Speaking Out: Afghan Opinions on Rights And

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Writer: Dawn Stallard Researchers: Timea Szabo, Dawn Stallard, Paul O’Brien and the staff of Consortium member organizations Data entry and analysis: Timea Szabo, Sayed Homayun Fakri, Khadeja Ali Madady and Andrew Pinney Layout: Joyce Maxwell Special thanks to: Paul O’Brien, for providing the creative energy behind this project and to the board members for their continuing support and commitment to this project Thanks also to: Rahela Hashim and the staff of Habitat, Hamidullah Natiq and all the people involved in this survey. Special thanks to the United States Institute of Peace for initial funding and support. Printing: The Army Press

The Human Rights Research and Advocacy Consor- individual perspectives of hundreds of Afghans. Those tium is a group of 12 Afghan and international resources will be captured in a variety of intellectually T NGOs working in the fields of humanitarian and visually compelling ways to influence debate on relief, reconstruction, human and women’s the contemporary human rights concerns of ordinary rights, peace promotion, research, and advocacy. It Afghans. was established in early 2003 to engage in proactive The United States Institute for Peace (USIP) and each research and advocacy on human rights issues over a Consortium member jointly funded this survey. sustained period. This project is a unique initiative both for Afghanistan and for other countries emerging from conflict and Consortium Members insecurity. It is distinctive in its aim, its methods, its Afghan Organizations partners, and its products. Afghan Development Association • The aim is to bring together a group of organizations to systematically promote human rights through Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission ongoing primary research, training and collective Agency for Rehabilitation and Energy-conservation advocacy. in Afghanistan • The method attempts to capture the voices of ordinary Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (advisory Afghans to promote a wide array of policy changes organization) over a sustained period. Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance • The partners are a consortium of six Afghan and six Cooperation for Peace and Unity international agencies. These partners, who equally co-fund this project, include some of the most International Organizations experienced and respected agencies working in Af- CARE International ghanistan today. The extensive programming expe- Mercy Corps rience of Consortium members gives us unrivalled Ockenden International access to communities. Oxfam International • The products will offer an array of innovative resources, designed to impact policy change, both in Afghan- Rights and Democracy istan and abroad. Focusing not just on what we say, Save the Children Federation, Inc. but how we say it, our research capacity gives us access to a living database of photographs, film and ii SPEAKING OUT

CONSORTIUM MEMBERS

Afghan Development Association Co-operation for Peace and Unity (ADA) was founded in 1990. Its mission (CPAU) is an Afghan NGO working in is to eradicate poverty from Afghani- the areas of social peacebuilding and stan. ADA provides support to returning promotion of human rights with the aim refugees, internally displaced persons, of achieving a viable peace in Afghani- poor families, women, the unemployed stan. and the uneducated as well as to community based organizations. Mercy Corps is a non-profit organization that exists to alleviate suffering, poverty The Afghan Independent Human Rights and oppression by helping people build Commission (AIHRC)was based on the secure, productive and just communities. provisions of the Bonn Agreement and Mercy Corps operates in more than 25 was established by a decree issued by countries reaching 5 million people world- Mr. Karzai (Chairman of the Afghan In- wide and has been working in Afghani- terim Administration) in June 2002. The stan since 1986. AIHRC is mandated to monitor the human rights situation in Afghanistan and ini- Ockenden International works in part- tiate effective measures for the protection nership with communities and vulnerable and promotion of human rights. people affected by displacement. By involving people in resolving their own Agency for Rehabilitation & Energy- problems, we work to build more confi- conservation in Afghanistan (AREA) dent, stronger and self-reliant communi- is an Afghan non-governmental organi- ties. zation established in 1994 operating (at present) in the sectors of community Oxfam International is a confederation development, alternative technolo- of 14 organizations that is committed gy/environment protection, mine action, to invest its moral, personnel and finan- vocational/skill training and construction. cial resources to the shared promotion of a worldwide initiative for economic The Afghanistan Research and Evalua- and social justice. tion Unit (AREU)is an independent research institution that conducts and Rights and Democracy (The International facilitates quality, action-oriented re- Centre for Human Rights and Democratic search and analysis to inform policy and Development) is an independent Canadian improve practice in order to increase the institution with an international mandate. impact of policies and programmes in It works in cooperation with civil society Afghanistan. and governments around the world to promote, advocate and defend the dem- CARE is a confederation of 11 organiza- ocratic and human rights set out in the tions, working in more than 60 countries International Bill of Human Rights. around the world (and in Afghanistan since the 1960s). CARE seeks a world of Save the Children (SC/USA) is a leading hope, tolerance and social justice, where international nonprofit children’s relief poverty has been overcome and people and development organization working live in dignity and security. CARE strives in more than 40 countries, including the to be a global force and partner of choice United States. Our mission is to create within a worldwide movement dedicated positive and lasting change in the lives to ending poverty. of children in need.

Coordination of Humanitarian Assis- tance (CHA) is an Afghan NGO. Its ob- jective is to help the development of Afghan society through cooperation in rehabilitation, reconstruction and sus- tainable social and economic advance- ment of communities. AFGHAN OPINIONS ON RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES iii

CONTENTS

About the Consortium i

Overview 1

Introduction 7

Chapter One: Survey Methodology 10 Summary of Methods 10 How Many People Were Surveyed and Where 10 Who Was Surveyed? 12 Key Potential Biases to Bear in Mind when Reading the Data 13 Research Ethics 14

Chapter Two: Security Rights 15 What Should be Done to Improve Security? 15 Prospects for Peace 16 Right to Physical Security 16 Who is Responsible to Provide Security? 19 Questions for Policy Makers 20

Chapter Three: Economic Rights 21 Reconstruction: Expectations and Responsibilities 21 Right to Education and Health 24 Questions for Policy Makers 24

Chapter Four: Political Rights 25 The Constitution and Elections 25 Women’s Right to Participate in Decision Making 27 Local Decision Making 29 Questions for Policy Makers 32

Annex A: Profiles of Areas Surveyed 33 Faizabad 34 Gardez 38 Herat 42 Kabul 46 Kandahar 50 Panjao 54 Saripul 58 Zaranj 62

Annex B: Survey Questionnaire 66

Annex C: Group Discussion Guiding Questions 69

Annex D: Details of Group Discussions 70

Annex E: Coding for Open Questions 71

Annex F: Statistical Information 73 iv SPEAKING OUT

BOXES, CHARTS, TABLES, MAPS

Box 1: Chosen Human Rights Issues for Research 7 Box 2: If You were the President of Afghanistan 8 Chart 1: Priorities for the Future: What Men and Women Think 8 Table 1: Number of Surveys Carried Out in Each Location 10 Map 1: Districts Surveyed in Kabul 11 Map 2: Survey Locations in Afghanistan 11 Chart 2: Sample Profile for the Survey Questionnaire 12 Table 2: Prospects for Peace 16 Chart 3: Do You Feel Secure in Your Village or Town? 17 Chart 4: Do you Feel More or Less Secure than Three Years Ago? 17 Table 3: Who is Responsible for Providing Security? 19 Chart 5: Can the Afghan Army/Police Provide Security in the Next Five Years? 20 Chart 6: Should Afghan or International Forces Provide Security? 20 Chart 7: Awareness of International Pledges for Reconstruction 22 Chart 8: Where Should Aid Money go? 23 Chart 9: Awareness about the Constitution by Gender and Location 26 Chart 10: Women’s Willingness to Vote in the Elections 26 Chart 11: Why Will Elections Bring Positive Changes? 27 Chart 12: Should Women Participate in Decision Making: Differences by Location and Education 28 Chart 13: Is There a Decision Making Body in the Community? 29 Chart 14: Respondents who Feel Listened to by Community Decision Makers 31 1 2 1 chosen representatives. government of hiscountry, directly orthrough freely Article 21:Everyone hasthe right totake partinthe security of person. Article 3:Everyone hasthe right tolife, libertyand (1948): drawn from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights The surveyand report looked atthree specific rights a further 375participated ingroup discussions. were individually interviewed using aquestionnaire and eight locations across the country. Ofthese, 1104people total 1,479Afghans participated inthissurveyfrom The surveywasconducted from ApriltoJune 2003.In further collaborative advocacybyNGOsinAfghanistan. and geographic groups inAfghanistan; and tostimulate and responsibilities from different ethnic, gender, age ensure thatpolicy makers hear perspectivesonrights as animportant partof current policy discussions; to The aims of SpeakingOutare topromote Afghan voices research. findings of the Consortium’s firstpiece of collaborative partners and itsproducts. SpeakingOutpresents the other postconflict settings initsaims, itsmethods, its istan. The Consortium isuniquefor Afghanistan and Two key facts are likely tohaveinformed respondents’ high levelsof confidence aboutsecurity: The useof ‘his’reflects the original wording inthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). I • • People defined securitydifferently. Sometimes they meant alackof fighting atthatpoint intime, sometimes they referred To protect respondents, NGOstaff and programmes, the surveywascarried outinsecure areas only. Many areas of the to their immediate vicinity only. country were already ‘off limits’for many NGOs. and advocateonhuman rights issuesinAfghan- human rights organizations formed toresearch n early2003aconsortium of twelveNGOsand Overview survey under eachrights theme. The following sections present the key findings of the progress asmutually dependant forces. majority of respondents mentioned security and economic hope for peaceand stability inAfghanistan. Alarge of the conflicts ontheir lives. Many expressed their tired of the long yearsof war, and the negative effects rights. Participants consistently talked aboutbeing Group discussions reinforced the pre-eminence of security • • • what wouldyoudo firsttohelp yourcountry?” We asked “ifyouwere the President of Afghanistan, Priorities for Afghanistan of hispersonality. indispensable for hisdignity and the free development State, tothe economic, social and cultural rights accordance withthe organization and resources of each national effort and international co-operation and in Article 22:Everyone isentitled torealization, through tation of alltribesingovernment. as removing corruptpoliticians orensuring represen- as health care, education orjobcreation. and police training. rights through, for example, disarmament orarmy Only 7%focused onaddressing political rights such 40% focused onpromotion of economic rights such 43% of the responses focused onprotection of security OVERVIEW 1

Overview Overview 2 2 providing protection against crime. The majority (82%) Most respondents (48%)held the police responsible for Security Responsibilities now. and restricted atthattime, and therefore much safer sense under the Taliban, butpersonally feltinsecure Women recognised thatsecuritywasgood inanabstract this may alsobelinked toperspectivesonthe Taliban. in are extremely restricted. Group discussions revealed boundaries of public spacewomen are allowedtotravel around their village/town asmen, possiblyasthe Women generally feltthe same levelof securitywalking rule of lawand central authority. the presence of armed groups and the related lackof Group discussions revealed fearsaboutthe riseintheft, about securityinGardez (23%)and Kandahar (53%). three yearsago, butthere wassignificantly lessoptimism Overall 83%of respondents feltmore secure now than felt significantly lesssecure thanelsewhere. Those surveyedinGardez (76%)and Kandahar (80%) security asthe key issuefor Afghanistan moving forward. village ortown,all31group discussions prioritized most respondents (92%)feltsafewalking around their A mixed picture emerged aboutsecurityissues. Whilst Right toPhysical Security pr In security th th Her ovi e pr e m SPEAKING OUT Z at ar d ost satisfi ovisi e securitycompar anj r espon . m on o or m th Saripul d e r en or e importan f SECURITY RIGHTS ed with e thanan espon ts wer Zaranj r Herat espon SECURITY RIGHTS:KEYDIFFERENCESBYLOCATION d e en ed withalloth ce o y oth ts wan d en f disarm ts pri er locati ted Af Kandahar oritised am er locati ghan f on. en t or Panjao on ces to Saripul s . K pr andahar ovi rule of lawand impunity for commanders and warlords. term peaceincluded armed groups, rulebygun,lackof or ‘temporary peace’. Concerns aboutthreats tolong to the current situation as‘partial peace’,‘relative peace’ significantly lower. Ingroup discussions many referred Gardez (52%)and Kandahar (55%),optimismwas Afghanistan willbemore peacefulayearfrom now. In While more than90%feelsafenow, only78%think Prospects for Peace or tomake significant progress withreconstruction. extremely difficult tohold free and fair national elections, also thought thatwithout disarmament itwouldbe thing todo toimprove security. Group participants Disarmament wasprioritised asthe most important Improving Security international and Afghan forces working together. (42%) wanted either international forces alone orboth responsible for providing security, most of the remaining of those surveyed(53%)wanted Afghan forces tobe and police force asaprerequisite for security. Overhalf discussions revealed the hope of astrong national army in localareas inthe next fiveyears. Similarly, group Afghan army orpolice would beabletoprovide security A relatively smaller number (65%)believed thatthe satisfactorily. for providing securitywere fulfilling their responsibilities of respondents thought thatthose they held responsible din Gardez g securityan sh years ag Kabul owed th Faizabad in tern villag Gar Compar ati o, an e lowestpri dez on d th es/city al involvem d lessconfi an ed withoth e hi d , lesssecur gh K th less confi andahar K K est levelo pri ority f e Af econ ab abul r term F oritised securityri aizabad locati str ul en d importan ghan arm en er ar omi en t inpr s o r or Af espon espon t aboutth e thanth d felt lesssafeinth gth on f impr en c ri eas f d ghan f s outsi t inth enin r ovi gh d pr espon arm d em , r t issue en y an en ovi ovin ts asth espon din an g th ts pri ts pri y an ey di d or e pr d d poli e abilityo d d f g security e security e o g security f en ces alon , wh or peace e Af d poli or som d gh oritised oritised ospects d thr ts wer f K en e m ts ce to ghan er ts in abul . In eas ost ce eir ee e e e . f . . . should be givendirectly tothe Afghan government or Participants were asked whether international aid money erally high levelsof optimisminthe survey). that promise (asurprisingly low number giventhe gen- but only54%thought these governments wouldkeep ernments hadpromised money toreconstruct Afghanistan, Most respondents (85%)were aware thatforeign gov- Responsibility for Reconstruction anarchy again. progress, many feared the country woulddescend into delivery of services. Without tangible reconstruction group discussions thatthere isatime limitonthe and aid actors. There wasalsoastrong sense from the while they hadheard of misuseof funds bygovernment frustrations thatthey hadseenlittleimpactthus far, be aspirations rather thanforecasts. Many raised Group discussions revealed these expectations often to (77%). significantly more optimistic thanelsewhere next three years, although those inKabul (89%)were government wouldbeabletodeliver services inthe Respondents hadhigh expectations (81%)thatthe Rights General Senseof EconomicandSocial ti est awar P anjao on al pled r espon en g ess aboutin es o ECONOMIC RIGHTS d en f assistan ts hadth Zaranj ECONOMIC RIGHTS:KEYDIFFERENCESBYLOCATION Herat tern ce e low- . a- Kandahar Panjao Saripul of education orhealthcare. results, however, do not giveany insight into the quality as easier toaccess today thanthree yearsago. The three yearsago. Health care (83%) isalsoperceived for their children togo toschool today thanitwas Ninety-four percent of respondents said it waseasier Right toEducationand Health with reconstruction. fair national elections, ortomake significant progress mament itwouldbeextremely difficult tohold free and disarmament. Participants thought thatwithout disar- reconstruction wasthe linktosecurityand inparticular ernment and the international community’s role in A consistent theme arising outof discussions ongov- The LinktoSecurity affiliations. on merit rather thanbecauseof social orpolitical people thatare educated, responsible and appointed capacity, and there isaneed tostaffministries with recognized thatthe government currently hasweak sponsible for service delivery. Nonetheless, participants directly togovernment, and held the government re- In group discussions most supportedgiving aid money and 12%said toboth. should go tothe government, 40%tothe UNand NGOs to NGO’sand the UN.Thirty-eight percent thought it Gardez Kabul Faizabad Respon g ai K th overnm K abul thanoutsi d m th In andahar ti able topr e lowest ceived th th g that pr on k e m Gar overnm access toed K ept wasm oni e g th ab al assistan d ost supportiveo en dez en e leastsupportiveo overnm es ul ts in t r omises o . Th r r en espon r ovi e leasteasin espon xpectati eceivin espon t r d F u e en e servi aizabad eceivin ch hi d OVERVIEW u ce wouldbe e o d d t wouldbe cati xpectati th d en f in en g f en e futur on f K m ts wer gh h ts wer on an ts per- or tern ces in oni ealth. s that g ai abul. er in f th ei g in had es on gn a- e d e e d e . f . 3

Overview Overview 4 provinces. in need of supportinorder toexert itsinfluence inthe referred tothe current central government asweakand many sawasbasedon the ruleof guns. Yet many lack of confidence inexisting powerstructures which a strong central government, perhapsindicating the Also ingroup discussions, peopleexpressed adesire for until disarmament hadtaken place. possible tohave‘free, fair and representative’ elections revealed serious concerns aboutwhether itwouldbe able and representative. However, group discussions government which wouldbestrong, legitimate, account- governance -they expected the elections todeliver a Most thought thatelections wouldresult ingood elections wouldbring positive change toAfghanistan. Respondents hadhigh expectations (73%)thatnational right tovoteinnational elections. of respondents who want toexercise their fundamental 69% respectively. Evenhigher (87%)wasthe number process and the national elections washigh -70%and The levelof awareness aboutthe constitution-drafting Right toPolitical Participation electi con awar had th Z in positivechan electi confi wer Her ar SPEAKING OUT anj stituti e th at en d on on en e lowest r lowest f P nity level. d ess aboutth r espon e least anjao s espon s wouldr ecisi t that . on an on m d d en r POLITICAL RIGHTS aith inth espon en d th g ts esult ts e ak . e e ers atth POLITICAL RIGHTS:KEYDIFFERENCESBYLOCATION d en e ts hadth xisten e comm Zaranj Herat ce o e u- f Kandahar m Saripul thr in ost confi g issuestod ee yearsag r Panjao espon Saripul d en political affiliations. corruption and partisan decisions basedonsocial and unable todeliver fair decisions becauseof problems of discussions many said thatthe localgovernment was held government institutions responsible. Yet ingroup or police for help, clearlyindicating thatpeoplestill would go tothe government administration, judiciary resolve problems, most respondents (87%)said they Where the community wasunable tomake decisions or -council orassembly- elders). anisms for decision making were functioning (localshura bodies. Most respondents (75%)said that localmech- ability tovoice their opinions withthose responsible for political decision making atthe locallevel,and their The surveyaimed tofind outwho peopleheld responsible Local DecisionMaking into fulfilment of those rights. recognition of women’s entitlements hadnot translated In group discussions, many observedthatthe abstract they were humans who made uphalfof the population. it wastheir right under Islamic rule, orsimplybecause making. When asked why, many responded either that women should beinvolvedincommunity decision Seventy-two percent of those surveyedthought that Women’s RighttoParticipate ay compar t aboutdiscuss- o. d d en confi In en ts feltth ts hadth K ti andahar positive chan d on en s wouldbrin ed to ce thatelec- Gardez e e hi r espon- gh Kabul Faizabad g est e g . lar m it waseasi g listen Gar akin est levelo state stru tod th dez g, an ay thanthr ed toatth e lowestlevelo m felt th In r espon ak d lowestsen to byth er todiscussissues K ctur ers atth f r ab eli e m ul es f d en an ee yearsag e locallevel; r eir d ost listen ts r espon or d ce onn nity level. e comm f feelin ecor se that ecisi ecisi d en d on- on ed on ed u- o. ts g Photo courtesy of HRRAC • • • Political Rights- • • Economic Rights • • Security Rights- and men (73%compared to50%of women) thought elections wouldbring good governance. Women (30%compared to17%of men) were far more likely tocitepeaceasthe positiveoutcome of elections where 65%of the overall samplesaid they wouldvote, measured against 27%of women. women willing tovotewaslowerthanmen ineverylocation, butsignificantly sointhe villages around Gardez, Most men (95%)said they wouldvoteinthe election compared with78%of women. Infact the number of change. men. Men generally (79%)were more optimistic thanwomen (68%)thatelections wouldbring positive Sixty-one percent of women knew aboutboththe constitution and the elections, incomparisonto78%of education. There wasno significant difference betweenmen and women intheir perceptions of accesstohealth and in comparisonto78%of women. Men were far more likely toknow aboutaid pledges toAfghanistan thanwomen –91%of men were aware thought Afghanistan would bemore peacefulinayear’stime incomparisonto75%of men. Women seemed slightly more optimistic aboutthe prospects for peacethanmen. Eighty-one percent of women Women (59%)were alsolessconfident inthe Afghan army and police thanmen (70%). Forty-four percent of women wanted Afghan forces (rather thaninternationals) incomparisonto60%of men. SUMMARY OFKEYGENDERDIFFERENCES OVERVIEW 5 Photo courtesy of HRRAC

Overview Overview 6 SPEAKING OUT Political Rights Economic Rights Security Rights Consider this... Will the optimisminelections asaprocess for positivechange remain overtime? making bodies? Why do somany women feellistened togiventhe male dominant nature of most decision into reality? Why does the high rate of recognition of women’s right toparticipate politically not translate Kandahar? Why isthere lessoptimism inpolitical processes and the right to participate inGardez and Afghanistan? Why are somany peopleoptimistic thatnational elections willbring positivechange to reconstruction becontained? How long canpeople’sfrustrations regarding the misuseof aid money and the lackof tangible significantly decrease outside of Kabul? Why does optimismaboutthe abilityof the government todeliver services inthe future commitments toAfghanistan? Why are somany Afghans comparatively sceptical thatdonors willcome through ontheir such challenges indelivery of services? Why are peoplesooptimistic aboutreceiving reconstruction benefits when there havebeen Why do Afghans putdisarmament astheir toppriority for improving security? now and the prospects for peaceinthe future? Why do respondents inGardez and Kandahar feellessoptimistic thanelsewhere aboutsecurity and concerned thatsecurityisthe most important issuefor Afghanistan onthe other? Why are somany Afghans comparatively pleasedwiththeir securitysituation onthe one hand, QUESTIONS FORPOLICYMAKERS A Afghans canenjoy their human rights. responsible for creating the environment inwhich This surveyaims toprovoke debate around who is to Afghanistan. International policy makers must fulfiltheir promises which peoplecanenjoytheir basic human rights. and national levels, must create the environment in chance. Afghan policy makers, atthe local,regional own development, butothers must offer them that themselves outof povertybytaking control of their Afghans must bewilling toliveinpeaceand tolift Responsibility falls uponmany shoulders. Ordinary years. be respected, protected and fulfilledoverthe coming ensuring thatthe human rights of Afghans are going to towards the future. It looksatwho isresponsible for of other human rights and justice organizations—but rights lens not towards the past—thatwillbethe task Speaking Outaskswho isresponsible. It points ahuman that birthright. Inrecent years, fewAfghans havebeenabletoclaim allow them todevelop themselves asfullhuman beings. mental political, security and economic rights thatwill living withdignity. Afghans are bornwiththe funda- Every Afghan isentitled tothe basic conditions for Responsible? Using aRightsBasedApproach: Whois the country. participated inthissurveyfrom eight locations across naire and group discussions. Intotal1,479Afghans end of June 2003.It included twomethods: question- The surveywasconducted from the end of Apriltothe part of the current policy discussions. that Afghan voices become anintegral and important first phaseof collaborative research. It aims toensure Speaking Outpresents findings from the Consortium’s opinion onpriorities and expectations. been veryfewformal attemptstocapture Afghan public made and strategies written,yetthere have light since September2001.Policies havebeen fghanistan hasbeeninthe international spot- Introduction that affectpeople’s lives. focus onparticipation inthe political structures politically through peaceful means. We chose to promote their interests and address their grievances Long-term stabilitydemands thatAfghans can of those expectations. delivery. This surveyexplores the nature and extent from donors and government and now want service economic resources. They haveheard the promises of Afghanistan are entitled tobenefit from national rights willbefundamental toitssuccess. The people peace and political stability, progress oneconomic survival). Yet, ifAfghanistan istomove towards have more pressing concerns (such asitsown under-resourced, inexperienced and may appearto when legalresponsibility falls uponastatethatis and work,for example, appearsnaive, particularly has the right toadequate health care, education in Afghanistan today. Asserting thateveryAfghan It may seemoptimistic totalkabouteconomic rights which groups they believe canprovide security. community level,their expectations for peace, and explores how people perceive insecurity atthe right tolife, libertyand securityof person.It The research focuses onthe core securityright: the advocacy aims topromote securityinbothrespects. cause of long-term stability, and ourresearch and live inpeace. Security isbothasymptomand a When peoplelivefree from physical violence, they Box 1:ChosenHumanRightsIssues The RighttoBenefitfrom NationalEconomic The RighttoPolitical Participation The RighttoPhysical Security Social andEconomicRights: Political Rights: Security Rights: for Research Resources INTRODUCTION 7

Introduction Introduction

1 2 1 asked the following: tion intheir country? Oursurvey highest priorities for policy atten- What do Afghans thinkare the Priorities for Afghanistan sibilities. able for their human rights respon- order tohold policy makers account- grounded advocacystrategies in for the Consortium todevelop well- These findings are astarting point of human rights (seeBox 1). in eachof the three main groups the surveyfocuses onone key issue across the human rights spectrum, Rather thantackling allthe issues 8 the questionnaire. See Annex Dfor anoutline of the coding usedthroughout Participants consistently talked aboutbeing tired of the group discussion wasthe need for long termsecurity. The most frequently mentioned issueraised inevery on securityrights wasborne outingroup discussions. priorities for the future (seeChart1)the overall emphasis Whilst there were interesting gender differences in answers received and the overall result. Rights. Box 2givesexamples of some of the typesof Security Rights, Economic and Social Rights, and Political Answers were coded into the three main rights categories: If you were thePresident of Afghanistan, what would Box 2:IfYou were the President of force and army national police Develop a disarmament Implement Secure peace SPEAKING OUT What wouldyoudo firsttohelp yourcountry? Security Rights 43% you dofirst tohelpyour country? Afghanistan Create jobs infrastructure Develop and education Improve health Economic and Social Rights 40% officials government corrupt Remove government groups in of allethnic representation Ensure Political Rights 7% Chart 1:Prioritiesfor theFuture: WhatMenand 2 only the first answer wasrecorded. rights and economic rights. Forthe purposesof data input but inreality many respondents prioritised both security Those surveyedwere asked togiveonlytheir toppriority, However, the data cannot beusedtotalkaboutAfghan- define future research questions, and develop programmes. organisations and others toguide advocacyefforts, each chapter. The findings willbeusedbythe member swered questions, which are summarised atthe end of Annex A.The report raises many interesting butunan- each of the eight locations surveyedare provided in to givesome context tothe results, brief profiles of allowing the results tospeakfor themselves. Inorder provide lengthy analytical discussions of the data rather, It presents the results of thissurvey, butdoes not discussion onthe policy implications of the findings. Speaking Outaims tostimulate further debate and the locations outside Kabul prioritised securityrights. prioritised economic and social rights, whereas overall (53%) and Kandahar the lowest(29%).Kabul participants percentage of peoplewho thought peacewasthe priority Answers did varybylocation: Herat hadthe highest agencies and the privatesectortooperate. tion requires arelatively secure environment for aid economic reconstruction; similarly, economic reconstruc- Afghanistan needs tomarginalise the ‘spoilers’through and economic reconstruction –for peaceand security reflect aperceived mutual dependence betweensecurity respondents did not prioritise securityissues. Thismay Given thissentiment it isperhapssurprising thatmore peace and stabilityinAfghanistan. conflicts ontheir lives. Many expressed their hope for long yearsof war, and aboutthe negative effectsof the HOW TOREADTHISEPORT Women Think 3 3 cannot beextrapolated tothe overall population. the data and the comments from group discussions representative of the populations inthatarea. Therefore, between the locations aimtobeillustrative rather than cases thiswas100surveysateachlocation. Comparisons represent onlythe samplepopulation asked. Inmost istan asawhole. The statistics presented inthisreport SeeAnnex Ffor anote onstatistical methods and for apresentation of some of the raw data collected. rights, economic rights and political rights. present the findings of the surveyinrelation tosecurity arising from the survey. The following three chapters people were interviewed and the methodological issues It outlines the methods used, where and how many Chapter One provides the methodology of the survey. The remainder of the report isstructured asfollows: INTRODUCTION 9

Introduction Methodology

4 4 • • • • • discussions. Two surveymethods were used:questionnaire and group 10 in villages approximately 30kmfrom the city. – 100surveys were conducted inthe cityand afurther 100 Herat iscounted asone location, butthe samplewassplit • according tothe following criteria: locations were chosen bythe Consortium members The surveywascarried outineight locations. These discussions). discussions (seeAnnex Dfor details of the group the questionnaire. Afurther 375participated ingroup these, 1,104peoplewere individually interviewed using In total1,479peoplewere involvedinthe survey. Of Survey Methodology HOW MANYPEOPLEWERESURVEYED Different ethnic groups wouldberepresented. Rural and urbanpopulations wouldberepresented. Security wasconsidered good enough toconduct the linked tothe questionnaire (seeAnnex C). local languages using guiding questions thatclosely men and youth.Facilitatorsran the discussions in each location withapproximately 10–15women, minimum of three group discussions were held in was toprovide context for the quantitative data. A Group Discussions.The aimof the group discussions homes. NGO surveyorsinterviewed men and women intheir translated into Dariand Pashto. Male and female the questions. It wasfield testedinKabul and as possibletoensure thatallpeoplecouldunderstand The questionnaire waswritteninassimplelanguage staff and programmes of the member organisations. need for important information whileprotecting the Annex B),the prime consideration wasbalancing the Questionnaire. Indeveloping the questionnaire (see Member organisations were operational in the area survey. out the survey. and couldprovide localstaffand logistics tocarry SPEAKING OUT SUMMARY OFMETHODS AND WHERE Chapter One: exceeds thatof the other larger cities. were carried outinKabul becausethe population far districts were chosen randomly. More questionnaires (4,5,6,7 and 15)of Kabul asshown inMap 1.The Three hundred surveyswere conducted infivedistricts Commission wrote aletterof support. written permission whilethe Independent Human Rights Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD)alsogave authorities toconduct the survey. The Ministryof Rural In eachlocation permission wasobtained from local and one surveyswere carried outinrural villages. These cities varyconsiderably insize. Fourhundred cities of Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Faizabadand Saripul. Seven hundred and three surveyswere conducted inthe Table 1:Numberof Surveys Carried Rural Urban TOTAL Kandahar Kabul Herat Faizabad Villages near Herat Villages near Gardez Sub-Total Saripul Sub-Total Villages near Zaranj Villages inPanjao District Out inEachLocation 1104 703 401 100 100 100 100 300 100 100 103 101 100 surveys Villag 100 surveys fr Villag 100 surveys Her om Throughout thisreport villages are not identified by name butbythe district name orthe nearest city. at Her es ar es 30km at oun d s Z ar anj 100 surveys Saripul Map 2:Survey LocationsinAfghanistan Zaranj Herat Map 1:DistrictsSurveyed inKabul 101 surveys Villag Kandahar es in Panjao Saripul P anjao distri ct Gardez Kabul Faizabad Villag es ar CHAPTER ONE oun 100 surveys 100 surveys 300 surveys 103 surveys K F d andahar aizabad Gar K ab dez ul 11

Methodology Methodology 5 5 One individual ateachhouse/compound was interviewed. Aroughly evensplitof male and female surveyorswasused at acentral point inthe village/area and chose the third house/compound onthe right, turning left at the end of the road. were chosen randomly. The individual respondents ineach location were chosen through random sampling. Surveyors started Consortium members chose the particular villages, towns and cities where the surveywascarried out.The districts inKabul 12 interviewed ateachhouse/compound. Houses were randomly selectedand one individual women represented only 33%of the sample. education and the 12+yearsof education categories, half of which were women. Inthe 7-12yearsof education atall,either formal ornon-formal, justover sample related toeducation levels:57%had no Education Profile. The most striking feature of the were atworkorlooking for work. conducted between9am and 4pm,when many men 38% men). Thisislargely becausethe surveywas of the samplethanmen (62%women compared with the onlylocation where women were alarger proportion overall was48%women and 52%men. Kabul was Gender Profile. The gender balance of the sample SPEAKING OUT 19% 19% 52% WHO ASSURVEYED? 5% Chart 2:SampleProfile for theSurvey Questionnaire 57% 48% > 12years 7 -12years < 6years None M W en om en 26 yearswasfrom Gardez. locations. Fortypercent of the totalsample aged 15- younger peoplewere interviewed inGardez thanother 40 yearsage group. Significantly higher numbers of number of peopleinterviewed (40%)wasinthe 27- Age Profile. Interms of age distribution, the highest men were 59%of the overall Pashtun sample. distribution withthe exception of Pashtuns where each ethnic group there wasaroughly evengender also those withsignificant securityrestrictions. Within however, many of the Pashtun dominated areas are proportion of the overall population inAfghanistan; (29%) and Hazaras (14%). Pashtuns represent ahigher represented inthe sample(40%),followed byPashtuns Ethnic Profile. Tajiks were the largest ethnic group ethnic, educational groups and age groups represented. roughly evenlysplitbygender withmost of the major For the quantitative questionnaire the samplewas 14% 33% 7% 4% 4% 2% 40% 29% 27% 40% > 40years 27-40 years 15-26 years Other Turkomen Baluch Uzbek Hazara Pashtun Tajik Photo courtesy HRRAC dents were chosen randomly rather thanontheir ability section of ordinary Afghans across the country. Respon- The surveyaimed tocapture the opinions of across- The Respondents about securitythanthe Consortium were expecting. particular hasledtogenerally more positiveresults has undoubtedly hadanimpactonthe data and in considered essentially ‘no go’ areas for NGOstaff.This underrepresented asmany partsof these provinces are Inthissurveythe easternand southern provinces are of staffand programmes were of paramount importance. members haveoperational programmes. The security time of the survey. They are allareas where Consortium The surveylocations were relatively secure areas atthe The Locations had animpactonresults. international staffmember may have in some casesthe presence of an relationship) asaresult. Additionally NGO (depending onthe particular may havebeenmore pro- oranti- or inorganizational terms. Answers surveyed knew them either personally survey. Inmany casesthe community National NGOstaffcarried outthis The Researchers KEY POTENTIALBIASESTO BEAR INMINDWHEN READING THEDATA Conducting asurvey ‘inshallah (Godwilling), yes’. Thatthisanswer wasthen asked aboutexpectations for the future many responded thought wewanted to hear i.e. yes. Inaddition, when the issueshadatendency togivethe answers thatthey that, insome cases, respondents who were unsure about slightly more optimistic bias. The surveyorsthought This may havehadanimpactonthe data, giving a uninformed. public issues, evenifthey feltthatthey were personally Most peoplewere pleasedtobeasked their opinions on before. Thisisparticularly trueof the women interviewed. been asked their opinions onthese typesof issues or non-formal and many statedthatthey hadnever of respondents (57%)hadno education, either formal or knowledge torespond tothe question. The majority survey, but were suspicious of our gave uspermission toconduct the tions the localauthorities eventually distrust. Inthree of the surveyloca- viewed the surveywith considerable so, insome areas localauthorities ‘President Karzai’ or ‘warlords’. Even names orterms such as‘the Taliban,’ cies. The questionnaire did not use cause problems for operational agen- asked were not sosensitive asto trouble toensure thatthe questions The Consortium went toalotof The Questions not quiteconveywhatpeoplemeant. entered asa‘yes’or‘don’t know’ may CHAPTER ONE A surveyteam 13

Photo courtesy HRRAC

Methodology Methodology • survey. Some measures were taken toensure this: tried tobecompletelytransparent inthe aims of the in ithasbeenthe highest priority. The surveyorsalso people conducting the research and those participating At alltimes during thissurveythe securityof boththe no consequences. and apersoncouldbereassured thatthere wouldbe yes answer isthe leastquestioning of the authorities, that some peopleanswered yestoquestions becausea easy toquestion orcriticise those inpower. It islikely In partsof Afghanistan, now and inthe past,itisnot with such activities. intentions and of the member organisation’s involvement 14 comments toanindividual. sampling makes itextremely difficult toattributeany size. Ingeneral, the sizeand random nature of the populations are solarge incomparisontooursample In Kabul, districts surveyedare named becausethe and surveyedvillages inrural areas are not named. Confidentiality. No names oraddresses were recorded SPEAKING OUT RESEARCH ETHICS • • • • linked toany specific comments. in the research. Where they are used, they are not are of amixof peoplewho did and did not participate should benoted thatphotographs usedinthisreport verbal permission totake their photographs. It a specific village orarea. People photographed gave report are givenageneral location rather thannaming Presentation of findings. Quotations usedinthis avoid endangering the surveyors. Choice of location.Secure areas were chosen to opinions inorder topromote policy change. ment and the international community of their research, butthatthe aimwastoinform the govern- there wouldbeno immediate benefits from this Potential benefits. Respondents were informed that research and how the information wouldbeused. group discussion surveyorsexplained the aimof the survey gaveinformed consent. Before the surveyor Informed consent.People who participated inthe 6 not last. security thatsome communities are enjoying atpresent will stated thatifdisarmament isnot carried out,then the strong and passionate inFaizabad. Many participants issue related tosecurityand views were particularly disarmament; itwasthe most frequently mentioned All the group discussions reaffirmed the importance of and army were viewed asthe toppriority. Kandahar and Gardez strengthening the Afghan police attached todisarmament wasinKabul. InKabul, Panjao, Herat and Faizabad. The lowestimportance important priority infour of the locations -Saripul, location, disarmament wasprioritised asthe most this statistic may beunderestimated. Interms of listed disarmament though not necessarily first,and so improve securityinthe country. Many other respondents Disarmament isclearlyconsidered the toppriority to SeeAnnex Efor a completelisting of allthe coding usedfor openanswers. WHAT SHOULDBEDONETOIMPROVE [at the moment].” only difference isthey are not firing their weapons There are stillmany gunmen inAfghanistan, the “Peace and stabilityare justunder the force of guns. step since without itnothing ispossible.” “Disarmament ismore important thanany further and power.” one canstophimbecausehe possessesaweapon “Every single gunman cando whathe wants and no Security Rights Chapter Two: SECURITY? ? Man, Faizabad Man, Faizabad Views aboutDisarmament ? terrorists.” the worldleavesusalone againwewillberuledby development of anational army and police starts…if will not come trueunlessdisarmament and the disarm theirresponsiblyarmedpeople….ouropes “We arafidthgovernmnwillotbeableto no security.” “If disarmament isnot conducted then there willbe “The firstpriority isthatgunmen should bedisarmed.” to do toimprove securityinyourcommunity? * In youropinion, whatisthe most important thing 6 ? as shown. *Answers were coded into the eight categories Other International Support Economic Development Address Factional Tensions Political Reform Don’t Know Strengthen Afghan Police/Army Disarmament Survey QuestionandResults Woman, Kabul Man, Zaranj CHAPTER TWO 11% 23% 33% 7% 2% 7% 8% 9% 15 Man, ruralHerat

Security Rights Security Rights area today, butthey are concerned aboutthe future. is awelcome respite for many –they feltsafeintheir impunity for commanders and warlords. Partial peace armed groups, ruleby gun,lackof ruleof law, and about the threats topotential long termpeaceincluding peace’ or‘temporary peace’. Many concerns were raised situation inAfghanistan as‘partial peace’,‘relative almost allof the comments referred tothe current This issuewasexplored ingroup discussions where Afghanistan generally willbemore peacefulinayear. villages and towns, yetonly78%of them thought that percent of respondents feltsecure now intheir own than they thinkthey willayearfrom now. Ninety-two It issignificant thatmany respondents feltsafertoday parison to75%of men. Afghanistan wouldbemore peacefulinayearcom- peace thanmen. Eighty-one percent of women thought seemed slightly more optimistic aboutthe prospects for peace’ or‘everybody wants peaceand security.’ Women were phrased inaspirational terms such as‘wehope for they were tired of the long yearsof war. Comments echoed ingroup discussions where many statedthat The overall optimismof the prospects for peace was Kandahar and Gardez are noteworthy (seeTable 2). from now. However, the relatively lower figures in 78% thinkAfghanistan willbemore peacefulinayear There isgeneral optimismaboutthe prospects for peace: 16 walking around their townand village, those surveyed ethnicity. Whilstinevery location respondents feltsafe when the data wasdisaggregated bylocation and Differences inthe right tophysical security were revealed discussions. was the most frequently mentioned issueingroup overall priority for Afghanistan (seeIntroduction) and the same time securitywasconsidered the highest felt safewalking around their village ortown.Yet, at community. The results were surprisingly positive:92% enjoyed the right tophysical securitywithintheir The surveyaimed tofind outtowhatextent people The commanders are the same commanders.” has taken off itscottonsuitand putonasilkone. “We are worried [aboutsecurity]becausethe system SPEAKING OUT RIGHT TOPHYSICALSECURITY PROSPECTS FOREACE Young Man,Panjao Perspectives onPeace ? of agun.” “Presently there ispeacebutitunder the shade today thanyoudid three yearsago? Do youfeelmore orless safeinyourcommunity village? Do youfeelsafewalking alone inand around your less peacefulinayearfrom now? In youropinion, willAfghanistan become more or Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Don’t Know Same Less More No Yes Don’t know Same Less More ? ? Survey Questions andResults Table 2:Prospects for Peace Survey QuestionandResult 76 92 52 55 79 (%) 86 84 83 More 2 1 0 4 1 6 6 3 (%) Same Man, Faizabad 0 0 2 3 2 1 6 1 (%) Less 92% 10% 83% 17% 78% 1% 6% 8% 3% 2% 22 7 12 41 13 11 33 17 (%) Know Donít Photo courtesy HRRAC don’t feelsafe.” in the surveyand group discussion said, “we Pashtuns it isinteresting tonote thatacoupleof respondents security. Further research isneeded onthisissue, but or ethnicity thatmost influences people’ssense of What isnot clearfrom ourdata iswhether itislocation higher figure thanallother ethnic groups. less secure now thanthree yearsago, asignificantly Chart 4).Similarly, 29%of Pashtun respondents felt Kandahar (53%)were significantly lessoptimistic (see three yearsago. Again those inGardez (23%) and Overall, 83%of respondents feltmore secure now than Comparing Now toThree Years Ago town, 53%were Pashtun. who did not feelsafewalking around their village and less secure thanother areas (seeChart3).Ofthose in Gardez (76%)and Kandahar (80%)feltsignificantly 83% feelsafernowthanthreeyearsago Of thosesurveyed,92%feelsafewalkingaroundtheirvillageortownand Ago? Three Years Secure than More orLess Do you Feel Chart 4: with ameharam(chaperone).” “Now the situation isbetter, before wehadtotravel not go outside [becauseof the Taliban].” “Securityhascompletelychanged, before wecould at home.” most women were unemployed, sothey just stayed “During the Taliban time there wassecuritybecause but itwaslike the securityinagraveyard.” “During the Taliban time there wassecurityinKabul, Women ontheTaliban 100% Chart 3:DoYou Feel 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% Village orTown? Secure inYour Gardez Kandahar Panjao Faizabad Herat Kabul Zaranj Woman, Panjao Woman, Kabul CHAPTER TWO Saripul 17

Security Rights Woman, Zaranj Woman, Kabul Security Rights rise intheft, the presence of armed groups, and the negative aboutthe securitysituation becauseof the on security. Respondents were generally far more Group discussions revealed abroader range of opinions The BiggerPicture opportunity toattend universityand towork. women inKabul itisclearthatthey now havethe and move around freely hasimproved. Forsome of the not beasgood now, many said thattheir abilitytowork time. Whilewomen are aware thatoverall securitymay sense, butthey personally feltveryinsecure atthat during the Taliban securitywasgood inanabstract In group discussions, many women commented that male relative tocollectthem. vicinity couldattend, unlessthere wasavehicle and a worth noting thatonlywomen from the immediate in are extremely restricted. Ingroup discussions itis boundaries of the public spacethey are allowedtotravel ularly inthe rural areas, may feelsosecure because the ethnic related gender difference. Most women, partic- more thanmen (80%).There is, however, no significant Women (86%)feltthatsecurityhasimproved slightly Gender Differences 18 fall of the Taliban. In rural Herat respondents felt100% safesince the in ‘outside’ areas the securityisnot good. villages, butconsistently qualified itbystating that In Zaranj respondents said they feltsecure intheir around. possible threat topeacefrom the number of gunmen is better. Respondents were concerned aboutthe surrounding Panjao and incomparisonthe situation years ago there wasconsiderable fighting inareas security becausethere iscurrently no fighting. Three In Panjao respondents feltthey were enjoying relative concerned aboutgunmen and the lackof police. In Herat cityrespondents feltpartially safe, butwere around and the complicity of securityforces incrime. concerned aboutrobberies, the number of gunmen In Kabul nobody said they felt100%safe. They were people did not feelcompletelysecure. influence of the central government meant thatmany of the general lackof ruleof lawand the limited ability of commanders toactwithimpunitybecause of the commanders and their armed supporters. The In Faizabad respondents main concern wasthe power SPEAKING OUT Views onSecurity groups. of the province becausethey were controlled byarmed was good inside their village, butpoorinother parts in the villages around Zaranj peoplesaid thatsecurity that the situation wasdifferent ‘outthere’. Forexample, In group discussions however, respondents were aware • • reflect twofacts: geographic limitsof their ownvillage ortown may The high number of peoplewho feltsecure within the more security. mentioned inallof the discussions wasthe need for lack of ruleof law. Infact the issuemost frequently was considered a‘normal’ event. time. Inother areas the landing of rockets nearby sense -alackof fighting atthatparticular point in In many casessecuritywasdefined initsnegative differently; itisarelative and context related term. Clearly, indifferent locations peopledefine security already ‘off limits’for many NGOs. and programmes. Many areas of the country were need toensure the securityof respondents, surveyors The choice of surveylocation wasdetermined bythe The surveywascarried outinrelatively secure areas.

Photo courtesy HRRAC Photo courtesy HRRAC 7 7 of 65%).It isnot entirely clearwhy, butfrom group police (48%and 46%respectively against anaverage the likelihood of afuture competent Afghan army and Faizabad and Kandahar showed the leastconfidence in the Afghan army and police thanmen (70%). Women (59%)were lessconfident inthe future role of almost athird (30%)did not know ifitcouldhappen. security. Butwhile65%thought that thiswaspossible, national army and police force wasaprerequisite for discussions confirmed thiswhen they said astrong security inlocalareas inthe next fiveyears. Group army orpolice willassume responsibility for providing Respondents were generally optimistic thatthe Afghan Expectations intheAfghan Army/Police provided byIsmail Khan’sforces. respondents are generally satisfied withthe security that nobody provided security. It seems likely that in Herat (92%)where the majority of respondents said Interestingly, the highest satisfaction levelwasrecorded general dissatisfaction withthe district administration. Panjao (64%).Panjao group discussions revealed a satisfaction levelswere recorded inGardez (60%)and fulfilling their responsibilities satisfactorily. Lowest responsible for providing protection from crime were Most respondents (82%)thought thatthose they held Fulfilling Responsibilities from crime. 20% of the samplesaid thatnobody protected them what group protects peoplefrom crime wasnobody - Interestingly, the second highest response tothe question responsible for providing protection against crime. The majority of respondents (48%)held the police It should benoted thatsince thissurvey wasfinished the administration in Panjao haschanged. Faizabad Zaranj Saripul Herat Panjao Gardez Kabul Kandahar Top answers by location WHO ISRESPONSIBLETOPROVIDE Police Police Police Nobody Wuluswal Community Police Police SECURITY? Table 3:WhoisResponsible for Providing Security? 42.7% 43.0% 44.0% 44.0% 49.5% 60.0% 76.3% 85.0% uncontested position. providing securitymay reflect Ismail Khan’s relatively reliance inGardez were notable; whilein Herat ‘nobody’ importance of the localgovernment system.Levelsof self- surprising giventhe lackof anational police force and the The role of the wuluswal(district governer) inPanjao isnot security except inPanjao, Gardez and Herat. Most respondents held the police responsible for providing its authority overregional powerbrokers. are more sceptical of the government’s abilitytoexert discussions itseems likely thatinbothcasespeople security inyourarea? Do youwant Afghan orinternational forces toprovide years? to provide securityinyour area withinthe next five Do youthinkthe Afghan army orpolice willbeable security? Are yousatisfied withthatgroup’s effort inproviding Police/Amniat in yourvillage? What group protects peoplefrom crime like stealing Don’t Know Doesn’t Matter Both International Afghan Don’t Know /No Opinion No Yes Don’t Know No Yes Don’t Know Nobody Other Mullah Community Survey QuestionsandResults 82.5% 65% 48% 9.0% 8.5% 27% 15% 53% 30% 20% 13% CHAPTER TWO 3% 2% 5% 7% 8% 3% 19

Security Rights Security Rights by location and gender: In relation tothisquestion there were differing responses working together (see Chart6). forces alone orbothinternational and Afghan forces remaining respondents (42%)wanted either international to beresponsible for providing security. Most of the Over halfof those surveyed(53%)wanted Afghan forces International orAfghan Responsibility? 20 (30%) kn Don’t SPEAKING OUT Army/Police Provide Securityinthe ow Consider this... Why do Afghans putdisarmament astheir toppriority for improving security? now and the prospects for peaceinthe future? Why do respondents inGardez and Kandahar feellessoptimistic thanelsewhere aboutsecurity and concerned thatsecurity isthe most important issuefor Afghanistan onthe other? Why are somany Afghans comparatively pleasedwiththeir securitysituation onthe one hand, Chart 5:CantheAfghan Next Five Years? N o (5%) QUESTIONS FORPOLICYMAKERS Y es (65%) • • • wanted Afghan forces incomparisonto60%of men. of Afghan orinternational forces -44%of women There isaninteresting gender difference inthe choice recorded inKandahar (61%). (either alone ortogether withAfghan forces) was The highest result for some international involvement the lowestwere inSaripul(25%)and Kandahar (27%). were recorded inZaranj (78%)and Herat (71%)while The highest results infavour of Afghan forces alone International Forces Provide Chart 6:ShouldAfghan or Security? Photo courtesy HRRAC their opesandaspiratiosforservcepovisonine had highexpectatons,butphrasedtemintermsf Group discussionsconfirmedthesefidig.Partcipats to 77%ofrespondentsoutsidKabul. government tobeableprovidservices,compaed of Kabul-89%respondetsinxpectedth The levelofoptimismalsodecreasedsignifcantlyouts noted thatpowerliesinthehadsofarmeden. to thecorruptionwithinsystem,andinFaizabad and/or willigesstoassistlocalpeople.Theypoited disillusionment withhlocalgovernaditsability these locationspartcipatsingroupdiscussvoced Zaranj (67%)ndvillagesouPanjao(67%).In results weeecordedinFaizabad(61%),villagesaound high, terwevaratonsbylocaton.Tlowest next threeyears.Whilstexpectationwegally government wouldbeabletodeliverservicesinh Respondents hadhighxpectatos(81%)thatt placed inthemtoactuallydeliver. responsible forecostruction,adhowmuchtrusttey This surveyaimedtofindoutwhopeopletougwere a smallounthasresultedincompletedpoject. all ofithasbeendelivere.Ofthaieceive,only the interatoalcommunityhaspledgedfudig,ot Reconstruction eedsinAfghanistanarehg,yetwhilst EXPECTATIONS ANDRESPONSIBILITIES Economic Rights Chapter Three: RECONSTRUCTION: Road Repair, Hazarajat Why? (Answers were coded) Nations? central government ortoNGOsand the United governments should begivendirectly tothe Afghan Do youthinkthatthe money from foreign that itwaspromised byforeign governments? Do youthinkAfghanistan will get allthe money rebuild Afghanistan? Have foreign governments promised money tohelp like education orhealth care orroads and bridges? will help yourcommunity with,for example, services In the next three yearsdo youthinkthe government Other Don’t Know ineffective NGOs/UN are inefficient and ineffective Government isinefficient and NGOs/UN are efficient and effective efficient and effective Government isresponsible, Don’t Know/No Opinion Doesn’t Matter None Both NGOs/UN Government Don’t Know No Yes Don’t Know No Yes Don’t Know No Yes Survey QuestionsandResults CHAPTER THREE 85% 54% 81% 16% 37% 35% 12% 40% 38% 41% 13% 16% 5% 1% 5% 8% 1% 1% 6% 2% 3% 21

Economic Rights Economic Rights until securityhadbeenachieved. deliver their responsibilities interms of economic rights the government and international community couldnot security, particularly disarmament. Many statedthat reconstruction wasthe linkbetweenreconstruction and government and the international community’s role in The consistent theme arising outof discussions on to Security Link Between EconomicRightsandRight its ownpolitical objectives. would assistAfghanistan aslong asdoing soalsomet participants thought thatthe international community in the pastbythe international community. Afew low. It may reflect ageneral feeling of being ‘letdown’ survey received for most questions, thisseems surprisingly keep thatpromise. Giventhe optimistic answers this Afghanistan, butonly54%thought thatthey would foreign governments hadpromised money toreconstruct The majority (85%)of respondents were aware that International Responsibilities 22 futile tin “I wouldn “P will k “If weapon will n complish itsd “If gunm th world’s atten “Th it h “Th d be achi “If th eliver ai Economic RightsandSecurity er eople canonlybeh SPEAKING OUT ues P e g e in elps th ef er e in .” eep th ot beabletod or . Wh overnm P eved th tern spectiv e wear er tern en ar d ot assistAf em.” .” spectiv s ar en th ati eir pr ati ti en uti on e collectedan e disarm en itwillpr on isdir e h Responsibilities on t willbeabletoh al comm er es an es ontheLinkBetw omises al comm opeful.” e isn es onInternational o an ghanistan whilein elped ifth d h ed ected towar o stability .” ythin unity willonlyassistusif elp people , th obably k unity’s ownobjectivescan Y Y d securityimpr oung Man,Faizabad oung Man,Faizabad e g Y g.” Y oung Man,Saripul Y oung Man,Zaranj oung Man,K er overnm elp usbecauseth , r eep itspr Man, Faizabad e ispeace , oth ds Af econ Man, Zaranj security con- en erwise th stru ghanistan, oves th t canac- omise to een abul cti .” on is ey ey e anarchy again. reconstruction efforts the country woulddescend into indefinitely. Many feared thatwithout tangible from the group discussions thiswouldnot continue be abletoprovide services there was alsoastrong sense Whilst there wasoptimismthat the government would Diminishing Optimism Over Time? Herat and Kabul.- The highest were inthe three larger cities of Kandahar, (66%) possiblydue tothe remoteness of the area. pledges wasrecorded inthe villages around Panjao Location. The lowestawareness of international were aware incomparisonto78%of women.- pledges toAfghanistan thanwomen; 91%of men Gender. Men were more likely toknow aboutaid 0 % 25 % 50 % 75 % 100% International Pledgesfor (on average) Outside Kabul Kabul Chart 7:Awareness of Reconstruction ence inKabul. the international pres- This ispossiblydue to all the other locations. higher inKabul thanin kept were significantly of pledges wouldbe ternational promises The expectations thatin- Location (Kabul, other). responsibility. the government wastoensure thatittakes onthat for providing for its citizens and one way tosupport Group discussions viewed the government asresponsible based onmerit rather social orpolitical affiliations. educated and responsible peoplewho are appointed projects and thatministries should bestaffedwith the government currently hasweakcapacitytoimplement live uptoitsresponsibilities. Participants noted that currently weakcentral government byrequiring itto Some thought thiswould beawayof strengthening a aid money being givendirectly tothe government. Yet infocus group discussions most participants supported the least. receiving assistance; Kandahar (22%)and Gardez (24%) (47%) were the most supportiveof the government by location and gender. Kabul (48%)and Faizabad There were some interesting differences inresponses 40% tothe UNand NGOs, and 12%toboth. was that38%thought itshould go tothe government, Afghan government ortoNGOsand the UN.The result international aid money should begivendirectly tothe responsible for reconstruction, they were asked whether To analyse which actorsrespondents thought were Who isResponsible? many more disastersasweencountered before.” reconstruction are not implemented, wewillexpect our country willbeimproved. Ifplans for “If reconstruction startspeoplewillbeemployedand lead the worldtodestruction.” become anarena for conflicts and extremists will “If reconstruction isnot started, Afghanistan will start again.” “If there isno reconstruction insecurity and warwill Fears aboutFailure toReconstruct 38% 12% Chart 8:Where Should Aid Money go? 40% Woman, Heratrural Young Man,Panjao Woman, Heratcity misuse of funds by aid actors. failure of aid implementation and inparticular, the group discussions. Frustrations were raised aboutthe A slightly different perspective wasgained from the either the government orthe UN/NGOs. Very fewrespondents referred tonegative aspectsof 37% thought thatNGOs/UN were effectiveand efficient. that the government wasresponsible and effectiveand government orthe UN/NGOs, 35%of respondents said When asked why money should begiventothe we wan “Th spen “W “Th sistan “Th does not get through tothose who need it.” “The government takes bribesand the aid money work and positiveresults?” on implementing projects, how canweexpect proper “When 80%of funds are spent onsalaries and 20% undeserving people.” “Project funds havegone into the pockets of people properly.” “The government cannot get aid through tothe house rents havegone veryhigh”. salaries...this hasbadlyeffectedthe market and accommodation, transport and high expatriate used properly…large amounts are spent on “We seemoney coming tothe country butitisnot and drive the latestmodel cars.” “The UNhasdone nothing except receive high salaries e wishth Perspectives ontheMisuseof Aid e g e g e curr d th ce overnm overnm P t th .” e m er en em toimpr t g spectiv e g on en en overnm ey itself.” overnm t isweakan t sh Receiving Aid ould r es onGo en ove en t isn t tobecom .” eceive th Y oung Man,ruralHerat d ot str Young Man,Gardez Y oes n Young Man,Kabul oung Man,Zaranj W v oman, Faizabad Woman, Saripul ernment Man, Faizabad Woman, Kabul Woman, Kabul on e m Man,P ot d e powerfulan CHAPTER THREE g; itn on o an ey because anjao eeds as- ythin g.” d 23

Economic Rights Economic Rights surveyed. figures (56%)thanthe other areas again reported significantly lower today thanthree yearsago. The villages around Gardez Health care (83%)wasalsoperceived aseasier toaccess any insight into the quality of education. attended school. Furthermore, the results do not give to beeasier did not actually mean thattheir children The fact thatrespondents perceived accesstoeducation to school now; 83%compared toamean of 94%. the leastlikely tosayitwaseasier for children togo around Gardez (68%)and Zaranj (78%).Pashtuns were Significantly lowerfigures were recorded inthe villages for their children togo toschool today. surprising that94%of respondents said itwaseasier restricted under the Taliban, soperhapsitwasnot The right toeducation, particularly for girls, wasseverely 24 RIGHT TOEDUCATIONANDHEALTH SPEAKING OUT v v v v Consider this... of tangible reconstruction? How long canpeople’s frustrations becontained aboutthe misuse of aid money and the lack significantly decrease outside of Kabul? Why does optimismabout the abilityof the government todeliver services inthe future commitments toAfghanistan? Why are somany Afghans comparatively sceptical thatdonors willcome through ontheir such challenges indelivery of services? Why are peoplestillsooptimistic aboutreceiving reconstruction benefits when there havebeen Girls’ Classes, Nimroz QUESTIONS FORPOLICYMAKERS car I years ag comm I s iteasi s iteasi ? Don’t Kn Sam M Easi Don’t Kn Sam M Easi e tod or or Surv unity tog e Diffi e Diffi er er e e ay thanitwasthr o? er orm er orm ow ow e cult cult y QuestionsandResults ? o tosch or or e diffi e diffi ? ool tod cult f cult f ee yearsag or youtog ay thanitwasthr ? or child o? r en inyour 13% 83% 94% et h 1% 2% 1% 4% 1% ealth ee

Photo courtesy of Ockenden International in every location, but significantly soin the villages women who said they wouldvote was lowerthanmen compared with 78%of women. In fact the number of - 95%of men said they wouldvoteinthe election there wasasignificant gendered difference inresponses awareness of the planned elections themselves. However, elections. The desire toparticipate washigher than exercise their fundamental right tovoteinnational The vastmajority of respondents (87%)wanted to political processes asawayforward. of elections there seemed tobeconsiderable faith in Introduction). Yet when asked directly aboutthe impact political issuesovereconomic and securityissues (see A verysmall percentage of the respondents prioritised The RighttoPolitical Participation (see Chart9). processes. Awareness varied bygender and location those who are aware of the issuesdebated around these have heard aboutthe elections and constitution to includes arange of awareness levelsfrom those who - 70%and 69%respectively. This figure probably process and the national elections wasaboutthe same The levelof awareness aboutthe Constitution drafting Awareness of Political Processes elections. and their expectations regarding the impactof national Afghans toexercise their right toparticipate politically, preparations for national election, the willingness of were aware of the Constitution drafting process and the This surveysought togauge towhatextent respondents politically. much debate aboutthe right of Afghans toparticipate education around these twoprocesses hasengendered The extent and nature of public consultation and in 2004. the end of 2003and preparations for national elections tution tobeadopted byaConstitutional LoyaJirga at underway inAfghanistan: the drafting of anew Consti- Two major national political processes are currently THE CONSTITUTIONANDELECTIONS Political Rights Chapter Four: female disenfranchisement. election, then itislikely thatthere willbeasignificant into how rural Pashtun villagers might respond to the because of cultural constraints. Ifthisgivesany insight Those women who wouldnot votesaid thatit was largely would vote, butonly27%of women did (seeChart10). around Gardez, where 65%of the overall samplesaid they (*Answers were coded into categories) Why willthe elections bring positivechanges? * positive ornegative changes toAfghanistan? In youropinion, willthe general elections bring Why willyouvoteinthe election? * Will youvoteinthe national election next year? year when peoplewillchoose their government? Is there anational election inAfghanistan next Afghanistan? Is there anew constitution being developed for Don’t Know Other Peace Good Governance Don’t Know/No Opinion No Change Negative Positive Don’t Know Other Economic Factors Political Factors Peace Don’t know No Yes No/Don’t Know Yes No/Don’t Know Yes Survey QuestionsandResults CHAPTER FOUR 69% 70% 11% 22% 63% 25% 73% 51% 33% 87% 31% 30% 4% 1% 0% 2% 9% 5% 9% 4% 25

Political Rights Political Rights representative government (seeChart11). which placesagreat deal of trustinthe concept of a Twenty-three percent said elections would bring peace, is strong, legitimate, accountable and representative. they expect the elections todeliver agovernment that that the elections wouldresult ingood governance - related togood governance. Sixty-three percent said coded into twomain categories: peace;and issues positive change. The question wasopenand the answers Respondents were asked why elections wouldbring (79%) were more optimistic thanwomen (68%). thinking thatelections wouldbring positivechange. Men levels were recorded inKandahar, with91%of the sample know whatthe impactwouldbe. Highest confidence locations, ahigher proportion of respondents did not elections wouldresult inpositivechange. Inboth (48%) and Faizabad(56%)were leastconfident that There were interesting differences bylocation: Herat sentative’ elections until disarmament hastaken place. about whether itispossibletohave‘free, fair and repre- guns. Group discussions alsorevealed serious concerns in group discussions aboutthe powerof those who hold This isaninteresting result, giventhe concerns expressed electoral process properly toensure real participation. great deal of trustinthose responsible tocarryoutthe This seems tosuggest thatrespondents stillplacea elections wouldbring positivechange toAfghanistan. Respondets hadhighxpectatos(73%)thatatal Faith inPolitical Processes 26 very dangerous and black.” If wecannot havefree elections then the future is people were not involved, onlythe warlords were. “The emergency LoyaJirga result wasnothing because or leader.” of allthey cannot evenvotefor adeserving person peace loving peoplecanstand for election. Worst “As long asthere are gunmen, neither impartial nor general disarmament isconducted.” “A real election cannever beconvened unlessa of guns the election willnot besuccessful.” The personwho hasagunwillwin;withthe force [in these circumstances] willbeadversityand conflict. vote for who they want. The result of anelection still control partsof the country and no one can situation willnot allowfor free elections. Warlords “National elections wouldbegood, butthe current Perspectives onNational Elections SPEAKING OUT Young Man,Zaranj Woman, Heratcity Young Man,Zaranj Man, Kabul and Kandahar hadthe highest awareness levels. constitution (49%)and the elections (62%).Herat around Zaranj hadthe lowestawareness aboutthe Awareness by Location.Respondents from villages comparison to78%of men. both the constitution and the elections, in Awareness by Gender. 61%of women knew about Chart 10:Women’s WillingnesstoVote Constitution by Genderand Location Chart 9:Awareness aboutthe in theElections a strong central government and indicated the lackof In group discussions participants expressed adesire for • • differences inresults: In the disaggregated data there were some significant • that itwasnot for avariety of reasons: fulfilment of their rights wasdiscussed. Many suggested whether women’s entitlements translated into the In group and individual discussions the question of and southern areas of Gardez, Zaranj and Kandahar. entitlements toparticipate waslowerinthe eastern right toparticipate. Thisacknowledgment of women’s they are halfof the population therefore they havea either thatitistheir right under Islamic rule, orthat decision making. When asked why, many responded thought thatwomen should beinvolvedincommunity decision making. Seventy-two percent of those surveyed opinions onwomen’s entitlement toparticipate inlocal debate, particularly under the Taliban. The surveyprobed society havebeenthe subjectof intense international The rights and responsibilities of women inAfghan 22% “A representative government”- “Government thatworksfor the people” “A legitimate government” “A strong government” “All peoplewillparticipate inchoosing their leaders” Defining GoodGovernance: Examples of Answers WOMEN’S RIGHTTOPARTICIPATEIN any other location. In Panjao, more respondents (33%)citedpeacethan thought elections wouldbring good governance. elections and men (73%compared to50%of women) more likely tocitepeaceasthe positiveoutcome of Women (30%compared to16.7%of men) were far said yes, women should participate; they referred to ‘Other women’ . Insome cases when respondents 11% Chart 11:Why WillElectionsBring 4 % DECISION MAKING Positive Changes? 63% mament. political processes wasfundamentally linked todisar- However, respondents alsorecognised thatprogress on and ensure alegitimate and representative government. government thatwouldtackleexisting powerstructures their right toparticipate politically. They wanted a bring positivechange. Respondents wanted toexercise There wasoptimismthatthe electoral process would support inorder toexert itsinfluence inthe provinces. current central government asweakand inneed of as basedonthe ruleof guns. Yet many referred tothe confidence inexisting powerstructures which many saw • (*Answers were coded into categories) community? decision-making outside their home inyour Do youthinkwomen should beinvolvedincommunity and ifthey do not then anarchy willemerge.” rules inafamily…children should obeytheir elders influence…the government structure islike the “Definitely it[the central government] hasagreat provinces.” in Kabul which willcoverand control allthe “We want apermanent and powerfulgovernment the warlords.” the central government does not do anything about the provincial level.It isalldue tothe fact that over ourprovince. Allthe decisions are made at “Central government does not haveenough control seems tobeahuge barrier. Some respondents Lack of education . The lowlevel of female education wife’. should participate indecision making, butnot my relatives. As one man said inFaizabad‘yes, women other women rather than themselves ortheir female Perspectives onCentral Government Don’t Know Other Benefits Society Women’s Rights Why do youthinkwomen should beinvolved? * Don’t Know/No Opinion No Yes Survey QuestionsandResults Woman, ruralHerat Woman, Heratcity Woman, Zaranj CHAPTER FOUR 72% 86% 11% 17% 3% 9% 2% 27

Political Rights Political Rights

Photo courtesy of HRRAC 28 • ”W wan our cultur sham “Everybod illiter “M talen wom “W th ar “Only m in decisionmaking. Most respondentsthoughtwomenshouldparticipate as awhole affectswomen’s political participation. Gendered roles. The nature of gendered relations participation. of education did not seemtobeabarrier for male participation wastheir education. Interestingly, lack It wasoften statedthatthe firststeptowards women’s often said ‘weare illiterate and don’t know anything’. saying only‘educated women’. Women themselves said women should participate, butqualified itby e n em.” SPEAKING OUT e d en d om t iteith en sh Inv ts an ot allowedtoparti e toletwom ate; th o n en’s parti o n en m olv ot kn P y parti ot giveusan d qu ould beinvolvedinaccor e…wom er er” ey saywed ement inDecisionMaking spectiv ak ow an alifi . e d cipati cipates e en haven cati en parti ecisi ythin on n on y inf es onW cipate an on o n s g, wear .” x s inourvillag cipate becauseitisn cept wom ow ism ot kn orm o auth W oman, ruralHerat ati ow an d n omen’ W W e un W on becausewear oman, P oman, Gardez oman, Gardez ority an d er o on an en...it isabi Man, K ely symboli ed ythin ce withth u e listen e…wom s cated d anjao g.” abul o n .” s to eir en ot ot c; g e to implybroaderpoliticalpartcipaton,but one womaninFaizabadsaid‘wejuston’thavetie; about theissuesthatconcernem.Thisdiotseem that womenshouldbeinvolvedinakingdecisio we areswampedbychoes’.Oterparticipantsmarked This ismanifestedintersoftie,butalso of therolewomenaxpectedtoplay.Forexampl, decision-making. the approval rating for women’s involvement in education. Increasing yearsof education also increased compared to81.5%of those who hadreceived any women should beinvolved in decision making, education atall(either formal ornon-formal) thought have animpact–65%of those who hadreceived no be involvedindecision making. Buteducation did As many women asmen thought women should not were not significant factors inhow people responded. Approval, by Level of Education.Gender and age an Appr th d Of th while H wom Balu pate an Differ ecisi e r d Z ch an en’s parti eason wh o P ose wh ar on m v articipate inDecisionMaking: anj only50%th al, b d 62%inK azar ences b Chart 12:ShouldW d P akin y Location. a sh o sai ash y n cipati g, 68%gavecultur owed th d wom tun sh ot. an y LocationandEducation on (57%an d ahar ough en sh In th e m owed th . Similarly ost (82%). t wom e villag ould n d 58%r e leastsupportf en sh al con es ar ot parti omen , inethni ould parti espectively) oun str cipate in d Gar ain c term ts as d ci- ez or s 8 decision maker. Thismay relate tocomments made In Faizabadcityonly58%thought there wasacommunity decision maker. on the effectiveness rather thanthe existence of a was solow. It may bethatrespondents were commenting by elders. Therefore, itisnot clearwhy the response room) isthe placewhere decisions are made, usually participants explained thatthe takiakhana(acommunity (37%) thanother locations. Ingroup discussions community decision making body wassignificantly lower In Panjao the number of respondents confirming a education and age (seeChart13). were no significant differences inanswers bygender, making body varied bylocation and ethnicity, butthere Answers aboutthe existence of acommunity decision- community decision makers. generally referred toingroup discussions asthe main Local shuras(councils orassemblies) orelders were decision making withinthe community were functioning. Most respondents (75%)said thatlocalmechanisms for responsible bodies. to exercise their right tovoice their opinions withthose sible for resolving localleveldisputes, and their ability survey aimed tofind outwhorespondents held respon- In terms of political processes atthe locallevel,the Level Political ResponsibilitiesattheLocal • rity situ Security cati parti Making BodyintheCommunity? on. cipati Chart 13:IsTher L ati . Som OCAL on ar on hadplayedasi e r oun D espon d issuessu ECISION d en ts th e aDecision M ch ash gnifi ough AKING can t thatth ealth an t r ole inth e secu- d ed u- e 8 help outside of the community ifthe problem couldnot The surveyasked where respondents wouldgo tofor the government. the problem the majority of respondents seekhelp from worked. However, ifthe community isunable toresolve shura orelders –thatishow the systemhasalways group discussions many did not question the role of the responsible firstfor resolving locallevelconflicts. In Respondents clearlyheld community mechanisms the commanders. in group discussions thatpowerrests inthe hands of Seeth (* An tod comm Do youthinkitiseasi th nity pr If th nity? * d in thiscomm If th comm about lan If yourf it wouldtak m lack o oes yourf e d ean Don’t Kn N M Easi Don’t Kn N Y Don’t Kn Oth N P /Ju Governm Don’t Kn N Y ay thanitwasthr es oli es o Chan o on-state A o or er er e P ecisi swers wer Surv t thatgirlshadn unity pr unity wh er di f wom e Diffi ce e isn er e isanimportan oblem inyourvillag anjao pr ci amily hasapr on-m ary d g amily g , isth e ow ow ow en o d ow en’s parti e cult e tim y QuestionsandResults unity cann t A oblem ecisi ssembli o willsolvethispr ak e cod o file inAnn d ers willlistentoyouropini er e f ministr o tof on-m e ad s withyourcomm or thin ed in ee yearsag cipati er orm es ot r t m or h oblem withan ot solveth ak ecisi ati to categ e er orthisd eetin eceived aned on. In x Ao elp outsi gs tochan on e/town, d or on-m e diffi f thisr g aboutacomm o? oblem? security inth ori ak e pr d cult todiscuss er withinthis es ecisi CHAPTER FOUR e th g eport. oth unity lead o youthink .) oblem, wh e 75% . 11% 83% 23% 70% 19% 71% 22% u e comm on-m er f 4% 2% 7% 1% 5% 4% 3% cati on? amily on an ak e past u- u- er er o 29 d

Political Rights Political Rights 10 9 9 this survey wascarried out. Note thatthe administration inPanjao has changed since making. AjirgaisaPashtun tribalassembly orcouncil for decision- decisions basedonsocial and political affiliations. because of the problem of corruption and partisan the localgovernment wasunable todeliver fair decisions responsible. Yet, ingroup discussions many said that body clearlyshows they stillhold government institutions would seekhelp toresolve problems from agovernment The fact that87%of respondents the villages around Gardez. of these respondents (18%)wasfrom (tribal councils). The largest number state institutions, primarily jirgas said they wouldseekthe help of non- state. Onlyforty-three respondents - 87%of respondents wouldgo tothe police) versusthe non-state category administration and judiciary plusthe If youlookatastate(government of respondents wouldgo tothe police. and judiciary for help. InKabul 45% go tothe government administration the police. The majority (71%)would judiciary; non-state assemblies; and government administration and categorised into three main groups - be solvedlocally. Responses were 30 (34%) (seeChart14).Lower figures were alsorecorded (84%) and the lowest in the villages around Gardez of respondents feeling listened towasrecorded inKabul considerable differences bylocation. The highest figure decision makers listened them to,though there were Overall, 70%of respondents feltthattheir community cause o “Th m to solvethin “W g have topayabribe–soth “Pr et thin Right tobeHeard attheLocal Level en SPEAKING OUT e d oblem e courtsd t tak o n f corrupti P gs r es bribes s ar ot g er esolved becauseth spectiv e solvedbutitisbasedonm gs inth o n o str ot solveourpr on an .” ai gh e villag es onCorruption t toth d powerfularm ose wh e becauseth e g ey cann oblem overnm W o ar W oman, Saripul oman, K Man, Gardez s pr ed m e poorcann ot pay en operly on e g t…we try en.” abul ey .” overn- , you , be- ot The 10 often male-dominated institutions and elders are so many women feltlistened togiventhatshurasare but the difference isvery small. It isinteresting that listened tothanwomen (72%men and 68%women), Men hadslightly more confidence thatthey willbe community. respondents thought there wasadecision maker intheir also related tothe fact thataverylowproportion of and Gardez. InPanjao the lowerfigure isprobably administration expressed byparticipants inbothPanjao might beexplained bydissatisfaction withthe local in Panjao (51.5%)and Kandahar (53%).Inpartthis only ti th comm Shuras shuras Gen p63). A th in th (I i an ad-h o secular orr “ plannin d Shuras f Af sh cipate ind ugust 2003. slami en ese cir e distri g localsh e pr ur er tifi shuras ghan politi a ally speakin unity basedor ovin . c sch able m is themaincommunitydecisionmakingbody (besttr g an ar oc basisan cum cts” (Af e alsousedorf ci ecisi ur eli ar olars) an d implem al level,whileth stan as an embers e en gi The AtoZGuideAf What isa on m ous an an cal soci ces wom ghan Resear g, wom cour slated ascoun d som d ar ganisati akin d . T en ag shuras d ar e r tati ypi ety g an ed byNGOsf e comm en m ar en d orm cally e lon . Th on. ely stan on Shur d insom ch an er o ed bym ay beallowedtopar- s f o n f eld , e ar ey ar g-stan or d an shuras cils) canbeeith d Evalu a ot parti d din e o ers ghan A ? evelopm er-run e caseswom e conven or pr , ar din ften compet- g bodi an o f th ati y NGOsas e f g featur cipate in ssistance ogr shuras on U oun e en es with ulema amm ed on t. In d at nit. en- es er in e ,

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Herat. In particular, alotof criticism wasraised inKabul and Afghans inthe broader political decision making process. of those inpowertoconsider the views of ordinary discussions were critical aboutthe failure of accountability at the city, provincial ornational level.Many in group to bythe localshuraorelders and feeling listened to There wasastrong disconnect betweenfeeling listened Issues Right tobeHeard onBroader Political on their decision.” listen, butthatdoes not mean youhaveany influence pointed outinavillage inPanjao, “Yes, the elders has any influence onthe actual decision. As one person the research the extent towhich they thinktheir opinion Whilst respondents feltlistened toitisnot clear from 50%. in Saripuland the lowestinthe villages around Gardez, three yearsago. The highest result, 97%,was recorded to discussissueswithcommunity leaders today than time. Overall, 83%of respondents feltthatitwaseasier entitlement tovoice their opinions hadchanged over The surveywanted toget asense of whether people’s decision making. It may alsoreflect anacceptance of gendered roles in - through their male relatives –wasperceived aseffective. that the traditional waythatwomen’s voices are heard invariably men. Thismay beareflection of the fact “N “N th “P “Th d “P eci tribal an “ ar “Decisi cann lem “Th “P Listened tob e d eople ar eople ar P All d obod obod e inf e powerfulan Chart 14:RespondentswhoF eoples’ vi er P d er s ecisi ed er . M ot e spectiv e ar ecisi y isask y listen .” orm spectiv on or on d person e r e verydistan xpr e n s ar on ed eover peoplear s bein eally un ews ar ess th o auth s ar .” e m ed s toth es onDecisionMakingin d th .” e m ad es onDecisionMaking g m al r eir vi e con y CommunityDecision oriti e byafewpeoplean in Her awar e gunm ad Mak e poor elati ad K e onth t fr es wh ab ews e si e o .” on d om th er e afr ul er .” f whatishappenin .” en m at s s o cansolveourpr ed n .” e basiso ai e cor ak d o owh e th f gunm CHAPTER FOUR e issuesbein er f e d e d th .” acti ecisi en an eel en we on g an on ob- al, d s .” d g 31

Political Rights Political Rights 32 Consider this... SPEAKING OUT Will the optimisminelections asaprocess for positivechange remain overtime? bodies? Why do somany women feellistened togiven the male exclusive nature of most decision making reality? Why does the high rate of recognition of women’s right toparticipate politically not translate into Why isthere lessoptimisminpolitical processes and the right toparticipate inGardez and Kandahar? Why are somany peopleoptimistic thatnational elections willbring positivechange toAfghanistan? QUESTIONS FORPOLICYMAKERS A average from the discussion. prospects for long termpeaceinAfghanistan. The figure shown isthe The perceptions of securitythermometergauges perceptions of the notably poppycultivation. of households and the levelof income gained from other sources, most legitimate economy. Insome areas thismay underestimate the number stressed thatallthe discussions aboutlivelihoods were basedonthe different livelihood sources (not necessarily cashincome). It should be The perceptions of livelihoods piechartrepresents the importance of political influence. the distance from the community represents the closeness/distance of relations. The larger the circle the bigger the influence onthe community, The perceptions of power diagram maps outlocalviews onpower area surveyedfrom about1995tothe present day. The historicaltimelineshows the key events thathavehappened inthe indicative of the localanalysis and mood inthatparticular area. perceptions of the situation; they are not representative, butrather discussions withlocalpeopleand localNGOstaff.They represent There are graphic representations ineach profile. These were basedon of the areas averylimitedamount of information wasavailable. published/unpublished reports from various aid organisations. Forsome of information were key informants who knew the area welland political rights, economic rights and securityrights. The main sources Each profile isorganised around the three main themes of the survey– history relevant tothatarea from about1995tothe present day. intended tobeextensive backgrounds, buttooutline the key issuesand Profiles ofAreasSurveyed economic context inwhich toview the findings. They are not conducted. The aimof these profiles istogivethe political and nnex Aprovides abrief profile of eacharea where the surveywas Annex A: PERCEPTIONS OFLIVELIHOODS 1996 Government PERCEPTIONS OFSECURITY Zaranj PERCEPTIONS OFOWER Herat Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know Cautiously optimistic Very confident HISTORICAL TIMELINE factional Internal fighting Community Kandahar 1997 Panjao Saripul Economic blockade Commanders Gardez Small industry Aid agency work Government work Agriculture Labouring Trading Elders ANNEXES Kabul Faizabad 1998 Drought starts 1 2 3 4 5 33

Annex A Faizabad Profile 12 11 12 11 F Central Statistics Office (CSO),Kabul, 2003. SeeBadakhshan, SMU Area Report,May 2001. a large Ismaili community inthe Province, butthey are The majority of the peopleare SunniTajiks. There is trict asawhole hasanestimated population of 46,200. population of 14,100,and the dis- six wards and hasanestimated to snow. The cityisdivided into generally impassablein winter due remote. Roadsare poorand are The province ismountainous and illegal goods. route, particularly for smuggled and This makes itanimportant trading very end of the Wakhan corridor. a small border withChina atthe stan defined bythe RiverAmu; and east; anorthern border withTajiki- ous border withPakistan tothe ghanistan. It hasalong, mountain- Faizabad 34 1997 SPEAKING OUT Taliban is northeasterly province inAf- tal of Badakhshan the most aizabad isthe provincial capi- K against formed United Front EY R ECENT E VENTS 1998 Mazar, IDPs Faizabad arrive in capture Taliban instability period of Governor killed, 1999 IDPs arrive. fighting in factional ground, Taliban Inter- gain city and Uzbek. very small minority groups of Pashtun, Hazara, Turkmen mostly concentrated outside the city. There are also Najmuddin instability er) killed, (powerful command period of 2000 Drought starts Taloqan capture Taliban nearby 2001 View of Faizabadcity assassinat Refugees Massoud start to return ed. Front work overthrow forces to with US Taliban United Faizabad 2002

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 14 13 system and most officials are linked toparticular factions. powerful. Commanders alsocontrol the administrative Khan who isassociated withShura-i-Nazar,are extremely vary considerably. Some commanders, such asSardar relations betweenthem and the localcommunities can Commanders control different partsof the province, but and Head of Securityhave veryrecently beenappointed. allied toHizb-i-Islami.Anew Governor, DeputyGovernor Rabbani’s Jamiat-i-Islamiand the Chief of Police was period of thisresearch the Governor wasallied to Factions stillretain power inthe province. During the positions ingovernment. of the Taliban and now dominates many of the senior was akey partner of the United Statesinthe overthrow pervisory Council of the North) in1985.Thisgroup Shura-i-Nazar. Massoud formed the Shura-i-Nazar(Su- loyal toRabbaniand those associated withMassoud’s There isasignificant powerstrugglebetweenthose in September2001. Commander, Ahmad ShahMassoud, until hisassassination President of the UF, butthe real powerlaywithhis United Front (UF).Burhanuddin Rabbani was the United Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, orthe alliance against the Taliban calledthe National Islamic Islami joined withother opposition parties toform an Hizb-i-Islami. Inlate1996and early1997Jamiat-i- area hasbeenJamiat-i-Islamiwithsome pockets of B during the Taliban times. The major partyinthe to remain completelyunder opposition control adakhshan wasthe onlyprovince inAfghanistan Political Profile Community gathering 15 of them who hold senior positions inthe government. Nazar’s role inoverthrowing the Taliban and the number there are strong linkstoKabul becauseof the Shura-i- role incomparisontothe localcommanders. However, The central government isseenasplaying aninsignificant and non-jihadis overwho gets government positions. There isalsoreportedly some tension betweenjihadis Government Community NGOs, UN Mosque Elders 15 14 13 Participants inIslamic Holy War. din Hekmatyar. Pashtun Islamist partyledbyGulbud- er Ahmed ShahMassoud. President Rabbaniand militarycommand- Predominantly Tajik partyledbyex- businesses. control of the lucrative smuggling political role and allegiance and In Faizabad, powerisdetermined by of the general rule by commanders. as being extremely weakinthe face traditional powerstructures are seen to discusscommunity issues. These together shuras(councils, assemblies) village leaders (arbabs)who call structures stillexist, with the local At the localleveltraditional power PERCEPTIONS OFOWER Governor Commanders ANNEXES 35

Faizabad Profile Faizabad Profile T 36 economic embargo of the area wasgreatly exacerbated prices, though illegalsmuggling continued. Thiseffective closure of the border withTajikistan alsoincreased led toshortages and steep increases inprices. The routes the difficulty of getting supplies into the province of supplyroutes. As the Taliban captured strategic always marginal, hasbeen deeply affectedbythe control The economy of the area, though with aid agencies inthe city. employed ingovernment offices or sources of income. Others are neighbouring provinces are key the cityand harvesting in production. Manual labourwithin associated withagricultural from agriculture orfrom labour still get aproportion of their income mean thatsome families inthe city strong rural-urban linkages, which to make upthe deficit. There are families rely onoff-farm incomes returns are extremely lowand many livestock production. However, the been dominated byagriculture and 20% SPEAKING OUT province havetraditionally jority of the population inthe he livelihoods for the vastma- 15% PERCEPTIONS OFLIVELIHOODS 3% 2% Economic Profile 30% 30% Other Agriculture NGO /UNemployment Government employment Labouring Trading 16 which isnot reflected inthe ‘perceptions of livelihoods’ One major source of livelihood inthe area asawhole, debt and mortgaging of land. Coping mechanisms included decapitalisation, massive prices were some of the highest recorded inthe country. decreased further, the livestockmarket crashed and by the drought from 2000onwards. Foodsupply 16 May 2001,p1-4. SeeBadakhshan, SMUArea Report, wood for domestic use considerably. factories hasincreased the price of firewood inthe opiumprocessing however, complain thatthe useof away from wheat harvesting. Many, on effectof draining human resources and more) and thisishaving aknock are paid (approximately $5perday years. Extremely high daily wages accumulated through the drought and awaytorepay the debts it isagood source of cash income by commanders. Forordinary people is highly organised and iscontrolled of processing factories. The trade is growing rapidly asisthe number years, butthe area under cultivation been cultivatedinthe province for is poppycultivation. Poppies have Poppy cultivation

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 17 Taliban were never toadvance any further. further back,fearsinFaizabadincreased. Yet, the Takhar province), asthe United Front (UF)waspushed Taloqan (animportant supplyroute inneighbouring Faizabad. BySeptember2000the Taliban finally captured IDPs from neighbouring provinces begantofloodinto captured Mazar briefly and completelyinAugust 1998. gained ground across the country. In1997the Taliban People inthe province alsofeltinsecure asthe Taliban route. to Massoud splitovercontrol of animportant access same leader, for example in1999twocommanders loyal tensions havebeenbetweencommanders loyal tothe prolonged period of instability. Insome instances province, Najmuddin, waskilledwhich againledtoa November 1999the most powerfulcommander inthe killed; thiswasfollowed byaperiod of fighting. In In December1998the Governor of Badakhshan was Rabbani and Massoud withinthe Jamiat-i-Islamiparty. incidents of insecurity related totensions between T ers. From the 1990supto2001,there were periodic because of splitsand conflict betweencommand- he main causeof instability inthe area has been Security Profile Militarization of society 18 17 18 a lacegrilletoseethrough. Agarment thatcoversthe body from head tofoot leaving SeeBadakhshan, SMUArea Report,May 2001,p4. disputes overland and property rights. poppy trade. At the village levelconflicts are generally conflicts overthe divisions of the spoilsof the lucrative poses the major threat tosecurityalong withpotential Taliban edicts. Factional control of the area alsoprobably was required attire for women without the need for to agenerally veryconservative society. The burqa control largely inthe hands of the commanders, hasled United Front. Thismilitarization of the area, with opposition bothunder the Mujahiddin and then the Faizabad hasalong historyasamilitarybasefor the against the Taliban and the UF’srole in the war. completely sweptawaybythe United Statesled war assassination of Massoud inSeptember2001,was The potential instability inthe area causedbythe PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 37

Faizabad Profile Gardez Profile 19 19 G 65,500. rural surrounds isestimated tobe The population of the cityand its are Pashtun from the Ghilzaitribe. The majority of the peopleinthe area road. a halfhours orlessonagood tarmac make the tripfrom Kabul intwoand outside worldhowever, and one can altitudes. It israrely cutoff tothe the surrounding villages athigher winters are common, particularly in surrounded bymountains and harsh city of Gardez issituated inaplain North West Frontier Province. The bordering the tribalareas of Pakistan’s Central Statistics Office (CSO),Kabul, 2003 38 Gardez province- control of 1995 Taliban SPEAKING OUT Paktia K take EY lies ineasternAfghanistan, tal of Paktia province. It ardez isthe provincial capi- R ECENT 1996 E VENTS 1997 1998 three year drought Start of 1999 2000 2001 Collapse of Taliban- Gardez villages rocketed by Gardez Gardez city troops- Padsha Khan’s 2002

Photo courtesy of HRRAC United Nations. Many believe thatthisisacore reason international military, the Karzai government, and the in 2003,negotiating onbehalfof communities withthe tribes remained activelyengaged inprovincial politics began toprovide administration for Gardez city. The Taliban, aseven-tribeCouncil formed and immediately a huge amount of influence. Following the fall of the leaders often negotiate together and thereby exercise Paktia hasanunusually cohesive tribalsystemand tribal and then M.Assadullah. governor of Paktia afurther twotimes –toRazM.Delili remain inplace, President Karzai hasreplaced the where the political leadership hasbeenallowedto since the fall of the Taliban. Incontrast toother areas Gardez hasbeenafocal point for political attention opponent tothe Karzai regime. Governor Wardak, Padshah Khandeclared himself an remnants. When Karzai replaced himasgovernor with ongoing supportafterthe warinthe search for Taliban in the fight against the Taliban, and hadreceived Khan hadbeenanallyof the US ledmilitarycoalition sought toexert hisinfluence overthe province. Padshah I Young menin former governor of Paktia, Padshah KhanZadran, power struggleensued asalocalmilitia leader and mmediately afterthe fall of the Taliban, apolitical discussion a group Political Profile making. (tribal council) hold considerable powerinlocaldecision- At the community levelthe shura(council) andjirga militancy in2003. why Paktia hasremained relatively free of extremist Governor PERCEPTIONS OFOWER Community Shura Mullah ANNEXES 39 Photo courtesy of HRRAC

Gardez Profile Gardez Profile A 40 agenda. expected withthe reconstruction government tomove forward as by the inability of donors and the have beenlimitedbysecurityand struction projects inthe Gardez area struction needs. Large-scale recon- have limitedtheir impactonrecon- security and budgetary constraints projects inthe Gardez area, but number of small reconstruction tion Team (PRT)hasengaged ina The militaryProvincial Reconstruc- signs of reconstruction activity. year, butthere havebeenfewer benefited from good harvests this the city. Rural areas havealso more labouring workis availablein returned from Pakistan and alot vestors returning. People have struction workgoing and many in- in economic activity, withnew con- Gardez cityhasseenarecent surge that time leftfor Pakistan. tural economy and many peopleat a devastating effectonthe agricul- three-year drought from 1998had Like other areas of Afghanistan, the – inparticular fruitsand wheat. rectly orindirectly, onagriculture of the localpopulation relies, di- rural heartland, and the vastmajority of GhazniorKandahar. It lies ina it isnot atrading centre of the level in trade since the fall of the Taliban, SPEAKING OUT stan, and hasseenaboom commercial route toPaki- lthough Gardez straddles a Economic Profile PERCEPTIONS OFLIVELIHOODS 15% 5% Agriculture dominatesthelocaleconomy 80% Remittances Labouring Livestock Agriculture and

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC particularly outside of Gardez, hasgone down dramatically. of securityin2003.The number of illegalcheckpoints there havebeenmarked improvements insome areas received more security attention thanmost areas, and military forces onthe security front. Certainly, ithas story for the government and for the international therefore, thatGardez hasbeentoutedasasuccess Paktika, and Ghazni.It isperhapsnot surprising, the waysthatthey haveinneighboring provinces of The Taliban havenot beenabletodestabilize Paktia in is amuch lessthreatening force tosecurityin 2003. time. Either bynegotiation orthe threat of force, he last major offensive byPadshah Khan’sforces for some earlier. Inthe Gardez case, however, thishasbeenthe attack byhisforces inneighboring Khost afew months than 500rockets onGardez city. Thisfollowed asimilar 2002, when Padshah Khan’sforces rained down more Karzai regime. The conflict came toahead inApril Padshah KhanZadran and localtribalelders aswellthe initially, butthey were largely betweenformer governor significant conflict for some time. There were tensions stronghold, many thought Paktia wouldbethe siteof F with Pakistan, and traditionally viewed asaTaliban was seenasapotential flashpoint. Onthe border ollowing the fall of the Taliban, Gardez and Paktia Tribal links helptomaintainsecurity Security Profile regular Coalition forces thatmaintain security. their impacthasbeenlimited, and infact it is the significant impactonsecurity. Others haveargued that supporters todemonstrate thattheir model hashada Army. There hasbeenconsiderable effort byPRT one of the firstcontingents of US trained Afghan National Reconstruction Team (PRT)waslocated. It alsoreceived Gardez wasthe alsofirst location towhich aProvincial positively tothese changes inthe securitystructure. Gardez people. Many localsappeartohaveresponded locals not tobefocused uponthe bestinterests of the commander, aNortherner, who wasperceived bymany structures. Karzai alsorecalled the provincial military with significant influence inthe national military him withGulHai Sulaimankhel, aretired militaryofficer in 2003,Karzai arrested the police chief, and replaced Localsattributethistonew securityleadership. Early PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 41

Gardez Profile Herat Profile 21 20 23 22 21 20 Central Statistics Office (CSO), Kabul, 2003. Central Statistics Office (CSO), Kabul, 2003. H 42 Afghanistan’s major cultural capital. tile mosaics from the Timurid period and isstillconsidered heritage. It isfamous for itsbeautifularchitecture and The cityhasaveryrich cultural, artistic and academic Hazaras. minority of Pashtuns and amuch smaller minority of predominantly Tajik (approximately 60%)withalarge arid plains along the Iranian border.” The peopleare fertile plain“betweenthe mountains of Ghor and the has anestimated population of 254,800.It lies ina road from Kandahar through Herat. The cityof Herat centrated along the Hari-Rud riverand the main circular population of 1,208,000alarge percentage are con- military place. The province asawhole hasanestimated it ahistorically important commercial, political and Herat 1995 SPEAKING OUT K EY to the west.Its strategic location hasmade borders Turkmenistan tothe north and Iran erat province lies inWestern Afghanistan and R captur T H aliban ECENT er at 1996 e E VENTS closur over th pr W publi bath om otest 1997 e o en s c e f captur T I aliban cultural heritage Khan sm Herat hasarich 1998 by ail ed 1999 23 22 Discussion withcommunity members. Herat Province, UNHCRBackground Report,1990. 2000 escapes I Khan sm jail ail 2001 Herat r Defeat o egain I sm o T f H aliban. ail Khan s power 2002 er f th at e 2003

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 25 26 24 T fighters. as together they form astrong powerbaseof ex-jihadi of Herat ispolitically important toRabbaniand Sayaaf, which ultimately ledtothe Soviet invasion. Hiscontrol He ledthe 1979mutiny against the Taraki government, that givehimlegitimacy inthe eyesof some people. Ismail Khanhasverystrong jihadi(holy war)credentials against women. in Herat, and particularly for hisconservative stance criticised for the lackof political and social freedoms rule. Butnationally and internationally he isoften because they are tooscared toopposehisoppressive from hispatronage and hismaintenance of securityor Khan inthe cityeither becausepeopleare benefiting in Afghanistan. There is littleovertopposition toIsmail very visibleprosperity inHerat compared toother cities roads, public parksand public buildings and there isa his powertodevelop the city–ithaswell-maintained city means thatsecurityisextremely good. He hasused relatives orthose loyaltohim.Hisiron griponthe government withmany senior positions filledbyhis a virtual Emir. He controls everyfunction of the local Ismail Khancontinues thattradition ruling the area as 25 years. The area hasahistoryof independence and major political role inthe westernregion for the last largely withone man, Ismail Khan.He hasplayeda Since the fall of the Taliban powerinHerat hasrested traditions.” speaking Heratis, withtheir long aesthetic and liberal and rural Taliban were verydifferent from the Persian- culturally and linguistically, the predominantly Pashtun access toeducation and employment butalso because, not onlybecauseof the restrictions placedonfemale Herat bythe Taliban wasfelttobeamilitaryoccupation, ministrative structures and staff.“The capture of and implemented their ownpolitical and ad- he Taliban captured Herat inSeptember1995 Political Profile Men in agroupdiscussion Kabul, though the amount issaid tobeinsignificant in pressure, he handed oversome customrevenues to in Kabul, havefailed. Recently, afterconsiderable weaken hisposition byinviting himtojointhe cabinet to appoint centrally approved postsinHerat, orto for them toexert much influence overhim.Attempts in Kabul, the sizeof his powerbasemakes itdifficult While he haspledged allegiance tothe current government money gained from unregulated border customrevenues. exists becausehe hasthe means topayfor itwith size of the Afghan national army. Thismilitarypower He commands hisown troops, which far outnumber the 30 kms away. Thischartisbasedondiscussions inthe cityonly. The surveywascarried outinHerat cityand villages approximately Govern- Cen m en tr t al Judge 26 25 24 party. Sayaafishead of the Ittihad-i-Isalmi of the Jamiat-i-Islamiparty. Rabbaniisthe ex-President and head and Religion inAfghanistan. Zed Books. P. Marsden. 2002. The Taliban: War powerful personatthe village level. or village leader isanimportant and structures alsooperate. The arbab retains overall power, buttraditional In the rural areas Ismail Khanstill concern for the government. links toIran which are acausefor In addition Ismail Khanhasstrong comparison tohisoverall income. I sm P ail Khan ERCEPTIONS P OWER ANNEXES OF 43

Herat Profile Herat Profile 28 27 28 27 H 44 cultivated. es of Ghor, Farah and Badghis poppyis However, inthe neighbouring provinc- J. Head, July2002,www.news.bbc.co.uk “Divided Loyalties for ’Emirof Herat’, to befree of poppycultivation. es. Herat province as awhole issaid larly vehicles and electrical applianc- in from Dubaithrough Iran, particu- derived largely from goods coming enue everymonth. Thismoney is double the central governments rev- gests thatcustomduties amount to of taxrevenues. One estimate sug- menistan brings inmillions of dollars through the borders of Iran and Turk- largely through custom duties. Trade and the development of the city Ismail Khanfunds his personal army es. reconstruction workand trade increas- the economy hasbeen boostedas Since the departure of the Taliban happening since 1992,washalted. refugees from Iran, which hadbeen to leavefor Iran. Repatriation of fessional and skilledpeople decided struction workwashaltedand pro- 1995 the economy slowed asrecon- With the arrivalof the Taliban in hood activities. labouring are the predominant liveli- collapsed. Inthe citytrading and – harvestsfailed and livestockprices major impactonpeople’slivelihoods large partsof Afghanistan, hada drought from 1998,which effected tion channels (karez). The three year reliant ontraditional forms of irriga- rice and cottonand production is stock production including wheat, dominated byagricultural and live- In the rural areas livelihoods are ricultural production. torically beenamajor source of ag- aid of extensive irrigation, havehis- plains and valleyswhich, withthe SPEAKING OUT It ischaracterized bywide edge of the Iranian plateau. erat ispartof the eastern- Economic Profile 20 % 10 % 20 % 5 % 5 % Border tradeprovidessignificantcustomrevenues PERCEPTIONS OFLIVELIHOODS 30 % 30 % 80 % Labouring livestock production Agriculture and Small industry Aid agency employment Government employment Agriculture Labouring Trading Herat City Herat Rural

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 29 th I close tothe border with Farah province. Thisisa a pocket of insecurity around Shindand inthe south, throughout most of the province, withthe exception of and who report directly toIsmail Khan.Thisextends agents betweenwhom itisoften difficult todistinguish through anetwork of police, army and intelligence Security isconsidered tobegood, butitismaintained control of the westernregion. he allied withCoalition forces and inNovember retook before escaping in2000. AfterSeptember11,2001 was captured and spent twoyearsinaTaliban jail, his forces against the Taliban. However, in1997he Ismail KhanalsofledtoIran where he tried toregroup many peopleleftthe country and went toIran. schooling for girlsand literary meetings of women, but public baths, and the widespread prevalence of home women’s protest in1997against the closure of the There were important actsof defiance, such asthe closed and the administration wastaken over by Pashtuns. a significant impactonpeople’slives–schools were educated and work.The Taliban edicts therefore had women toplayanactiverole inpublic lifeand tobe Shia influence inHerat, which hashistorically encouraged liberal, particularly for women. There isastrong Iranian in Herat inthe 1970’sand 80’shadbeenrelatively year without any resistance. As inKabul, urbanlife eral times, finally succeeding inSeptemberof that n 1995the Taliban attemptedtocapture Herat sev- Security Profile The citadel -siteof Herat’s military power 29 ern Afghanistan, HRW, 2002,www.hrw.org/reports AllOurHopes are Crushed: Violence and Repression inWest- clashes withIsmail Khan’s forces. allied topolitical leaders inHelmand, and who periodically predominantly Pashtun area whose commander isstrongly PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 45

Herat Profile Kabul Profile 30 30 Central Statistics Office (CSO),Kabul, 2003. K 46 1996 to2001. servative ruleof the Taliban from early 1990s;and the hard line con- to inter-mujahideen fighting inthe total destruction of partsof the city style communism of the 1980’s;the tion of the 1960sand 70s;the Soviet years including: the rapid moderniza- dramatic changes overthe lastforty The peopleof Kabul have experienced 2,799,300. is currently estimated tobe Kabul’s ethnically mixed population the fertileplains around Jalalabad. Kabul gorge which opens outinto Shomali plainand tothe eastthe mountains. To the north lies the tion inafertilevalleysurrounded by Kabul 1996 SPEAKING OUT KEY RECENTEVENTS lies inastrategic trading loca- stan and itslargest city. It abul isthe capitalof Afghani- years of inter- Taliban take mujahideen following 4 Kabul city control of fighting 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 the Taliban Collapse of View of Kabul city deployed in ISAF troops Kabul 2002 Kabul

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 32 th 31 ministries –Defence and Foreign Affairs. Troops also in Kabul withcontrol of twoof the most powerful The Shura-i-Nizarmaintains considerable political power city and many remain. Ahmed ShahMassoud pictures were pastedacross the victoriously into Kabul and startedtoassume power. November 2001the forces of the Shura-i-Nizarwalked to the Taliban, quickly tookcontrol of the country. In Operation Enduring Freedom allied withgroups opposed Following the events of September11,the US led ministers. within the movement for relatively more moderate in powerchanged overthe yearsand there was room the defacto capitalduring thistime. The faces of those which reported directly toKandahar. Kandahar became political powerrested inasystemof shuras(councils) During the fiveyearsof the Taliban’s ruleinKabul Kabul peacefullyinSeptember1996. troops. Afterastableimpassethe Taliban finally took to the southand westand inthe eastbyHizb-i-Islami at thistime waseffectivelyblockaded bythe Taliban shelling and rocketing the mujahideenpositions. Kabul winter of 1995they were onthe outskirtsof the city several advances towards Kabul from 1994and bythe controlled different partsof the city. The Taliban made L and during thislawlessperiod, different groups ter-mujahideen fighting between1992and 1994 arge partsof Kabul citywere destroyed during in- Political Profile Women inagroupdiscussion together make upthe Cabinet. Butfor the cityitself The central government inKabul has29ministries that Bonn Agreement they hadagreed toleave. (ISAF wasdeployed in December 2001),when under the stayed inKabul afterthe arrivalof international forces Police (Representative) Wakil 33 32 31 33 banni Predominantly Tajik partyledbyRab- SupervisoryCouncil of the North matyar Pashtun party ledbyGulbiddin Hek- nicipality office. districts of Kabul hasadistrict Mu- at-i-Islami. Eachof the sixteen is currently politically linked toJami- is headed bythe Mayor of Kabul who and administration. The Municipality sanitation, housing, planning, land making body regarding waterand the Municipality isthe main decision Community P ERCEPTIONS P OWER Elders Municipality ANNEXES OF 47

Kabul Profile Kabul Profile is flourishing. Yet there isstilllittlelong-term investment tion workhasincreased dramatically and privatebusiness are now important employers of localpeople. Construc- have come into the capital, and foreign aid agencies considerably boosted. Increased amounts of foreign aid Since the end of 2001the economy inKabul hasbeen part of people’slivelihoods. Kabul, asremittances were, and stillare, animportant creased. Sanctions affectedthe economy, including source of income through trade and remittances de- for humanitarian and religious purposes)and ahuge national airline) wasnot allowedtoland inDubai(except Laden. One major consequence wasthatAriana (the to tryforce the Taliban tohand overOsama Bin International sanctions were imposedinNovember 1999 suspended activities, others sought waysaround the edicts. to terms withthe edicts issuedbythe Taliban –some ers. Aid agencies struggledtocome stay athome, including many teach- ernment civilservants were toldto desperate. Thousands of female gov- decreased, butthe situation wasstill Taliban asroads reopened and prices Things improved slightly under the survive. ly. Ordinary peoplestruggledto basic essentials increased dramatical- rates of inflation and the price of blockade of the cityledtospiralling of 1995-1996,the effectiveeconomic virtually destroyed. During the winter legitimate economy of the citywas Pakistan orother countries. The D 48 SPEAKING OUT 40% 1996) many Kabulis leftfor mujahideen fighting (1992- uring the yearsof inter 10% 5% Economic Profile 45% PERCEPTIONS OF LIVELIHOODS Other Remittances Salaries Private Business 34 rest useshallowwells, public tapsorprivateboreholes. from apipedwatersupplyfrom these schemes. The east of Kabul. Only22%of Kabul’s population benefits residents. The largest isthe Logarwatersupplyscheme, Four watersupplyschemes provide pipedwatertoKabul The watersupplysituation inparticular isincrisis. services such aswaterand sanitation systems. to 3million. Thishasledtosevere pressure onbasic population of the city was1.5million, now itiscloser increased significantly. Under the Taliban the estimated settle inKabul sothatthe population of the cityhas A large number of returning refugees havedecided to serious housing crisis in the city. construction materials haveskyrocketed, causing a under the Taliban and, inparticular, house rents and – prices for basic foodstuffs are much higher now than in industry. There are alsosignificant economic downsides 34 Head of Water and Sanitation, CARE Personal communication withthe and powerful. misappropriating of land bythe rich of statelands, and the buying or over property titles, the illegalselling sulted inalarge increase indisputes city avaluable asset.This hasre- property prices hasmade land inthe The growth of the cityand premium water supplytothe city. serious problems for the long-term pletely unregulated and willcause The drilling of boreholes isnow com- Housing costshavespiralled

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC security forces are directly involved. extortion are increasing, often withthe suggestion that signs thatcriminal activities, including robberies and in maintaining securityinKabul. Butthere are also took overcommand and hasbeenanimportant factor of the Bonnagreement until August 2002when NATO multinational force inKabul. ISAF wasdeployed aspart Since December2001there hasbeenaUN-authorised tations and public executions inthe Kabul stadium. pretation of Sharia law, which included beatings, ampu- it istoday, butitwasenforced through astrict inter- Certainly the securityunder the Taliban wasbetterthan hope thatthey wouldprovide peaceand security. people of Kabul initially welcomed the Taliban inthe were killed. Afterexperiencing such devastation the there washeavy street fighting and thousands of civilians shells and rockets and partswere virtually destroyed, D Destruction inKabul city city. The citywaseffectivelybombarded with (1992-1996) there wasverylittlesecurityinthe uring the yearsof inter-mujahideen fighting Security Profile PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 49

Kabul Profile Kandahar Profile 35 S Central Statistics Offics (CSO),Kabul, 2003. inter-factional fighting. were destroyed through fighting against the Soviets and conflict inthe past–by1994large partsof the city province. The cityhasbeenverybadlyaffected bythe district, the smallest and most populateddistrict inthe next tothe Tarnak Riversurrounded byhillsinDand Kandahar citylies inaflatplateau commercial and militarycentre. location hasmade itan important north and northeast. Its strategic Uruzgan and Zabul provinces tothe Helmand province tothe westand province inPakistan tothe east, border (250miles)withBaluchistan the Pashtun heartland. It hasalong east of Afghanistan and ispartof Kandahar Province lies inthe south- itary centre. is animportant commercial and mil- Quetta inPakistan intersect, Kandahar where the roads toHerat, Kabul and 50 Kandahar 1994 SPEAKING OUT K trategically locatedonthe ma- sia and the Indian subcontinent jor trading routes betweenPer- EY years of heavy control of the Taliban take city after R conflict ECENT 1995 E VENTS 1996 1997 Start of three year drought 1998 province- in the 35 468,200 including the surrounding rural areas’. seven districts and hasanestimated population of there isasmall Shiaminority. The cityisdivided into Pashtuns (Afghanistan’s historical ruling class)though The majority of the peopleinthe cityare Durrani 1999 2000 Kandahar Street scene, Kandahar 2001 collapse. Gul Agha Sherzai return from appointed Governor. Pakistan- Refugees Taliban 2002

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC the rural areas. As inKabul and other cities there are of large landowning khans(landlords) particularly in Traditional powerstructures are basedonthe influence affiliated withRabannisJamiat-iIslami. tribe. Nurzais control the militarygarrisonand are city isPopulzai. President Karzai ispartof the Populzai Currently the Governor isBarakzai and the Mayor of the tribes inthe city:the Barakzais, Populzais and Nurzais. tribal affiliation. There are three politically important Political powerinKandahar isdetermined inpartby replaced byEngineer Yusaf Pashtoon. appointed Governor of Kandahar. He hassince been former mujahideenleader before the Taliban) was After the collapseof the Taliban, GulAgha Sherzai (a power. Omar remained inKandahar throughout their yearsin the senior leadership of the Taliban, including Mullah areas. Evenwhen the Taliban captured Kabul, much of had authority overshurainother Taliban controlled body under the leadership of Mullah Omar. Thisshura a shura(council) inthe cityasthe main decision making and spiritual centre of the movement. They established of the cityinlate1994Kandahar became the political of almost totalcollapse. When the Taliban tookcontrol B 36 and the government administration wasinastate efore the arrivalof the Taliban different mujahideen groups battledfor control of the city Political Profile Local Trader power stilllies withthe jirgas. as localdecision-making bodies, and withinrural areas, In rural areas the Taliban revived the jirga(tribalcouncil) ownership becauseof false land documents. also major land disputeswithinthe cityand contested 36 Mujahideen-soldiers of Islam of Defence Ministry Governor Community P ERCEPTIONS P OWER Shura President Karzai ANNEXES OF 51

Kandahar Profile Kandahar Profile a significant amount of which isexported toPakistan economy. The province isfamous for fruitproduction, agriculture hasbeenawelldeveloped partof the but the land around the cityisflatand fertileand province’s southern half isdesert and largely unpopulated, Kandahar’s main economic outputisagricultural. The end of the 2003. unlikely tohaveatemporary surface onthe road bythe been continually slowed due toinsecurity. It now looks since President Bushmade itapriority, itsrepair has has received ahuge amount of attention and resources reconstruction. Eventhough the Kabul-Kandahar road doing reconstruction work,which hassignificantly slowed or high riskfor international NGOsand privatecontractors Kandahar. Much of the province isnow either medium Reconstruction hasbeen slowedsignificantly inrural A 52 a period of economic growth. city returned tonormal, and hasseen situation stabilized, however, the affiliated withthe Taliban. As the Pakistan, particularly those closely even fledwiththeir assetssouthto of whatwouldhappen,and some as localbusiness peoplewere unsure was aperiod of economic stagnation With the fall of the Taliban, there significant economic growth. Herat onto central Asia, which saw from Pakistan, through Kandahar and control. They opened upthe route growth through their yearsof political 40% SPEAKING OUT 15% saw stabilityand economic Taliban movement, Kandahar s the political fulcrumof the 3% 2% Economic Profile 40% PERCEPTIONS OF LIVELIHOODS NGO salaries Government salaries Agriculture Labouring Small Trading Small businessesareanimportantpartof theeconomy In the city, livelihoods are basedonsalaried workwith losing much of their livestock. They suffered particularly badlyduring the drought, of the largest kuchi(nomadic) populations inAfghanistan. Pakistan increased. Kandahar province ishome toone collapsed aspeoplesoldoff assetsand migration to economy –yields reduced drastically, livestockprices 1998 hadasignificant impactonthe agricultural other partsof Afghanistan, the three yeardrought from badly effectedagricultural production and later, asin Damage toirrigation systems during many yearsof war built withUS supportinthe early1950s. The dam isabout50kms northeast of the cityand was River -Arghistan and Arghandab and bythe Dahladam. tion issupportedbytwotributaries of the Helmand or transported tomarkets inKabul. Agricultural produc- Iran. Pakistan or through Nimroz and onto harvest issmuggled via Kandahar to cultivation beltof Afghanistan. The dahar, ispartof the traditional poppy The southern region, including Kan- city. of construction workgoing oninthe market and currently there isalot exists around the fruitand dried fruit labour. Some large scaletrading economy, bothof traded goods and there isasignificant cross border the proximity of the Pakistan border, ing, and aid agencies. Becauseof government, privatefirms and trad-

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC U families leftthe cityfor the relative safetyof the villages. of the Taliban and AlQaeda groups. At thispoint many as Coalition forces tried toeliminate the leading members Kandahar became amilitarytarget againinlate2001 1995 byIsmail Khan’sforces wasthwarted. However, period -anadvance towards the cityinthe summer of Kandahar cityremained secure throughout the Taliban very popularwithlocalpeople. that the Taliban brought made them, atleastinitially, years of inter-factional fighting, the securityand order tations of sharialaw(Islamic law).Afterthe previous disarmed the cityand implemented their strict interpre- very littleresistance along the way. They immediately after, the Taliban moved into Kandahar citymeeting district inKandahar and ontoTurkmenistan. Soon convoy travelling from Pakistan through SpinBoldak The Taliban firstcame toprominence protecting atrade civilians. allowed commanders toextort taxes from traders and Checkpoints along accessroads toand from the city many of whom preyed uponthe localpopulations. were controlled bycommanders from different factions, During the inter-factional fighting, partsof the city quently betweenthe mujahideenfactions themselves. Soviet-backed Afghan Government and subse- ing, firstbetweenmujahideengroups and the ntil late1994Kandahar sawconsiderable fight- Security Profile at Kandahar airport. Still, anti-government groups in the province, and maintain alarge troop deployment Coalition forces havecontinued their militaryactivities quickly. The rapid collapseof the Taliban allowed them toreturn troops remain engaged inthe area. On condition thatinternational PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident Security Forces cantly asaresult. curtailed their programmes signifi- concerns. Many aid agencies have the citythere are serious security relatively secure. However, outside Currently the cityremains tense, but west and tothe Afghan government. tions thatthey view asallied tothe ganisations and government institu- province, and havetargeted aid or- continue tooperate in Kandahar ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 53

Kandahar Profile Panjao Profile 38 37 38 37 P belong tothe Imami Shia sect. Hazaragi. The majority of the people speak adistinct dialect of Daricalled exclusively Hazara and the people ulation of 66,600.It isalmost Panjao district hasanestimated pop- est areas inthe country. one of the leastdeveloped and poor- of strategic importance, itremains Becauseof itsremoteness and lack further inwinter byheavy snowfall. tainous and remote area, isolated living withinit.It isabarren, moun- predominant ethnic group (Hazaras) arajat becauseof the overwhelmingly It ispartof anarea known asHaz- ChrisJohnson, Hazarajat report, unpublished. The whole of thisprofile draws heavily onthisunpublished report. Central Statistics Office (CSO), Kabul, 2003. 54 Panjao 1995 SPEAKING OUT K tral highlands of Afghanistan. Province, which lies inthe cen- anjao isadistrict of Bamian EY R ECENT 1996 the Province fighting in factional Ongoing E VENTS 1997 Economic blockade 1998 Drought starts between Hezb-i- Ongoing pockets Panjao. Blockade Taliban inthe Taliban enter Wahdat and of fighting removed. province 1999 with Kuchis disputes Land 2000 massacre in Yakowlang Civilian 2001 Khalili for taken by 0.5 days Panjao collapse Taliban 2002 Panjao Hillsides of Panjao Drought ends 2003

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 39 tension. to paytributethem –attimes causing inter-community population). Insome casesthey expect non-Sayyeds Prophet who are said tonumber between2-4%of the key distinctions iswiththe Sayyeds(descendants of the patterns of powerand political allegiance. One of the divisions withinthisethnic group basedontraditional Whilst Hazarajat isoverwhelmingly Hazara there are has beenappointed. had retained the governorship. Recently anew Governor governed the district asalocalTalib and since 2001 the Governor wasfrom the Akbarifaction. He had little inrecent years. During the period of the research is allied withKhalili.Power relations havechanged with Akbari,and the Commander, orHead of Security, sometimes tense relationship. The Governor isallied At the district levelthe twofactions share powerina Wahdat. KhaliliisaVice President inthe government. Khalili and Akbariwho head rivalfactions of Hezb-i- Links tothe Kabul government are maintained through of the area (May 1997toSeptember1998). area -most recently withthe Taliban’s economic blockade been attemptstosubjugateand politically weaken the neglected becauseof itsremoteness. There have, however, H a ‘forgotten’ area -historically marginalised and portant area. It isoften talked aboutasbeing azarajat hasnever really beenastrategically im- Political Profile Women inafocus group discussion power. They are allgenerally allied toone of the Hezb- landlords havemade political affiliations tomaintain manders havebecome landlords inthe area and old landlords and commanders. Inthe recent pastcom- The most powerfulgroups withincommunities are the government NGOs District Landlord 39 ara/shia party. Hezb-i-Wahdat isapredominantly Haz- and itisalsooften usedfor prayer. Community discussions are held there village placefor decision-making. khana (community room) isthe major At the community levelthe takia to apolitical faction. power especially ifthey are not allied Some small landowners may alsolack groups (widows, displacedetc). less and other ‘traditional’ vulnerable access toresources such asthe land- the leastpowerare those thatlack collect taxes. Conversely, those with – apowerthatalsoallowsthem to political powerwithinthe factions on their ownership of land and their i-Wahdat factions. Their powerrests Shura Community P Khana Takia ERCEPTIONS P OWER Commanders Mullah ANNEXES OF 55

Panjao Profile Panjao Profile many inthe area. Wages inthissectorare good (more is averyimportant and growing source of income for ‘perceptions of livelihoods’, ispoppycultivation. This One source of income, which isnot reflected inthe hold income. Thisislargely due tothe lackof market. sold bymen make avery limitedcontribution tohouse- and overtime. Handicrafts produced bywomen and of remittances tothe economy varies geographically important coping mechanism, though the significance H 56 (seasonal and permanent) isalsoan seasonal and poorlypaid. Migration for the poorest, though most of itis Local labouring isanecessary strategy income isgained from other activities. A smaller proportion of household sential cashincome tofamilies. major crop and livestockare anes- (both irrigated and rainfed) isthe ture and livestockproduction. Wheat livelihood isoverwhelmingly agricul- activities, butthe major source of involved inavariety of livelihood import food. Most households are sufficient ingrain, the area hadto SPEAKING OUT Agriculture Trading Livestock Afghanistan wasself- food deficit area. Evenwhen azarajat hasalwaysbeena 6% PERCEPTIONS OF 4% LIVELIHOODS 35% 3% 2% Economic Profile Local Products Remittances Casual Labour 50% hardship. for the area from the recent years of serious economic snowfall of winter 2002seems to offer the firstrespite collapsed againand migration increased. The good yields, particularly onrainfed land. Livestockprices villages suffered. The drought significantly reduced affected districts inHazarajat, though the remoter drought started. Panjao wasnot among the worst Once the blockade wasliftedin1998athree-year italisation and the mortgaging of land. through the dramatic increase inindebtedness, decap- In the long termitweakened household economies market, which subsequently increased out-migration. in the price of food and acollapseinthe livestock 1998 hadasignificant impact.There were sharpincreases the area bythe Taliban from May 1997toSeptember The politically driven economic blockade imposedon for meeting immediate consumption needs. owners often mortgage their land, acommon strategy and spring flooding. In times of hardship small land- marginal landholdings. It alsocontributes toerosion pressure onland leading tofragmentation and increasingly limits agricultural production and means there isenormous of the area. The physical terrain of barren mountains poor infrastructure reflects the economic marginalisation to markets, particularly inwinter, isakey factor. The in the area. Its geographical isolation and lackof access There are anumber of barriers toeconomic development that they hadseenpoppyinPanjao district. is growing. People toldusthatthiswasthe first year than cashfor workprojects) and the area under cultivation Namad (feltrug)production

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 40 T been unable tograze them since the Soviet invasion. The kuchisownlarge tracts of land inthe area, buthave larger disputeshaveemerged withthe kuchis(nomads). of small scaledisputeswithincommunities. At times over land and waterrights. Thislargely takes the form The other major source of conflict inthe area hasbeen under the Taliban becausethey feared the consequences. However, peoplenow openlycarry guns; they didn’t reported massacres in their neighbouring district. in Panjao were extremely fearfulof the fighting and massacred about170people, mostly civilians. People During these clashes the Taliban were alleged tohave Hezb-i-Wahdat and the Taliban clashed overYakawlang. Panjao continued toremain stable, butin late2000 fighting (DaiKundi). the Taliban (Bamian) and some wasongoing factional pockets of fighting elsewhere. Some of thiswasagainst under the Akbari-Taliban alliance, though there were mostly through localelites. Panjao wasrelatively stable of Hazaras inMazar-i-Sharif. The Taliban ruledthe area because of the widespread reports of civilian massacres an alliance. The Taliban were greatly feared inHazarajat faction fledand Akbarifinding no supportnegotiated 1998. They met littlemilitaryopposition -the Khalili from Mazar into Hazarajat taking Panjao inSeptember the area. During the late1990sthe Taliban advanced i-Wahdat (Khaliliand Akbari)clashed consistently in recent years. Inthe 1990sthe rivalfactions of Hezb- been periods of serious conflict and instability in between different political factions. There have he major source of conflict inthe area hasbeen Security Profile Land pressure leads to conflictover tenure 40 February 2001,www.hrw.org ‘Massacres of Hazaras inAfghanistan’, Human Rights Watch, Taliban resolved the disputethrough negotiation. going tovillages asking for 20yearsof land rent. The hundred armed kuchisarrivedinPanjao and started Local Hazaras now farm the land. InMay 1999,several PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 57

Panjao Profile Saripul Profile 42 41 42 41 S the southern mountainous partof the province, runs The major riveristhe Saripul riverwhich originates in (15%) and Pashtuns (5%). dominant group (50%)followed byTajiks (30%),Hazaras The cityisethnically mixed though Uzbeksare the villages thisincreases to142,900. 24,400, and including surrounding It hasanestimated population of by the direct impactof the conflict. provincial centre, largely undamaged Saripul cityitselfisamedium sized to the west. to the east,and Jawzjan and Faryab to the south,Balkhand Samangan borders Ghor and Bamyian provinces Balkh and Samangan provinces. It Najibullah and carvedoutof Jawzjan, new province created in1990under Afghanistan plain.It isarelatively along the edge of the north 58 Estimates of local people. Central Statistic Office, Kabul, 2003. Jumbesh and Saripul between 1997 Ongoing conflict Jamiat- SPEAKING OUT KEY RECENTEVENTS northwards into the foothills Tir Band-i Turkestan mountains aripul Province runs from the opposed tothem. Ongoing conflict between Taliban displacement of and parties Internal people 1998 three year drought Start of 1999 Jawzjan. provides irrigation watertoalarge partof central through the Saripulcityand into Jawzjan province and 2000 2001 Hills aroundSaripulCity Saripul Collapse of Taliban Saripul city- Jumbesh in Jamiat and between Fighting 2002

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC 45 43 44 S properties and resources (including natural resources) agricultural taxation, expropriation of government throughout the province isprevalent including: violence, General Dostum.Abuseof powerbylocalcommanders Saripul cityisinunder the control of Jumbeshand opposition, and intra- Jumbesh incharacter. and Kohistanat latterly became Jamiat-Jumbesh,Taliban- The intra-mujahidin conflicts in,for example, Gosfandi the 1980s, though their political formation haschanged. province are acontinuation of those which startedin Many of the conflicts which stillexist today inthe most of the rest of the province including Saripulcity. district and partsof other districts and Jumbesh controls and Jumbesh.Jamiatcontrols most of Sangcharak in 2001hasbeenthe strugglebetweenJamiat-i-Islami The main political dynamic since the fall of the Taliban a contested area. of the province bylate1998,Balkhabdistrict remained Though the Taliban managed togaincontrol overmost erable resistance particularly from Balkhabdistrict. The Taliban pushtothe north in1997met withconsid- factions of Hezb-i-Wahdat (Khaliliand Akbari). i-Islami and Jumbeshand betweenthe twomain was astrugglefor powerinthe province betweenJamiat- in 1990.Following the fall of Najibullah there able conflict and powerstrugglessince itsbirth aripul province hasbeenthe scene of consider- Political Profile the main decision making body atthe community level. As inother partsof the country, shuras(councils) are exemption payments. and forced conscription orcollection of conscription Local Elders NGOs General Dostum Community 45 44 43 main factions –Khaliliand Akbari Hazara/Shia partydivided into two General Rashid Dostum Predominantly Uzbekpartyledby President Rabbani Predominantly Takij partyledbyex- P ERCEPTIONS Shura P OWER Commanders ANNEXES OF 59

Saripul Profile Saripul Profile traders and agricultural markets. for the surrounding areas and there are lotsof small and harvesting work.Saripulisthe main market town for employment orwithin Afghanistan for construction livelihood strategies. Men travel toIran and Pakistan and remittances alsoplay animportant role infamily amongst the Hazaras inSaripulcity. Labourmigration contribute significantly tocashincome particularly Handicrafts are prominent incertainareas and do and harvestfailure. There were huge lossesof livestock agricultural production of the area. onwards hadaserious impactonthe The three yeardrought from 1998 wheat crops and cash-crop poplars. permitting, produce good rainfed hill areas around Saripulcity, rain tion isextremely limited. The lowland tainous and any agricultural produc- south of the province. It ismoun- district isthe poorest district inthe and cash-crop poplars. Kohistanat production butproduces good fruit the high altitude restricts cereal crop ies bylocation. InBalkhabdistrict T 60 20% SPEAKING OUT 10% PERCEPTIONS OFLIVELIHOODS livestock production, which var- ince isprimarily agriculture and he economic baseof the prov- 5% 5% Economic Profile 20% 40% Remittances Gilim production Labouring Livestock Trading Agriculture and amajor source of revenue. potentially oilproduction couldbeamajor employer refineries. At present the production islimited, but in Shiberghan (Jawzjan province) inlocally-built,private then. The refining of the crude oilinto fueltakes place after 1992and havebeenexploited periodically since in the 1980sand then capped. These were reopened Saripul province hasfiveoilwellswhich were established Saripul isanimportantmarket centre beyond. gled southinto Ghor province and routes for raw opium,which issmug- also onone of the major transit the north of the country. Saripulis expanded asisthe casethroughout traditionally verylimited, hasrecently Poppy cultivation, which hadbeen

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of HRRAC F disarm partsof the district inOctober2003. of Hezb-i-Wahdat (Khaliliand Akbari).Plans exist to between commanders linked totwodifferent factions In Balkhabdistrict there havebeenrepeated clashes structures. to retard reform of the political and administrative and their twodifferent divisions of the militarycontinues The continued tension betweenJamiatand Jumbesh summer of 2003these conflicts havebeeninabeyance. for powerinKohistanat district and Gosfandi. Since the Saripul cityfrom Jamiat.Thiswasfollowed bystruggles and Jumbesh.InMay 2002,Jumbeshtookcontrol of Currently, there are sporadic conflicts betweenJamiat displaced toBalkhab–many of whom remain there. and Sangcharak district. Alarge number of peoplewere scorched earthpolicy wasimplemented inbothGosfandi civilians were reportedly deliberately massacred and a Taliban wasdealt withharshly-inGosfandi in2000 particularly inBalkhabdistrict. Opposition tothe conflict inthe province and considerable resistance, Similarly, during the Taliban period there wasalsoheavy many of these conflicts continue indifferent forms. flict betweendifferent mujahideengroups and ollowing the fall of Najib there wasongoing con- Security Profile Young menneedemploymentopportunities PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 61

Saripul Profile Zaranj Profile 48 47 46 48 47 46 Z about 82,000. almost allSunniMuslim, who inZaranj district number Baluch and Pashtun ismore even.The population are as awhole, the balance between number of Tajiks. Inthe province and Pashtun (30%)withaverysmall it are predominantly Baluch (70%) Zaranj cityand the rural areas around northeast down toZaranj. River Khashrod, which runs from the tween Iran and Afghanistan, and the mand, which defines the border be- settlements runalong the RiverHel- is largely anarid desert. The largest imately 250,000people)becauseit It issparselypopulated(withapprox- the westand Pakistan tothe south. istan. The province borders Iran to Ockenden International, Information Project, December 2002. Estimates from localpeople. Ockenden International, Information Project, December 2002. 62 Zaranj SPEAKING OUT K far southeast corner of Afghan- of Nimroz, which lies inthe aranj isthe provincial capital EY R over Zaranj ECENT Taliban control take E VENTS starts and continues for three Drought years with Iranian products and prices are inIranian currency. socially ispalpable-inZaranj, cityshops are stocked The proximity toIran physically, economically and Zaranj Village house Taliban Fall of

Photo courtesy of HRRAC Photo courtesy of Ockenden International 49 shifted intheir favour. Pashtuns and subsequently the ethnic balance has returned inlarger numbers overthe lasttwoyearsthan time, butmore leftduring the Taliban era. They have Baluch peopleleftinmuch smaller numbers during that particularly Zabul and Zahedan closetothe border. returned yetand remain intowns and campsinIran of the Russian occupation and drought. Many havenot During the 1980smany Pashtuns lefttoIran because and the lucrative cross-border economy. ownership, butisnow alsolinked topolitical allegiances Notani. Their powerwastraditionally basedonland tribes, the twomost powerfulof which are Brahui and families of the same tribes. There are sixmain Baluchi the Durand line withPakistan the Iranian border divides Iranian Baluchi peopleacross the border inIran. Like The Baluch peoplearound Zaranj are the same asthe There are alsointeresting ethnic dimensions topower. relationships withthe authorities there. the Taliban regime (1995-2001)and maintain close links toIran. Many of those inpowerfledtoIran during allied toJamiat-i-Islami,and bothhavestrong political has strong linkswithIsmail Khanand bothareas are Z vides income from customrevenues. The leadership Herat, thisimportant trading route withIran pro- aranj iscloselypolitically linked toHerat. Like Political Profile 49 Predominantly Tajik partyledbyex-President Rabbani. play arole inhow decisions are made. institution atthe local level.Tribal affiliation canoften assembly) isthe most important decision-making As inmost other places inAfghanistan the shura(council, NGOs PERCEPTIONS OFSECURITY Women ataCommunityMeeting Community Elders Landlords Mosque Command- ers ANNEXES Govern- ment 63

Zaranj Profile Zaranj Profile in Afghanistan. as families return from Iran ormove from other provinces in construction. Many privatehouses are being rebuilt In Zaranj itselfthisyear, there isalotof workavailable Iran provides 24-hour electricity tothe city. the norm –shopkeepers do not giveprices inAfghanis. revenues for the authorities. The Iranian currency is trade. Thistrade alsoprovides significant custom on adaily basis, labouring orbringing backgoods to border is15minutes away bycarand many peoplecross There are verystrong economic linkswithIran. The not appeartobeany plantodo so. and wouldrequire major worktorestore -there does several years. Major irrigation channels are fullof sand can literally beeatenupbydunes inthe courseof dusty summers mean that sand dunes move fast -houses completely siltedup.The windy, not survivedthe drought and have Some of the irrigation channels have flooded for the firsttime inyears. the dry Hamoon lakebed hasbeen flowing inthe RiverHelmand, and Now the drought isover, wateris left for Iran. and many turned tosmall trading or major impactonpeople’slivelihoods this production. The drought hada from the Helmand Rivertosupport ton. Irrigation waterwaschannelled particularly of wheat, beans and cot- was more agricultural production the drought of 1998onwards, there labouring with,and in,Iran. Before T 64 30% SPEAKING OUT villages around istrade and daily for peopleinZaranj and the he major source of livelihood 5% 2% 3% Economic Profile 60% PERCEPTIONS OF Other Remittances Handicrafts Daily labouring Small trading withIran LIVELIHOODS historically hadthe biggest area of land under poppy poppy products. The neighbouring province of Helmand route withIran of both legitimate goods and, inparticular, Because of itslocation Nimroz isanimportant trade hoping thatthe planto construct the road goes ahead. way through the fast-moving dunes. Localpeopleare difficult toseeasaroad -carsand trucks wend their main southern route linking Herat and Kandahar is Afghanistan problematic. The road from Zaranj tothe The lackof transport infrastructure makes trading within livestock during the drought. The majority haveanomadic background and losttheir opportunities, havesettledinthe villages around Zaranj. the proximity of Iran and the increased employment Farah, Helmand and Herat provinces. Many, becauseof There are more than800displacedfamilies from Ghor, 50 50 vey, 2002 UNDCP/ICMP, Afghanistan OpiumSur- of $2.50. compared toa‘normal’ daily wage per day atthe peakharvesting period harvesting isapproximately $8-10 production. Cashincome from poppy Zaranj asalackof waterprohibits time thisyear. It isnot grown in vated onalarge scalefor the first Khashrod district poppywasculti- Nimroz hasstartedtoproduce. In cultivation inAfghanistan and now Construction inZaranjcity

Photo courtesy of Ockenden International T Dilarum. and hijackings along the road betweenGhorghori and move around and there havebeennumerous robberies of Nimroz insecure. Inthe northeast, armed groups groups opposedtothe current government make parts The riseof the narco-economy and the presence of Zaranj, butwaslargely apolitically driven move was becauseof the serious lackof drinking water in of Khashrod, closertothe Helmand border. Inpartthis started tobuildanew provincial capitalinthe district political proximity of Zaranj tothe Iranian border. They The Taliban were concerned aboutthe physical and political leadership fledtoIran, returning inlate2001. Pakistan ortoother partsof Afghanistan. The fighting. At thistime some peopleleftfor Iran, he Taliban captured Zaranj in1995withminimal Security Profile PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY Very worried Pessimistic Don’t know optimistic Cautiously Very confident Security checkpoint ANNEXES 1 2 3 4 5 65

Photo courtesy of Ockenden International

Zaranj Profile Annex B 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. QUESTIONS INFORMATION ABOUTTHERESPONDENT Checked bysupervisor:______Name of surveyor/organization: Province: Date of survey:/ 66 SPEAKING OUT In youropinion, willAfghanistan become more orlesspeaceful inayearfrom now? QUESTION) In youropinion, whatisthe most important thing todo toimprove securityinyourcommunity? d. Idon’t know c. Same b. Less a. More Do youfeelmore orlesssafeinyourcommunity today thanyoudid three yearsago? c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes Are yousatisfied withthatgroup’s effort inproviding security? f. Idon’t know e. Nobody d. Other group ______c. Mullah b. Community a. Police/Amniat What group protects peoplefrom crime like stealing inyourvillage/town? If not, why not? (OPEN QUESTION) b. No a. Yes Do youfeelsafewalking alone inand around yourvillage/town? 6. Ifnot, where did youcome from? (country and province enough) 5. Have youlivedhere inthe last2years? 4. Years of education: 3. Age: 2. Ethnicity: 1. Gender: Survey Questionnaire Annex B: a. Yes a. None a. 15-18 a. Male Signature of supervisor: District: Time of survey: b. No b. <6 b. 19-26 b. Female c. 7-12 c. 27-40 Village/town: Code No. d. >12 d. >40 (OPEN 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes 8. Willyouvoteinthe national election next year? b. No/I don’t know a. Yes Is there anational election inAfghanistan next yearwhen peoplewillchoose their government? b. No/I don’t know a. Yes Is there anew constitution being developed for Afghanistan? involved? ORWhy do youthinkwomen should not beinvolved?(OPENQUESTION) IF ANSWERTO #14IS “IDON’TKNOW,” DON’TASKTHIS QUESTION: Why do youthinkwomen should be c. Idon’t know/no opinion b. No a. Yes Do youthinkwomen should beinvolvedincommunity decision-making outside their home inyourcommunity? d. Idon’t know c. Has not changed b. More difficult a. Easier than itwasthree yearsago? Do youthinkitiseasier ormore difficult todiscusscommunity problems withyourcommunity leaders today c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes makers willlistentoyouropinion? If there isanimportant meeting aboutacommunity problem inyourvillage/town, do youthinkthe decision- your family go tofor help outside the community? (NO NAMESREQUIRED) (OPENQUESTION) If there isno decision-maker orthisdecision-maker inthiscommunity cannot solvethe problem, who does c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes who willsolvethisproblem? If yourfamily hasaproblem withanother family aboutland, isthere adecision-maker withinthiscommunity e. Idon’t know d. Doesn’tmatter c. Both b. International a. Afghan Do youwant Afghan orinternational forces toprovide securityinyourarea? c. Idon’t know/ No answer b. No a. Yes years? Do youthinkthe Afghan army orpolice willbeabletoprovide securityinyourarea withinthe next five d. Idon’t know c. Same b. Less a. More ANNEXES 67

Annex B Annex B 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 68 SPEAKING OUT (OPEN QUESTION) If youwere the president of Afghanistan, whatwouldyoudo firsttohelp yourcountry? Why? f. Idon’t know/No opinion e. Doesn’tmatter d. None of them c. Both b. NGOs/UN a. Government government ortoNGOsand the United Nations? Do youthinkthatthe money from foreign governments should begivendirectly tothe Afghan central c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes Do youthinkAfghanistan willget allthe money thatitwaspromised byforeign governments? c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes Have foreign governments promised money tohelp rebuild Afghanistan? (OPEN QUESTION) ONLY ASKIFANSWERTO 24.IS “NO”: Why do youthinkthe government willnot help yourcommunity? c. Idon’t know b. No a. Yes like education orhealth care orroads and bridges? In the next three years, do youthinkthe government willhelp yourcommunity with,for example, services d. Idon’t know c. Same b. More difficult a. Easier Is iteasier ormore difficult for youtoget health care today thanitwasthree yearsago? d. Idon’t know c. Same b. More difficult a. Easier ago? Is iteasier ormore difficult for children inyourcommunity togo toschool today thanitwasthree years Why willthe elections bring no change? (OPENQUESTION) Why willthe elections bring positivechanges? ORWhy willthe elections bring negative changes? OR d. Idon’t know/have no opinion c. No change b. Negative a. Positive In youropinion, willthe general elections bring positiveornegative changes toAfghanistan? Why willyounot voteinthe election? (OPENQUESTION) IF ANSWERTO #18IS “IDON’TKNOW,” DON’TASKTHIS QUESTION: Why willyouvoteinthe election? OR ECONOMIC RIGHTS POLITICAL RIGHTS SECURITY RIGHTS

Why? (Not security) What haschanged inyourcommunity inthe lastthree yearsinterms of the localeconomy and development? Does it make any difference toyourlife who isingovernment inKabul? Why/why not? should beallowed tovoteinnational elections? Why/why not. Do youthink women should beinvolved indecision making ornot? Why/why not? Doyouthinkwomen vote from thiscommunity? There isaplantochoose anew government inKabul next year. Who do youthinkshould beallowedto If youhaveaproblem how do youresolve itinthe community? Does this systemworkfor everybody? should rely onthe experience of elders? Do youthinkallmembers of yourcommunity’s opinions should beheard ordo youthinkdecision making How are decisions made inthiscommunity? What should bedone toimprove the prospects for long-term peace?Why? will havetofight againinthe future? Do youexpect the securitysituation tochange inthe future and why? Doyouthinkthat you/yoursons Do youthinkAfghanistan isatpeaceornot? Why? of where youlive, whatyoudo, whatyoubuyorsell? How hasinsecurity affectedyourlifeinthe lastthree years?Has itaffectedyourfamily’s choices interms Who do youthinkshould provide securitytoyourcommunity? Why? What do youthinkwouldhelp toimprove securityinyourcommunity? Why? changed, how and why? Has the securitysituation beenthe same overthe lastthree yearsorhavethings changed? Ifsowhathas Why/why not? Which peopledo/don’t feelsafe? Do allmembers of yourcommunity feelsafeinthisarea? Doyoufeelsafetravelling outof yourarea? Are youconsulted inthe planning of projects? Doyouthinkshould beconsulted? Ifso why? What are yourhopes and fearsaboutthe government and international promises toreconstruct Afghanistan? promise? Why? The international community haspromised tohelp rebuild Afghanistan. Doyouthinkthey willkeep that Do youwant money for thiscommunity togo through the national government? Why? Do youthinkthatthe government willbeabletohelp yourcommunity inthe next fiveyears?Why? Who isassisting yourcommunity from outside? Group DiscussionGuidingQuestions Annex C: ANNEXES 69

Annex C Annex D of the participants toengage. Thisvaried enormously betweenlocations and betweendifferent group discussions. The quality of the group discussions waslargely determined bythe skillof the facilitator and the willingness used asstaffthought thiswouldinhibitparticipants. B). Another staffmember tookwrittennotes; these were latertranslated into English. Tape recorders were not NGO stafffacilitated the group discussions inlocallanguages basedonasetof guiding questions (seeannex Inside Kabul the fivegroup discussions were held withmembers of localcommunity groups. were not invitedtoparticipate inthe group discussions. knew eachother, particularly inthe rural areas. Where possible, peoplewho hadparticipated inthe questionnaire from different partsof the area surveyedand from different socio-economic backgrounds. Many of the participants Outside Kabul, localstaffof member organisations invitedpeopletothe group discussions. Participants came old. Inmost cases, allyouthwere male, except inKabul where some young women attended discussions. held withwomen, men and youth.Participants inthe youthgroup discussions were approximately 18-25years Three hundred and seventy fivepeopleparticipated in31group discussions. Separate group discussions were 70 SPEAKING OUT Details ofGroupDiscussions NUMBER OFPARTICIPANTSINGROUPDISCUSSIONS Annex D: 1 Kabul. The coding for the openquestions was determined from the answers emerging from the first300surveys carried outin 1 Coding forOpenQuesions Annex E: ANNEXES 71

Annex E Annex E 72 SPEAKING OUT 1 further data please contact the project staff. to analyze the significance of the results. The data presented in thisannex isaselection from the complete data set.For For the data analysis a‘split-half analysis’ determined thatthe sample sizeusedwasadequate. Chi-squared testwasused TOTAL Total Location Location Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender 2. Ifnot, why not? your village/town? 1. Doyou feelsafewalking alone inand around Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % 1 Statistical Results Crime 15.29 57.14 10.00 25.00 15.79 17.78 15.38 13.73 17.65 Petty 0.00 0.00 9.09 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.30 98.00 97.00 89.11 80.00 97.67 95.00 76.00 92.23 95.18 97.56 95.68 85.71 91.50 97.96 91.19 93.52 Yes Annex F Insecurity General 100.00 100.00 100.00 63.53 50.00 54.55 90.00 28.57 80.00 45.83 62.50 75.00 73.68 57.78 53.85 62.75 64.71 10.89 20.00 24.00 14.29 7.70 2.00 3.00 2.33 5.00 7.77 4.82 4.32 8.50 2.04 8.81 6.48 2.4 No 14.12 50.00 18.18 10.00 16.67 37.50 25.00 10.53 15.56 15.38 13.73 14.71 Other 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.18 14.29 12.50 15.38 know Don’t 7.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.89 0.00 9.80 2.94 ANNEXES 73

Annex F Annex F 74 TOTAL Location TOTAL TOTAL Ethnicity Location Location Gender Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender 3. Whatgroup protects people from crime like stealing inyour village/town? three years ago? 5. Doyou feelmore orless safeinyour community today thanyou did security? 4. Are you satisfiedwiththatgroup’s effort inproviding SPEAKING OUT Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Police 48.46 43.00 44.00 85.00 76.33 39.00 42.72 39.76 31.71 56.59 48.89 32.68 42.86 50.09 46.67 9.90 2.00 82.48 89.66 85.93 64.36 69.00 90.33 92.11 60.00 84.47 82.93 97.56 90.11 73.68 75.16 88.10 79.96 85.24 Yes 82.61 79.00 97.00 97.03 53.00 91.67 95.00 23.00 94.17 96.39 97.56 93.64 52.70 96.08 89.80 79.79 85.71 More 20.29 16.00 15.00 15.84 44.00 35.00 34.95 16.87 51.22 24.77 16.51 11.11 18.37 18.65 22.10 body 7.00 3.67 No 12.87 26.00 14.00 13.82 10.82 8.43 4.60 6.06 6.00 2.63 4.85 7.32 2.44 4.83 9.80 4.76 5.83 No 10.05 34.00 53.00 28.57 munity 3.00 3.00 2.97 2.67 2.00 2.91 3.61 2.44 2.50 3.27 2.04 11.9 8.00 Less Com- 13.22 16.00 16.00 13.86 60.00 19.42 16.87 24.76 11.11 15.20 11.05 0.00 3.67 4.50 2.44 7.05 8.16 Don’t know Army 17.00 13.00 21.00 16.51 Same 0.54 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.02 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.19 5.80 0.00 0.00 2.67 2.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.82 0.00 8.16 6.91 4.57 22.77 26.00 10.68 12.50 15.03 9.08 5.75 7.07 5.00 3.67 5.26 9.76 0.00 5.06 7.14 9.22 8.93 mander Com- Don’t know 0.27 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 Gover- nment 1.54 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 2.05 2.22 0.65 0.00 1.38 1.71 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 ISAF 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 1.14 0.32 5.23 0.00 1.04 1.71 Mullah 15.00 16.33 2.54 5.00 1.98 0.00 0.33 2.50 0.00 0.00 4.82 4.88 0.91 2.54 1.31 2.25 2.86 Wakil 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 Walus- 49.50 31.37 10.20 wal 5.80 7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 1.14 0.63 6.22 5.33 11.00 10.00 12.05 know Don’t 7.25 3.00 8.91 8.00 6.50 3.00 2.91 2.44 7.73 6.03 7.19 4.08 5.70 8.95 TOTAL TOTAL Location Location TOTAL Ethnicity Location Gender Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender 6. Inyour opinion,whatisthe most important thing to do to improve security inyour community? provide security inyour area withinthe next five years? 8. Doyou thinkthe Afghan army orpolicewillbeable to a year from now? 7. Inyour opinion,willAfghanistan become more orless peaceful in Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female Disarma- 32.88 24.00 63.00 59.00 25.00 12.37 46.00 16.16 44.66 60.24 39.02 30.45 22.86 45.75 32.65 37.65 27.62 65.13 67.00 76.00 65.35 46.00 75.33 61.00 67.00 47.57 71.08 73.17 65.45 58.41 67.97 81.63 70.29 59.43 ment 77.90 76.00 92.00 86.14 52.00 83.67 83.00 55.00 78.64 90.36 73.17 83.18 62.22 84.97 87.76 74.96 81.14 Yes More Strengthen Afghan Police/ 5.16 4.00 6.00 9.90 5.00 5.33 2.00 7.00 4.85 6.02 0.00 3.41 6.03 9.80 4.08 3.80 6.67 1.81 0.00 0.00 1.98 3.00 2.00 1.00 6.00 0.97 1.20 2.44 1.14 3.17 1.96 0.00 1.90 1.71 23.10 15.00 14.00 49.00 41.47 10.00 24.24 16.87 14.63 23.64 29.84 15.69 14.29 21.93 24.38 Less Army No 1.00 7.77 Economic Don’t know Develop- Same 2.72 2.00 1.00 0.00 4.00 1.00 5.50 6.00 2.91 1.20 2.44 1.59 5.40 0.65 2.04 3.97 1.33 15.50 14.63 11.36 ment 7.34 4.00 1.00 4.00 6.00 8.36 4.04 5.83 1.20 4.44 2.04 6.91 7.81 29.71 29.00 18.00 24.75 49.00 19.33 37.00 26.00 47.57 22.89 26.83 31.14 35.56 22.22 14.29 25.91 33.90 4.5 Don’ tknow Interna- Support tional 17.57 22.00 11.88 41.00 13.33 10.50 33.00 17.48 21.95 14.09 29.21 12.42 10.20 19.17 15.81 1.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 2.05 1.59 2.61 0.00 1.73 1.71 7.00 7.23 Political Reform 15.00 15.00 12.00 11.65 11.11 11.11 14.29 10.19 9.06 3.00 6.35 9.00 6.06 3.61 7.32 6.82 7.81 Factional Tensions Address 22.22 14.56 10.00 7.97 5.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 7.36 8.00 3.61 2.44 8.89 4.58 4.08 7.60 8.38 10.10 17.07 Other 6.97 4.00 8.00 3.00 6.00 6.02 9.00 9.71 8.43 6.59 7.62 5.23 4.08 8.12 5.71 10.96 33.00 14.00 12.37 17.17 13.65 10.46 28.57 16.57 know Don’t 7.00 0.00 2.50 5.83 6.02 2.44 9.09 5.87 ANNEXES 75

Annex F Annex F 76 TOTAL Location TOTAL TOTAL Location Ethnicity Location Ethnicity Gender Ethnicity Gender Gender 9. Doyou want Afghan orinternational forces to provide securityinyour area? the problem, who does your family go to for help outside the community? 11. Ifthere isno decision-maker orthisdecision-maker inthiscommunity cannot solve problem? there adecision-maker withinthiscommunity;who willsolve this 10. Ifyour family hasaproblem withanother family aboutland, is SPEAKING OUT Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Administration Afghan Government 52.99 78.00 25.00 41.58 27.00 47.00 71.00 68.00 60.19 24.10 63.41 59.55 53.97 36.60 81.63 60.79 44.38 /Judiciary 74.55 71.00 79.00 36.63 76.00 78.33 89.00 87.00 58.25 79.52 82.93 79.55 79.68 45.75 69.39 76.34 72.57 70.92 97.00 85.00 91.09 60.00 52.00 65.00 78.00 82.52 84.34 41.46 60.68 75.24 81.70 95.92 73.92 67.62 Yes national Inter- 15.22 36.00 34.65 10.00 13.33 16.50 34.94 10.91 10.79 31.37 11.05 19.81 8.00 7.50 7.00 7.32 8.16 Police 18.93 45.00 31.50 53.66 32.05 13.73 17.96 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 2.91 0.00 7.94 0.00 22.01 27.00 14.00 56.44 20.00 20.33 13.00 38.83 14.46 12.20 17.95 18.10 47.06 30.61 20.90 23.24 5.50 No 26.81 35.00 17.82 61.00 39.00 13.00 16.00 14.56 36.14 21.95 24.55 29.84 28.76 24.35 29.52 Both Assemblies 8.00 8.16 Non-state Don’t know 18.00 3.89 3.00 1.00 0.99 6.00 0.67 3.50 4.85 1.20 4.88 2.95 7.62 0.00 4.08 5.01 2.67 Does not 3.44 2.00 7.00 6.93 4.00 1.33 5.50 0.00 2.91 6.02 4.88 2.50 2.22 7.19 0.00 2.76 4.19 matter 1.63 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 3.00 5.00 3.88 0.00 4.88 1.36 2.54 0.00 0.00 1.04 2.29 13.00 26.00 14.46 Other 5.43 0.00 4.95 0.67 0.00 4.00 9.71 0.00 3.64 8.57 3.27 0.00 3.11 8.00 know Don’t 3.35 4.00 4.00 5.94 2.00 0.33 5.50 4.00 4.85 4.82 2.44 3.64 2.86 3.27 2.04 2.76 4.00 know Don’t 0.82 0.00 1.00 2.97 0.00 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.63 1.31 0.00 0.00 1.71 TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Location Location Location Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Ethnicity Gender Gender decision-making outside their home inyour community? 14. Doyou thinkwomen should beinvolved incommunity ago? problems withyour community leaders today thanitwas three years 13. Doyou thinkitiseasierormore difficultto discuss community makers willlistento your opinion? problem inyour village/town, do you thinkthe decision- 12. Ifthere isanimportant meeting aboutacommunity Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Panjao Saripul Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % 69.84 81.00 69.00 51.49 53.00 83.67 81.50 34.00 66.02 73.49 85.37 78.41 57.78 57.52 89.80 71.85 67.62 50.00 71.92 79.21 78.00 62.00 78.33 78.00 50.00 80.58 72.29 73.17 79.32 57.78 81.70 57.14 73.92 69.71 Yes Yes Easier 83.24 81.00 97.00 84.16 72.00 85.00 93.00 50.00 90.29 95.18 95.12 89.09 69.21 83.01 89.80 84.80 81.52 22.64 12.00 25.00 41.58 32.00 12.50 61.00 27.18 20.48 15.00 33.65 32.03 22.80 22.48 36.00 17.03 13.86 26.00 16.00 44.00 12.05 29.84 13.07 34.69 16.75 17.33 8.33 9.76 6.12 8.00 3.50 4.85 7.32 9.32 difficult No No More 2.36 1.00 3.00 3.96 3.00 1.00 0.00 9.00 2.91 3.61 0.00 0.91 4.13 3.27 2.04 2.07 2.67 Don’t know Don’t know 15.00 10.46 14.00 11.05 14.00 12.00 18.50 14.56 15.66 19.51 11.36 12.38 12.95 10.51 16.00 22.00 39.00 24.44 10.71 10.29 Same 7.52 7.00 6.00 6.93 8.00 6.00 5.00 6.80 6.02 4.88 6.59 8.57 4.08 5.35 9.90 6.93 5.67 6.00 5.23 8.16 9.33 0.00 8.91 6.67 3.50 2.91 1.20 2.44 4.32 8.50 6.12 know Don’t 3.89 2.00 0.00 2.97 3.00 7.33 3.50 2.00 3.88 0.00 2.44 5.68 2.22 5.23 2.04 2.42 5.52 ANNEXES 77

Annex F Annex F 78 TOTAL TOTAL Location Location TOTAL Ethnicity Location Ethnicity Gender Ethnicity Gender Gender for Afghanistan? 16. Is there anew constitution being developed 15. ORWhy do you thinkwomen should not beinvolved? 15. Why do you thinkwomen should beinvolved? SPEAKING OUT Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Women’s Capacities Different 100.00 85.77 88.00 93.59 82.50 98.41 84.62 89.74 64.00 79.52 91.67 80.00 86.25 81.32 86.40 89.72 81.15 Right 19.68 25.00 14.29 16.00 45.83 14.29 20.00 20.00 43.90 30.00 15.46 24.18 69.93 49.00 81.00 65.35 88.00 62.67 86.50 68.00 57.28 77.11 65.85 69.32 72.70 66.67 53.06 78.07 60.95 8.33 4.65 0.00 9.57 5.88 Yes Constraints Benefits Physical Society 30.07 51.00 19.00 34.65 12.00 37.33 13.50 32.00 42.72 22.89 34.15 30.68 27.30 33.33 46.94 21.93 39.05 14.29 24.00 14.29 33.33 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.70 0.00 0.00 4.82 0.00 3.33 2.58 1.65 1.60 0.00 1.40 2.46 4.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.38 5.00 0.00 2.06 7.69 No Constaints Societal 10.00 28.00 14.46 16.67 10.99 12.02 Other 9.19 4.00 3.85 1.59 8.55 8.33 6.67 9.74 6.40 0.00 6.78 67.74 86.11 75.00 64.29 32.00 52.08 57.14 93.02 60.00 80.00 66.67 51.22 73.40 60.00 82.35 76.29 58.24 know Don’t 3.15 8.00 2.56 7.50 0.00 2.14 1.92 8.00 1.20 1.67 0.00 1.43 6.04 5.60 0.00 2.10 4.37 20.00 Other 3.23 2.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.32 0.00 5.88 3.09 3.30 14.29 20.00 know Don’t 4.30 2.78 0.00 7.14 8.00 2.08 2.33 0.00 0.00 4.88 5.32 5.00 5.88 3.09 6.59 TOTAL Location Ethnicity Gender government? next year when people willchoose their 17. Is there anationalelection inAfghanistan Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % 62.00 69.11 81.00 61.39 84.00 62.00 82.00 60.00 62.14 79.52 68.29 69.09 68.89 62.75 71.43 77.55 59.81 Yes 38.00 30.89 19.00 38.61 16.00 38.00 18.00 40.00 37.86 20.48 31.71 30.91 31.11 37.25 28.57 22.45 40.19 No TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Location Location Location Ethnicity Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender Gender Afghanistan? 20. Inyour opinion,willthe general elections bring positive ornegative changes to 19. Why willyou vote inthe election? 18. Willyou vote inthe nationalelection next year? Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Garde Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % 86.87 92.00 88.00 88.12 90.00 87.33 89.50 65.00 91.26 85.54 85.37 88.86 81.90 90.20 93.88 94.99 77.90 Positive 32.64 19.57 43.18 41.57 10.00 54.20 12.29 23.08 34.04 38.03 28.57 20.93 45.65 21.74 27.95 38.97 Peace Yes 73.37 77.00 77.00 88.12 91.00 88.33 48.50 56.00 56.31 73.49 48.78 68.64 74.29 86.93 81.63 78.58 67.62 16.00 4.08 2.00 0.00 2.97 7.00 3.67 3.00 0.00 0.00 7.32 1.59 8.57 3.27 2.04 0.69 7.81 Economic Negative No Factors 10.77 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 4.90 7.61 2.27 0.00 3.33 4.96 7.26 2.13 2.82 8.57 6.59 1.45 8.70 5.08 4.66 Don’t know Political Factors 12.00 19.00 14.46 14.29 51.41 53.26 40.91 47.19 74.44 34.73 65.36 53.85 59.57 47.89 54.29 59.69 44.20 58.70 56.81 44.12 9.06 6.00 8.91 3.00 9.00 7.50 8.74 7.32 9.55 9.52 6.54 4.08 4.32 No change 1.18 1.00 0.00 0.99 0.00 0.00 3.50 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.59 0.65 0.00 1.04 1.33 16.30 12.50 12.22 15.00 11.27 10.08 Other 9.49 5.62 6.06 4.62 4.26 8.57 5.07 6.52 9.26 9.80 Don’t know Don’t know 25.18 22.00 23.00 10.89 11.67 47.50 38.00 43.69 26.51 51.22 29.77 23.49 12.42 18.37 20.38 30.48 9.00 1.56 3.26 1.14 5.62 0.00 0.00 0.56 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.71 3.62 4.35 0.91 2.45 ANNEXES 79

Annex F Annex F 80 TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Location Location Location Ethnicity Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender it was three years ago? 23. Is iteasierormore difficultfor you to get health care today than Gender to school today thanitwas three years ago? 22. Is iteasierormore difficultfor children inyour community to go 21. Why willthe elections bring positive changes? SPEAKING OUT Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Governance 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Easier Easier 82.97 70.00 95.00 70.30 80.00 86.67 95.00 56.00 91.26 93.98 95.12 89.77 72.06 77.78 73.47 84.11 81.71 62.76 72.37 53.25 46.67 76.34 59.62 63.54 67.86 74.14 55.74 55.00 62.91 69.79 49.62 77.50 72.97 49.72 93.93 78.00 99.01 96.00 98.33 68.00 97.09 98.18 83.49 98.69 89.80 95.68 92.00 Good Difficult Difficult 11.00 22.56 15.79 28.57 33.33 27.92 20.83 19.64 20.69 27.87 15.00 24.17 15.32 33.83 12.50 16.70 30.06 Peace More More 0.82 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.86 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.95 2.36 4.00 1.00 2.97 5.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 1.20 0.00 0.68 5.40 1.96 4.08 1.73 3.05 2.15 10.85 16.88 20.43 14.58 10.71 14.75 25.00 12.77 12.92 Other 13.41 25.00 24.75 13.00 11.33 32.00 21.27 18.30 20.41 12.95 13.90 19.00 23.00 12.70 Same Same 5.26 7.78 8.68 3.45 9.93 9.02 0.00 9.23 2.00 5.00 6.80 2.41 4.88 8.64 4.53 0.00 0.99 3.00 0.67 0.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 1.14 0.65 8.16 2.94 6.29 Don’t know Don’t know Don’t know 12.22 10.00 3.82 6.58 1.30 1.08 3.77 1.04 1.79 1.72 1.64 5.00 2.98 2.13 7.52 1.10 7.30 1.27 1.00 2.00 1.98 2.00 2.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.41 0.00 0.91 1.27 1.96 2.04 1.21 1.33 0.72 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.95 0.65 2.04 0.69 0.76 TOTAL TOTAL Location Location Ethnicity TOTAL Location Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender Gender Afghanistan? 26. Have foreign governments promised money to help rebuild 25. Why do you thinkthe government willnot help your community? education orhealth care orroads and bridges? will help your community with,for example, serviceslike 24. Inthe next three years, do you thinkthe government Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Baluch Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Male Female Female % % Security 100.00 100.00 14.29 18.75 84.60 70.00 86.00 66.34 95.00 88.67 92.50 78.00 84.47 90.36 82.93 89.55 83.81 80.53 71.90 67.00 88.00 67.33 82.00 89.00 84.50 85.00 61.17 73.47 89.16 82.93 82.27 78.41 74.51 81.63 90.85 82.90 77.90 77.71 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yes Yes Economic Factors 10.00 12.50 14.29 14.29 12.50 2.45 0.00 6.93 0.00 1.33 0.00 1.00 4.85 0.00 0.00 2.27 2.22 3.26 4.58 4.00 2.00 4.95 2.00 2.67 2.00 4.00 6.80 6.12 2.41 0.00 3.18 3.81 4.58 2.04 2.07 2.76 3.81 2.86 5.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 No No Don’t know Don’t know Political Factors 63.89 80.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 50.00 71.43 64.29 66.67 85.71 50.00 75.00 12.95 20.00 14.00 26.73 10.00 21.00 10.68 17.07 13.97 16.21 23.53 29.00 10.00 27.72 16.00 13.50 11.00 32.04 20.41 17.07 14.55 17.78 20.92 16.33 14.34 18.29 19.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 7.50 9.64 8.18 8.33 8.43 7.08 100.00 Other 13.16 20.00 50.00 33.33 12.50 15.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00 TOTAL Location Ethnicity Gender was promised by foreign governments? 27. Doyou thinkAfghanistan willget allthe money thatit 100.00 25.00 20.00 12.50 14.29 10.00 know Don’t 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 6.25 Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Faizabad Uzbek Turkmen Tajik Pashtun Hazara Baluch Male Female % 53.62 48.00 64.00 37.62 46.00 75.33 42.00 50.00 34.95 65.06 53.66 56.14 50.16 50.33 51.02 54.40 52.76 Yes 10.00 10.68 5.71 8.00 2.00 6.93 5.00 1.00 8.50 2.41 0.00 4.77 8.25 5.23 4.08 5.35 6.10 No ANNEXES Don’t know 40.67 44.00 34.00 55.45 49.00 23.67 49.50 40.00 54.37 32.53 46.34 39.09 41.59 44.44 44.90 40.24 41.14 81

Annex F Annex F 82 TOTAL TOTAL Location TOTAL Location Location Ethnicity Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender Gender 30. Ifyou were the president of Afghanistan, whatwould you do first to help your country? 29. Why? central government orto NGOsand the UnitedNations? 28. Doyou thinkthatthe money from foreign governments should begiven directly to the Afghan SPEAKING OUT Zaranj Saripul Panjao Kandahar Kabul Herat Gardez Zaranj Saripul Panjao Faizabad Kandahar Uzbek Zaranj Kabul Saripul Herat Turkmen Panjao Gardez Kandahar Tajik Faizabad Kabul Herat Uzbek Pashtun Gardez Turkmen Faizabad Hazara Tajik Uzbek Turkmen Pashtun Baluch Hazara Tajik Pashtun Baluch Male Hazara Male Baluch Female Female Male Female % % % Efficient/ Effective Government Security Rights Responsible/ Government: 43.21 42.00 51.00 51.58 29.00 36.33 52.50 49.00 37.86 51.81 58.54 41.59 40.32 47.71 44.90 50.78 34.86 37.95 40.00 31.00 39.60 22.00 48.33 34.50 24.00 46.60 36.14 31.71 43.64 28.57 37.25 53.06 44.56 30.67 35.30 28.42 31.25 40.21 20.88 46.62 35.37 10.59 41.94 37.97 37.50 42.68 22.38 38.78 31.91 39.30 30.74 NGOs/UN Economic and Social Rights 39.67 40.00 50.00 45.54 41.00 35.67 35.00 47.00 35.92 45.78 39.02 35.91 42.22 47.06 28.57 34.20 45.71 Government: Inefficient Corrupt/ 39.58 42.00 38.00 29.70 32.00 49.67 30.50 45.00 38.83 39.76 29.27 42.27 38.73 35.95 44.90 32.30 47.62 20.00 11.83 12.77 11.78 10.00 15.00 18.00 13.33 10.00 10.00 12.05 10.91 13.65 12.24 12.26 11.24 4.92 8.33 1.03 4.40 0.00 4.27 0.00 8.86 3.13 4.47 5.59 1.36 5.35 4.42 Both 8.91 7.77 7.32 9.80 Political Rights Doesn't matter 19.00 Effective/ 7.25 6.00 6.00 1.98 8.00 7.50 1.00 6.80 6.02 0.00 6.59 9.84 3.27 4.08 9.33 4.95 NGO/UN: Efficient 37.07 33.68 40.63 41.24 37.36 36.15 39.63 37.65 30.11 32.91 46.88 36.48 35.31 44.22 34.04 29.89 45.26 0.91 4.00 0.00 0.99 2.00 0.00 0.50 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 2.22 0.65 2.04 0.69 1.14 18.00 Other 5.89 6.00 0.00 3.96 2.67 9.00 3.00 7.77 0.00 9.76 5.68 8.89 3.27 2.04 5.53 6.29 Inefficient Corrupt/ NGO/UN: None 1.36 0.00 1.00 0.99 7.00 0.33 1.50 2.00 0.00 2.41 0.00 0.68 2.86 0.65 0.00 1.73 0.95 know 11.88 1.28 1.05 0.00 5.15 3.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 0.00 0.00 0.99 1.05 2.72 2.13 2.03 0.42 Don’t 4.08 4.00 5.00 2.00 3.33 0.50 2.00 8.74 2.41 2.44 3.86 2.22 9.80 4.08 2.07 6.29 Don’t know 16.03 14.74 17.71 10.31 32.97 15.54 15.85 11.76 10.75 18.99 12.50 13.40 20.98 10.88 19.15 15.87 16.21 Other 10.00 18.50 15.00 21.95 10.48 10.29 8.33 6.00 3.00 3.96 2.33 9.71 3.61 8.64 4.58 4.08 6.56 40.00 14.69 know Don’t 5.41 2.11 2.08 2.06 1.10 1.69 4.88 1.08 1.27 0.00 1.99 2.04 0.00 7.56 2.95 For further information about this project please contact: Dawn Stallard [email protected] Paul O’Brien [email protected]