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The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: a Lasting Impact
The Early Effects of Gunpowder on Fortress Design: A Lasting Impact MATTHEW BAILEY COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS The introduction of gunpowder did not immediately transform the battlefields of Europe. Designers of fortifications only had to respond to the destructive threats of siege warfare, and witnessing the technical failures of early gunpowder weaponry would hardly have convinced a European magnate to bolster his defenses. This essay follows the advancement of gunpowder tactics in late medieval and early Renaissance Europe. In particular, it focuses on Edward III’s employment of primitive ordnance during the Hundred Years’ War, the role of artillery in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, and the organizational challenges of effectively implementing gunpowder as late as the end of the fifteenth century. This essay also seeks to illustrate the nature of the development of fortification in response to the emerging threat of gunpowder siege weaponry, including the architectural theories of the early Renaissance Italians, Henry VIII’s English artillery forts of the mid-sixteenth century, and the evolution of the angle bastion. The article concludes with a short discussion of the longevity and lasting relevance of the fortification technologies developed during the late medieval and early Renaissance eras. The castle was an inseparable component of medieval warfare. Since Duke William of Normandy’s 1066 conquest of Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of castles had become the earmark of medieval territorial expansion. These fortifications were not simply stone squares with round towers adorning the corners. Edward I’s massive castle building program in Wales, for example, resulted in fortifications so visually disparate that one might assume they were from different time periods.1 Medieval engineers had built upon castle technology for centuries by 1500, and the introduction of gunpowder weaponry to the battlefields of Europe foreshadowed a revision of the basics of fortress design. -
ASD-Covert-Foreign-Money.Pdf
overt C Foreign Covert Money Financial loopholes exploited by AUGUST 2020 authoritarians to fund political interference in democracies AUTHORS: Josh Rudolph and Thomas Morley © 2020 The Alliance for Securing Democracy Please direct inquiries to The Alliance for Securing Democracy at The German Marshall Fund of the United States 1700 18th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 T 1 202 683 2650 E [email protected] This publication can be downloaded for free at https://securingdemocracy.gmfus.org/covert-foreign-money/. The views expressed in GMF publications and commentary are the views of the authors alone. Cover and map design: Kenny Nguyen Formatting design: Rachael Worthington Alliance for Securing Democracy The Alliance for Securing Democracy (ASD), a bipartisan initiative housed at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, develops comprehensive strategies to deter, defend against, and raise the costs on authoritarian efforts to undermine and interfere in democratic institutions. ASD brings together experts on disinformation, malign finance, emerging technologies, elections integrity, economic coercion, and cybersecurity, as well as regional experts, to collaborate across traditional stovepipes and develop cross-cutting frame- works. Authors Josh Rudolph Fellow for Malign Finance Thomas Morley Research Assistant Contents Executive Summary �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Introduction and Methodology �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� -
Kazan Kremlin (Russian Federation) No
Category of property Kazan Kremlin (Russian Federation) In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a group of buildings. No 980 History and Description History The first human occupation in the Kazan area goes back to Identification the 7th and 8th millennia BCE; there are traces of the Bronze Age (2nd to 1st millennia, late Kazan area settlement), early Nomination Historical and Architectural Complex of Iron Age (8th to 6th centuries BCE, Ananin culture), and the Kazan Kremlin early medieval period (4th–5th centuries CE, Azelin culture). From the 10th to 13th centuries Kazan was a pre-Mongol Location Republic of Tatarstan, City of Kazan Bulgar town. Today’s Kremlin hill consisted then of a fortified trading settlement surrounded by moats, State Party Russian Federation embankments, and a stockade. A stone fortress was built in the 12th century and the town developed as an outpost on the Date 29 June 1999 northern border of Volga Bulgaria. The so-called Old Town extended eastward, on the site of the former Kazan Monastery of Our Lady. The fortress was demolished on the instructions of the Mongols in the 13th century. A citadel was then built as the seat of the Prince of Kazan, including the town’s administrative and religious institutions. By the Justification by State Party first half of the 15th century, the town had become the capital The Kazan Kremlin is a unique and complex monument of of the Muslim Principality of Bulgaria, with administrative, archaeology, history, urban development, and architecture. -
Fortifications V1.0.Pdf
“Global Command Series” Fortifications v1.0 A Global War 2nd Edition 3d Printed Expansion © Historical Board Gaming Overview This set features rules for many different types of fortifications, sold separately in 3D printed sets. These rules are written Global War - 2nd edition, however at the end of this document are a few changes necessary to play these with Global War 1st edition or Axis and Allies 1940. Set Contents Name Rules Sold Separately Atlantic Wall (German) Battery Fjell (German) Flak Tower-Small (German) Flak Tower-Large (German) Panther Turret (German) Maginot Line Turret (French) Maginot Line Gun (French) Anti-Tank Casemate (Generic) Machine Gun Pillbox (Generic) Fortifications General Rules 1. You may never have more than one of the same type of fortification in the same land zone. 2. Fortifications are removed from play if the land zone they are in is captured. 1.0 Battery Fjell – Unique coastal gun 1.0 Overview: Battery Fjell was a World War II Coastal Artillery battery installed by the Germans in occupied Norway. The 283mm (11”) guns for the battery came from the damaged battleship Gneisenau. The guns were then installed in the mountains above the island of Sotra to protect the entrance to Bergen. These modern and accurate guns had a range of 24 miles and were protected by several anti-aircraft batteries supported by air search radar. Extensive ground fortifications protected the battery as well. The battery had a crew of 250 men. The Battery Fjell unit featured in this set represents the battery itself but also a number of other defensive fortifications, garrison units and light weapons. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 MARCHISIO, GIULIO How to cite: MARCHISIO, GIULIO (2012) Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7323/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 Giulio Marchisio This thesis analyses the rise of private armaments firms in Great Britain and in Italy from mid-19th century to the outbreak of the First World War, with a focus on naval armaments and military shipbuilding. During this period, the armaments industry underwent a radical transformation, moving from being based on public-owned arsenals and yards to being based on private firms – the system of military procurement prevalent today. -
12 Day Russia in Depth
12 DAY RUSSIA IN DEPTH DESTINATIONS — MOSCOW The information provided in this document is subject to change and may be affected by unforeseen events outside the control of Inspiring Vacations. Where changes to your itinerary or bookings occur, appropriate advice or instructions will be sent to your email address. Call 1300 88 66 88 Email [email protected] www.inspiringvacations.com TOUR ITINERARY DAY 1 Destination Moscow Meals included Accommodation N/A Zdrastvutye! Welcome to Russia. The great city of Moscow has survived centuries of revolution and tumult, from the days of the tsars through the communist era to today's contemporary society. Moscow is a fascinating, historic city with a wealth of sights to see. You will be collected from the airport on arrival and transferred to your hotel if you have booked an airport transfer with us prior to travel. There will be an important welcome meeting at 6 pm where you will meet your group leader. After the meeting, perhaps head with everyone for an optional dinner so you can get acquainted with your fellow travellers and enjoy your first taste of delicious Russian cuisine. DAY 2 Destination Moscow Meals included Breakfast Accommodation N/A This morning, hop on the metro and join your leader on an tour to the Novodevichy Convent and Cemetery. The fortress like Convent is a true architectural masterpiece of the 16-17th century, representing the Baroque style popular in Moscow at the time. It has also played a crucial part in Russia's political and religious history. Next to it is the peaceful cemetery, where many of the greatest Russian minds rest forever, including Nikita Khrushchev, Boris Yeltsin, Mikhail Bulgakov, Nikolai Gogol, Konstantin Stanislavskiy and many others. -
Russian Art and Russian Studies at Dartmouth: Case of Ralph Sylvester Bartlett
Russian Art and Russian Studies at Dartmouth: Case of Ralph Sylvester Bartlett Robert H. Davis, Jr. Ralph Bartlett, on Tuckernuck Island, Nantucket. Courtesy of Peter Narbonne, Eliot, Maine. In archival fles at the Hood Museum at Dartmouth College, there is a mar- velous photo of a jowly gentleman, garbed in a Georgian chokha, clutching a traditional dagger. Although the photo was snapped in Soviet Georgia, in Or- dzhonikidze, in 1933, the face that stared back at me was that of the archetypical northern New Englander. With my own roots deep in the rocky soil of three New England states, it was a type I knew very well.1 This was my frst “encounter” with Ralph Sylvester Bartlett, Esq. (1868–1960), Dartmouth College Class of 1889.2 1 Perhaps more familiar than I originally thought: both my frst paternal ancestor in the New World, John Davis (d. 1675), and Ralph’s forebear Richard Bartlett (d. 1647) settled in Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1635. 2 In the preparation of this article, the following individuals have provided invaluable assistance: Peter Narbonne of Eliot, Maine generously provided scans from Ralph’s huge collection of lantern slides. Eric J. Esau of Dartmouth’s Rauner Special Collections Library located images of Ralph’s reunion classes, copies of his many Class of 1889 reports, and internal Dartmouth memoranda pertaining to Bartlett’s gifts to the College. Joan Waldron of Portsmouth, New Hampshire was instrumental in contacting and interviewing Ralph Robert H. Davis, Jr., Russian Art and Russian Studies at Dartmouth 25 Yet while the face was familiar, the man was not. -
The Culture of Strategic Thought Behind Russia's Modern
DEFENSE AND INTELLIGENCE PROJECTS The Culture of Strategic Thought Behind Russia’s Modern Approaches to Warfare Stephen R. Covington Foreword by Kevin Ryan PAPER OCTOBER 2016 Defense and Intelligence Projects Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 www.belfercenter.org/DefenseIntelligence The views in this article are the personal views of the author and do not represent the official views of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe. Design & Layout by Andrew Facini Cover photo: Russian President Vladimir Putin, left, listens to Chief of Russia’s military’s General Staff Valery Gerasimov, right, as he observes military exercises near the Baikal Lake in Russia on Wednesday, July 17, 2013. (AP Photo/RIA Novosti, Alexei Nikolsky, Presidential Press Service) Copyright 2016, President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America DEFENSE AND INTELLIGENCE PROJECTS The Culture of Strategic Thought Behind Russia’s Modern Approaches to Warfare Stephen R. Covington Foreword by Kevin Ryan PAPER OCTOBER 2016 About the Author Stephen R. Covington is a Strategic Fellow with the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and has advised 10 Supreme Allied Commanders, Europe on international affairs over a 27-year period. The views in this article are the personal views of the author and do not represent the official views of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe. Table of Contents -
Putin's Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 25 Putin’s Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket by John W. Parker Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Complex Operations, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, and Center for Technology and National Security Policy. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the unified combatant commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, August, 2012 (Russian Ministry of Defense) Putin's Syrian Gambit Putin's Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket By John W. Parker Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 25 Series Editor: Denise Natali National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. July 2017 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. -
October 09, 1944 Record of Meeting at the Kremlin, Moscow, 9 October 1944, at 10 P.M
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified October 09, 1944 Record of Meeting at the Kremlin, Moscow, 9 October 1944, at 10 p.m. Citation: “Record of Meeting at the Kremlin, Moscow, 9 October 1944, at 10 p.m.,” October 09, 1944, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Public Record Office https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123186 Summary: Churchill, Eden, Stalin, and Molotov discuss the leadership in Poland, Britains interests in Greece and Hong Kong, the actions of Romania and Bulgaria during the war, Turkey, the need for the Great Powers to exert influence on the Balkans to prevent small wars, the leadership of Italy, interests in Bulgaria and Romania, the dividing of Germany and Germany's future, and the American plans in the war against Japan. Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription RECORD OF MEETING AT THE KREMLIN, MOSCOW, 9th OCTOBER, 1944, AT 10 p.m. Present: The Prime Minister. Marshal Stalin. The Secretary of State. M. Molotov. Sir A. Clark Kerr. M. Pavlov. Mr. A Birse. THE PRIME MINISTER gave Marshal Stalin a signed photograph of himself in return for the one sent him some weeks ago by the Marshal. THE PRIME MINISTER hoped they might clear away many questions about which they had been writing to each other for a long time. As time had passed many things had arisen, but they were out of all proportion to the greatness of the common struggle. By talking to each other he and Stalin could avoid innumerable telegrams and letters - and they could give the Ambassador a holiday. -
Defending Scilly
Defending Scilly 46992_Text.indd 1 21/1/11 11:56:39 46992_Text.indd 2 21/1/11 11:56:56 Defending Scilly Mark Bowden and Allan Brodie 46992_Text.indd 3 21/1/11 11:57:03 Front cover Published by English Heritage, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2GZ The incomplete Harry’s Walls of the www.english-heritage.org.uk early 1550s overlook the harbour and English Heritage is the Government’s statutory adviser on all aspects of the historic environment. St Mary’s Pool. In the distance on the © English Heritage 2011 hilltop is Star Castle with the earliest parts of the Garrison Walls on the Images (except as otherwise shown) © English Heritage.NMR hillside below. [DP085489] Maps on pages 95, 97 and the inside back cover are © Crown Copyright and database right 2011. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100019088. Inside front cover First published 2011 Woolpack Battery, the most heavily armed battery of the 1740s, commanded ISBN 978 1 84802 043 6 St Mary’s Sound. Its strategic location led to the installation of a Defence Product code 51530 Electric Light position in front of it in c 1900 and a pillbox was inserted into British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data the tip of the battery during the Second A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. World War. All rights reserved [NMR 26571/007] No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without Frontispiece permission in writing from the publisher. -
Trenches in England Gazetteer Issue-01 Formatted.Xlsx
Site Name Parish/District County NGR Description Condition References Mapping & AP Comments WWII Comments Designation Associated Files Source Aps EC Curwen air photo of practice trenches in Barbican House, Levelled by plough and some areas of scrub but Lewes. Assocacited with visible on AP and should survive. Appears to Thundersbarrow Hill Shoreham by Sea East Sussex TQ 2250 0850 Shoreham Camp overlie earlier Celtic field system on Google Earth Chasseaud 2014: Fig 2 NMP Plot + Kitchener's Camps at Seaford: A Trenches associated with First World War Landscape on Aerial Seaford Camp Seaford Head East Sussex TV 4992 9830 Kitchener Army camp. Extant, though overgrown on Google Earth Skinner 2011, pg 28 Photographs by Skinner EH Report 27/2011 Practice trenches on the side of the neck and on top of the neck Appear to be extant. Likely to be associated with Alfriston Alfriston East Sussex TQ 50918 03129 of the valley. Canadian Infantry Chasseaud 2014, pg 173 & Fig 9 Appear to be extant although some areas Chailey Common Chailey East Sussex TQ 374 208 Maze of practice trenches. overgrown. Chasseaud 2014, pg 175 & Fig 9 Practice trenches shown on aerial Exceat Exceat East Sussex TV 533 982 photographs. Not visible. Chasseaud 2014, pg 176 & Fig 9 Practice trenches shown on aerial Polegate Polegate East Sussex TQ 608 047 photographs. Not visible. Chasseaud 2014, pg 180 & Fig 9 Practice trenches including a Appear to be extant although difficult to discern Poundgate, extensive trench system on between archaeological features and trackways Ashdown Forset Poundgate East Sussex TQ 48804 29028 Poundgate Spur.