states. After analyzing these data we come to know REVIEW OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF that the Brainwave frequencies ranges are having some BRAINWAVE ENTRAINMENT”, Review Article, Psychological variation in their ranges .Therefore, this may be Effects of Brainwave Entrainment, ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, VOL. 14, NO. 5, sep/oct 2008

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