Notes on Virtualization
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Operating Systems and Virtualisation Security Knowledge Area (Draft for Comment)
OPERATING SYSTEMS AND VIRTUALISATION SECURITY KNOWLEDGE AREA (DRAFT FOR COMMENT) AUTHOR: Herbert Bos – Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam EDITOR: Andrew Martin – Oxford University REVIEWERS: Chris Dalton – Hewlett Packard David Lie – University of Toronto Gernot Heiser – University of New South Wales Mathias Payer – École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne © Crown Copyright, The National Cyber Security Centre 2019. Following wide community consultation with both academia and industry, 19 Knowledge Areas (KAs) have been identified to form the scope of the CyBOK (see diagram below). The Scope document provides an overview of these top-level KAs and the sub-topics that should be covered under each and can be found on the project website: https://www.cybok.org/. We are seeking comments within the scope of the individual KA; readers should note that important related subjects such as risk or human factors have their own knowledge areas. It should be noted that a fully-collated CyBOK document which includes issue 1.0 of all 19 Knowledge Areas is anticipated to be released by the end of July 2019. This will likely include updated page layout and formatting of the individual Knowledge Areas. Operating Systems and Virtualisation Security Herbert Bos Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam April 2019 INTRODUCTION In this knowledge area, we introduce the principles, primitives and practices for ensuring security at the operating system and hypervisor levels. We shall see that the challenges related to operating system security have evolved over the past few decades, even if the principles have stayed mostly the same. For instance, when few people had their own computers and most computing was done on multiuser (often mainframe-based) computer systems with limited connectivity, security was mostly focused on isolating users or classes of users from each other1. -
CHERI Instruction-Set Architecture
UCAM-CL-TR-876 Technical Report ISSN 1476-2986 Number 876 Computer Laboratory Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions: CHERI Instruction-Set Architecture Robert N. M. Watson, Peter G. Neumann, Jonathan Woodruff, Michael Roe, Jonathan Anderson, David Chisnall, Brooks Davis, Alexandre Joannou, Ben Laurie, Simon W. Moore, Steven J. Murdoch, Robert Norton, Stacey Son September 2015 15 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FD United Kingdom phone +44 1223 763500 http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ c 2015 Robert N. M. Watson, Peter G. Neumann, Jonathan Woodruff, Michael Roe, Jonathan Anderson, David Chisnall, Brooks Davis, Alexandre Joannou, Ben Laurie, Simon W. Moore, Steven J. Murdoch, Robert Norton, Stacey Son, SRI International Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), under contracts FA8750-10-C-0237 (“CTSRD”) and FA8750-11-C-0249 (“MRC2”) as part of the DARPA CRASH and DARPA MRC research programs. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies, either expressed or implied, of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. Additional support was received from St John’s College Cambridge, the SOAAP Google Focused Research Award, the RCUK’s Horizon Digital Economy Research Hub Grant (EP/G065802/1), the EPSRC REMS Programme Grant (EP/K008528/1), the Isaac Newton Trust, the UK Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF), and Thales E-Security. Technical reports published by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory are freely available via the Internet: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/ ISSN 1476-2986 Abstract This technical report describes CHERI ISAv4, the fourth version of the Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions (CHERI) Instruction-Set Architecture (ISA)1 being developed by SRI International and the University of Cambridge. -
Understanding Full Virtualization, Paravirtualization, and Hardware Assist
VMware Understanding Full Virtualization, Paravirtualization, and Hardware Assist Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................1 Overview of x86 Virtualization..................................................................................2 CPU Virtualization .......................................................................................................3 The Challenges of x86 Hardware Virtualization ...........................................................................................................3 Technique 1 - Full Virtualization using Binary Translation......................................................................................4 Technique 2 - OS Assisted Virtualization or Paravirtualization.............................................................................5 Technique 3 - Hardware Assisted Virtualization ..........................................................................................................6 Memory Virtualization................................................................................................6 Device and I/O Virtualization.....................................................................................7 Summarizing the Current State of x86 Virtualization Techniques......................8 Full Virtualization with Binary Translation is the Most Established Technology Today..........................8 Hardware Assist is the Future of Virtualization, but the Real Gains Have -
A VLSI Architecture for Enhancing Software Reliability Kanad Ghose Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1988 A VLSI architecture for enhancing software reliability Kanad Ghose Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ghose, Kanad, "A VLSI architecture for enhancing software reliability " (1988). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9345. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9345 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. -
Paravirtualization (PV)
Full and Para Virtualization Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professor of CIS School of Computing, UNF x86 Hardware Virtualization The x86 architecture offers four levels of privilege known as Ring 0, 1, 2 and 3 to operating systems and applications to manage access to the computer hardware. While user level applications typically run in Ring 3, the operating system needs to have direct access to the memory and hardware and must execute its privileged instructions in Ring 0. x86 privilege level architecture without virtualization Technique 1: Full Virtualization using Binary Translation This approach relies on binary translation to trap (into the VMM) and to virtualize certain sensitive and non-virtualizable instructions with new sequences of instructions that have the intended effect on the virtual hardware. Meanwhile, user level code is directly executed on the processor for high performance virtualization. Binary translation approach to x86 virtualization Full Virtualization using Binary Translation This combination of binary translation and direct execution provides Full Virtualization as the guest OS is completely decoupled from the underlying hardware by the virtualization layer. The guest OS is not aware it is being virtualized and requires no modification. The hypervisor translates all operating system instructions at run-time on the fly and caches the results for future use, while user level instructions run unmodified at native speed. VMware’s virtualization products such as VMWare ESXi and Microsoft Virtual Server are examples of full virtualization. Full Virtualization using Binary Translation The performance of full virtualization may not be ideal because it involves binary translation at run-time which is time consuming and can incur a large performance overhead. -
Privacy Engineering for Social Networks
UCAM-CL-TR-825 Technical Report ISSN 1476-2986 Number 825 Computer Laboratory Privacy engineering for social networks Jonathan Anderson December 2012 15 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FD United Kingdom phone +44 1223 763500 http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ c 2012 Jonathan Anderson This technical report is based on a dissertation submitted July 2012 by the author for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of Cambridge, Trinity College. Technical reports published by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory are freely available via the Internet: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/ ISSN 1476-2986 Privacy engineering for social networks Jonathan Anderson In this dissertation, I enumerate several privacy problems in online social net- works (OSNs) and describe a system called Footlights that addresses them. Foot- lights is a platform for distributed social applications that allows users to control the sharing of private information. It is designed to compete with the performance of today’s centralised OSNs, but it does not trust centralised infrastructure to en- force security properties. Based on several socio-technical scenarios, I extract concrete technical problems to be solved and show how the existing research literature does not solve them. Addressing these problems fully would fundamentally change users’ interactions with OSNs, providing real control over online sharing. I also demonstrate that today’s OSNs do not provide this control: both user data and the social graph are vulnerable to practical privacy attacks. Footlights’ storage substrate provides private, scalable, sharable storage using untrusted servers. Under realistic assumptions, the direct cost of operating this storage system is less than one US dollar per user-year. -
Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security Knowledge Area
Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security Knowledge Area Issue 1.0 Herbert Bos Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam EDITOR Andrew Martin Oxford University REVIEWERS Chris Dalton Hewlett Packard David Lie University of Toronto Gernot Heiser University of New South Wales Mathias Payer École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne The Cyber Security Body Of Knowledge www.cybok.org COPYRIGHT © Crown Copyright, The National Cyber Security Centre 2019. This information is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ When you use this information under the Open Government Licence, you should include the following attribution: CyBOK © Crown Copyright, The National Cyber Security Centre 2018, li- censed under the Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/. The CyBOK project would like to understand how the CyBOK is being used and its uptake. The project would like organisations using, or intending to use, CyBOK for the purposes of education, training, course development, professional development etc. to contact it at con- [email protected] to let the project know how they are using CyBOK. Issue 1.0 is a stable public release of the Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security Knowl- edge Area. However, it should be noted that a fully-collated CyBOK document which includes all of the Knowledge Areas is anticipated to be released by the end of July 2019. This will likely include updated page layout and formatting of the individual Knowledge Areas KA Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security j October 2019 Page 1 The Cyber Security Body Of Knowledge www.cybok.org INTRODUCTION In this Knowledge Area, we introduce the principles, primitives and practices for ensuring se- curity at the operating system and hypervisor levels. -
Full Virtualization on Low-End Hardware: a Case Study
Full Virtualization on Low-End Hardware: a Case Study Adriano Carvalho∗, Vitor Silva∗, Francisco Afonsoy, Paulo Cardoso∗, Jorge Cabral∗, Mongkol Ekpanyapongz, Sergio Montenegrox and Adriano Tavares∗ ∗Embedded Systems Research Group Universidade do Minho, 4800–058 Guimaraes˜ — Portugal yInstituto Politecnico´ de Coimbra (ESTGOH), 3400–124 Oliveira do Hospital — Portugal zAsian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120 — Thailand xUniversitat¨ Wurzburg,¨ 97074 Wurzburg¨ — Germany Abstract—Most hypervisors today rely either on (1) full virtua- a hypervisor-specific, often proprietary, interface. Full virtua- lization on high-end hardware (i.e., hardware with virtualization lization on low-end hardware, on the other end, has none of extensions), (2) paravirtualization, or (3) both. These, however, those disadvantages. do not fulfill embedded systems’ requirements, or require legacy software to be modified. Full virtualization on low-end hardware Full virtualization on low-end hardware (i.e., hardware with- (i.e., hardware without virtualization extensions), on the other out dedicated support for virtualization) must be accomplished end, has none of those disadvantages. However, it is often using mechanisms which were not originally designed for it. claimed that it is not feasible due to an unacceptably high Therefore, full virtualization on low-end hardware is not al- virtualization overhead. We were, nevertheless, unable to find ways possible because the hardware may not fulfill the neces- real-world quantitative results supporting those claims. In this paper, performance and footprint measurements from a sary requirements (i.e., “the set of sensitive instructions for that case study on low-end hardware full virtualization for embedded computer is a subset of the set of privileged instructions” [1]). -
Object Capabilities and Isolation of Untrusted Web Applications
Object Capabilities and Isolation of Untrusted Web Applications Sergio Maffeis John C. Mitchell Ankur Taly Imperial College London Stanford University Stanford University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—A growing number of current web sites combine Intel iAPX423, the Amoeba operating system, and others active content (applications) from untrusted sources, as in (see [10], [11]). The main idea is that code possessing a so-called mashups. The object-capability model provides an capability, such as an unforgeable reference to a file or appealing approach for isolating untrusted content: if separate applications are provided disjoint capabilities, a sound object- system object, is allowed to access the resource by virtue of capability framework should prevent untrusted applications possessing the capability. If a system is capability safe, and from interfering with each other, without preventing interaction a process possesses only the capabilities that it is explicitly with the user or the hosting page. In developing language-based given, then isolation between two untrusted processes may foundations for isolation proofs based on object-capability con- be achieved granting them non-overlapping capabilities. cepts, we identify a more general notion of authority safety that also implies resource isolation. After proving that capability An attractive adaptation to programming language con- safety implies authority safety, we show the applicability of texts is the object-capability model [12], [13], which replaces our framework for a specific class of mashups. In addition the traditional subject-object dichotomy with programming to proving that a JavaScript subset based on Google Caja language objects that are both subjects that initiate access is capability safe, we prove that a more expressive subset of and objects (targets) of regulated actions. -
Taxonomy of Virtualization Technologies Master’S Thesis
A taxonomy of virtualization technologies Master’s thesis Delft University of Technology Faculty of Systems Engineering Policy Analysis & Management August, 2010 Paulus Kampert 1175998 Taxonomy of virtualization technologies Preface This thesis has been written as part of the Master Thesis Project (spm5910). This is the final course from the master programme Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis & Management (SEPAM), educated by Delft University of Technology at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. This thesis is the product of six months of intensive work in order to obtain the Master degree. This research project provides an overview of the different types of virtualization technologies and virtualization trends. A taxonomy model has been developed that demonstrates the various layers of a virtual server architecture and virtualization domains in a structured way. Special thanks go to my supervisors. My effort would be useless without the priceless support from them. First, I would like to thank my professor Jan van Berg for his advice, support, time and effort for pushing me in the right direction. I am truly grateful. I would also like to thank my first supervisor Sietse Overbeek for frequently directing and commenting on my research. His advice and feedback was very constructive. Many thanks go to my external supervisor Joris Haverkort for his tremendous support and efforts. He made me feel right at home at Atos Origin and helped me a lot through the course of this research project. Especially, the lectures on virtualization technologies and his positive feedback gave me a better understanding of virtualization. Also, thanks go to Jeroen Klompenhouwer (operations manager at Atos Origin), who introduced me to Joris Haverkort and gave me the opportunity to do my graduation project at Atos Origin. -
Virtualization Basics: Understanding Techniques and Fundamentals
Virtualization Basics: Understanding Techniques and Fundamentals Hyungro Lee School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University 815 E 10th St. Bloomington, IN 47408 [email protected] ABSTRACT example of growing involvement in virtualization technolo- Virtualization is a fundamental part of cloud computing, gies with the cloud. Early technologies and developments especially in delivering Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). in the virtualization have been accomplished by some com- Exploring different techniques and architectures of the vir- panies such as IBM from 1967 and VMware from 1998. In tualization helps us understand the basic knowledge of virtu- open source communities, Xen, KVM, Linux-vServer, LXC alization and the server consolidation in the cloud with x86 and others have supported virtualization in different plat- architecture. This paper describes virtualization technolo- forms with different approaches. In this paper, x86 archi- gies, architectures and optimizations regarding the sharing tecture virtualization will be discussed with these historical CPU, memory and I/O devices on x86 virtual machine mon- changes. itor. In cloud computing, Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) pro- vides on-demand virtual machine instances with virtualiza- Categories and Subject Descriptors tion technologies. IaaS has been broadly used to provide re- C.0 [General]: Hardware/software interface; C.4 [Performance quired compute resources in shared resource environments. of systems]: Performance attributes; D.4.7 [Operating Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Compute Engine, Mi- Systems]: Organization and design crosoft Windows Azure, and HP Cloud offer commercial cloud services. OpenStack, Eucalyptus, SaltStack, Nimbus, General Terms and many others provide private open source cloud plat- Performance, Design forms with community support in development. -
NIST 800-125: Guide to Security for Full Virtualization Technologies
Special Publication 800-125 Guide to Security for Full Virtualization Technologies Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Karen Scarfone Murugiah Souppaya Paul Hoffman NIST Special Publication 800-125 Guide to Security for Full Virtualization Technologies Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Karen Scarfone Murugiah Souppaya Paul Hoffman C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 January 2011 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Director GUIDE TO SECURITY FOR FULL VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGIES Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-125 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-125, 35 pages (January 2010) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately.