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Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics Regular Article

The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports

Rong Liu*, Trevor Little

College of Textiles, Campus Box 8301, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

Abstract: Engineered design of compression athletic wear has been selectively applied in various recognized Olympic sports and popular recreational activities. This recent development is, as one type of additional body-behavioural support, protection and adjustment, plays a crucial role, in improving the athletes’ performances. Typically, this is accomplished by providing engineered design support, pressure, and form-fit targeted areas of athletes’ body. In the present paper, a contextual model including 5Ps (i.e. Physical, Psychological, Physiological, Psychophysical, and Psychophysiological properties) related to user comfort and performance, has been developed to analyze multiple relationships between the athlete, athletic wear, immediate body space and sports environment, which would help us understand the effects of athletic wear on sports performance. The 5Ps reference model explores the mechanisms of action of body--environment system from a comprehensive view, thus effectively optimizing functional design of compression athletic wear in practice to enhance sports achievement and comfort.

Keywords: 5Ps model, compression, athletic wear, comfort, sports.

1. Introduction intimately maintain contact with human skin. The functional performance of athletic wear is largely Growing interest in sports activities and the determined by complex interactions between emergence of new Olympic sports has stimulated and multiple factors, such as material physical structure increased the consumption and demanding and mechanical properties, thermal and moisture expectations for athletic wear [1]. Sport is an integral regulatory properties, the size and shape of the body part of every culture and has profound impact on the to which it is applied, the corresponding dimensions athlete, national pride, the spectator, and the media. of designed athletic wear, the nature and levels of In the United States, participants in running/jogging physical activity undertaken by the athletes, comfort, and treadmill sports increased by 30.8% and 34.3% and sports environment, etc. The comfort status is a in 2007 compared to 2000 [2]. Exercise walking is a subjective perception and judgment of a wearer on most popular sport, which has showed a marked the basis of integration of all of these above factors, ascent since 1993, and team exercise (e.g. , which has been generally defined as range of , football, etc.) continues to attract sports physiological, psychological and physical variables participants (Figure 1). Scientific design and and their interactions with environment [5-7]. Most development of athletic wear with wearing comfort of the competition sports proceed in dynamic states, and satisfactory functionality enhance not only the during which the athlete’s body, mental activity, well-being and health of the athletes, but also their clothing, and near environment generate more sports performance and records achievement. complicated interaction and continuous variation. For Engineered design compression athletic wear (CAW) instance, during intensive training, an athlete’s has been selectively applied in various recognized clothing moisture transport ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 Olympic sports and popular recreational activities, litres per hour [8]. In cycling sport, the athletes’ e.g. running, bicycle riding, skating, , metabolic heat increases 6 times and perspiration 14 gymnastics, rock climbing, football, yoga, etc. The times more than those engaged in normal routine application of CAW has played a crucial part in indoor activity [9]. Hence, the psychological improving the athletes’ performances in speed, body responses of athlete towards the changed physical control, stamina, strength and fatigue recovery, etc., properties of athletic wear (i.e. psychophysical by providing engineered design support, pressure and mechanism) and the physiological activities with the form-fit on targeted areas of the athletics’ body [3-4]. variations of psychological processes Compression athletic wear are usually designed to (psychophysiological mechanisms) may exert more prominent influence on the overall comfort

*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] JFBI Vol. 2 No. 1 2009 doi:10.3993/jfbi06200907

41 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al perception of athletes. In the present study, we seek 2. 5Ps Contextual Model for Optimized to develop a contextual model that includes the 5Ps, Performance User Comfort i.e. Physical, Psychological, Physiological, Psychophysical, and Psychophysiological properties related to user comfort, and to present the The developed model as shown in Figure 2 illustrates relationships between the athlete, athletic wear, the factors involved in the multiple layers which are immediate body space, sports environment, and influencing and determining the user comfort. competition culture. Based on the engineered design The multiple layers deal with the following athletic wear, how to optimize wearing comfort issues: related to 5Ps are further discussed. ·An inner layer of engineered static aesthetic design and basic functional properties of athletic wear (i.e. style, colour, dimensions, attributes, panels design, US Sports Participation Study fit, etc.); 100,000 ·A design layer focused on dynamic functional 90,000 (a) performance and wearing behaviour, which are 80,000 related to the condition of athletes, behavior of 70,000 clothing, and their interaction with the performing 60,000 Exercise Walking athlete, etc.; Running/Jogging 50,000 Aerobic Exercising (fitness) ·The 5Ps Core properties layer further depicts the 40,000 dynamic interactions between athlete, clothing

30,000 system, and their integrative action towards Participations in U.S. in Participations (No. of Part. in Thous.) Thous.) Part. in of (No. 20,000 performance and user comfort. It should be noted 10,000 that two interactions occupy a single sector of the 0 5Ps in Figure 2, i.e. Psychophysiological and Physiological psychology. Both of these interactions 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 depict the mind-body interactions and in this paper Years are regarded as one of the 5Ps; US Sports Participation Study ·The outer layer depicts the related sports condition 100,000 and environment (e.g. life profile, immediate body 90,000 Swimming Basketball space, competition environment, and competition (b) 80,000 Baseball culture, etc); 70,000 Football (Tackle) ·The subjective and objective evaluation methods 60,000 that are correspondingly applied in analysis of 5Ps 50,000 properties to determine comfort perception as shown 40,000 in Figure 2. This layer illustrates that a complete

30,000 evaluation of optimized performance and comfort Participations in Participations U.S. (No. (No. in of Part. Thous.) 20,000 must take into account both subjective and objective

10,000 evaluation and these are often interconnected as in the psychophysical and psychophysiological sectors; 0 ·Optimizing 5Ps properties and factors of multiple 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 layers to achieve optimized performance and user Years comfort is the essential target of the proposed contextual model. Figure 1 Trends in selected sports participation The developed model comprehensively reflects analyzed over 15-year period in the United States multiple mechanisms, multiple states, and multiple

properties influencing an athlete’s performance and wearing comfort. Rational consideration and integrative engineered design based on the 5Ps contextual model will help to optimize the functions, performance, and comfort of compression athletic wear and other related sports textiles.

42 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al

Figure 2 A 5Ps contextual model for optimized performance and comfort.

3. 5Ps Properties Related to 3.1. Physiological Properties Compression Athletic Wear Sports and exercise allow the athlete’s body to face with tremendous demands that lead to many Compression athletic wear (CAW) are elastic, physiological changes. For instance, the energy body-molded garments with engineered compression expenditure in static position (sleep, sitting and profiles that can be worn as upper-, lower-, or standing) is about 1.2-1.8 kcal/min, while in the full-body pieces. They allow the exhibition of the running and swimming, it is up to 14-20 kcal/min [8]. natural curves of the form acting as a “second skin”, The heart rate increases from about 60 beats/min so they are also called “Skinsuits”. In today’s with standing to 180 beats/min or more with a competitive sporting environment, the application of fast-paced run. The sex, physical status, and training CAW not only provide protection from injury from quality also variates sports physiological responses. training and competition, but also as a means to The male expends more energy by about 20 % than signal and reflect athlete’s personal characteristics, the female during running [10]. The average regional cultural, and trends. The 5Ps maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) of an untrained properties, sensations, and interactions closely relate male in his mid 30s is about 40-45 ml/min/kg, while to the clothing-body-environment system, in that a male master runner age 50 will probably they are relatively independent of each other but also have a value of over 60 ml/min/kg, even an Olympic cooperatively impact and decide the ultimate user’s champion 10,000-meter runner will be up to over 80 performance and comfort. Understanding the ml/min/kg [11]. Intensive exercise commonly results individual “P” property is essential for integrative in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which optimization of CAW. negatively influences force-generating capacity of

43 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al muscle and recovery. In addition, different exercises finding a decrease in post exercise venous lactate and competition environments (e.g. air temperature, concentrations and lower blood lactate concentration humidity, air velocity, amount of thermal radiation, following maximal exercise when graduated etc.) also significantly affect sports status and compression were worn [16]. Recently, performance of athlete. Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, advanced compression athletic wear has been heat stroke, wind-chill, shiver, and hypothermia are developed by (Fastskin FS-Pro), Skins, the common disorders when exercising in the hot and Under Amour, Nike, , Champion, CW-X, etc., cold conditions. which has been commercially applied in training and The ability of a human to defend, regulate, and competition to aid improving physiological adjust the physiological variation under different performance during sports and after exercise to speed situations tends to be limited. Engineered clothing recovery. Experimental researches have systems, as a smart barrier, is one of the most demonstrated the benefits of compression athletic important approaches to assist and protect the wear towards physiological performances and athlete’s body against the external environment and comfort as follows [13, 17-23]. to adjust the thermal exchange and humidity control between the body and its surroundings. Therefore, ● Reduced post-exercise trauma and lactic acid the positive impact of clothing system on buildup physiological property is critically important to attain ● Reduced perceived muscle soreness and oscillation physiological comfort and psycho-physiological ● Promoted recovery of force production well-being of user. ● Enhanced repetitive jump power Compression garments has been demonstrated to ● Improved proprioception and core stability improve the venous function and blood circulation in ● Increased oxygen delivery and minimize DOMS many studies over the world during the last decade ● Regulated core temperature and keep user dry [12-15]. Berry and McMurray conducted initial ● Enhanced circulation by promoting venous return exercise-related research on compression garments,

Figure 3 A plot of quantitative relationships between pressure levels for compression .

However, no benefit was found when wearing 3.2. Physical Properties CAW for repeat-sprint or throwing performance. The clinical trial conducted by Berry et al. indicated that To achieve the above functionality, superior tactility, the use of elastic would not significantly affect stretchability and thermal-moisture regulation are the post-exercise response or circulating lactate levels critical physical properties for optimizing comfort [24]. The influence of compression athletic wear on performance of CAW. Elastic fibres and fabric sprinting speed remains controversial [25]. Therefore, provide controlled stretch and recovery the effectiveness of CAW on sports performance and characteristics that enhance easy comfort, freedom of physiological parameters requires ongoing movement and shape retention, and also provide the investigation. necessary condition to realize compression and

44 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al anatomic fit for CAW. Most of the current developed by Lontex Corporation [26]. commercially available CAW adopted fabrics mixing Most of the compression clothing for athletes used with nylon, polyester, and cotton, etc., such is designed as light or mild pressure levels with one as Champion® Double dry men’s compression T layer, e.g. Sport Skins Classic full-leg tights (SkinsTM, with 88% polyester and 12 % spandex, Under Campbelltown, NSW) exerting average pressures of Armour men’s compression long sleeve with 93% 9.1, 14.8, 17.6 and 19.3 mmHg along the posterior PolyArmour™ and 7% spandex, Nike Women's gluteus, medial vastus lateralis, medial Dri-Fit Compression Short with 96% Nylon and 4% gastrocnemius to medial ankle [11]. Compression Spandex, etc. To achieve wearing comfort in profiles of clothing are significantly influenced by different seasons and environments, Coldgear® and the mechanical properties of their fabrics [27-28]. Heatgear® of CAW series have been developed by Based on our previous study, Figure 3 illustrates . Coolmax ® and Lycra ® PowerTM the quantified relationships between pressure technology further optimize compression and magnitudes and corresponding mechanical indices of thermal-moisture comfort through providing compression by using Kawabata Standard powerful support with no restriction of movement Evaluation system [29]. It indicates that a reasonable (the stretch is even up to 210 %), maximum wicking combination of multiple fabric physical properties is capabilities and thermoregulation to support muscle of critical importance to attain an optimized pressure and keep the body dry and cool, which has been performance of compression garments. applied in the performance compression tops and

Figure 4 Complex interactions among multiple mechanisms and environment.

Intensive exercise generates an amount of liquid insulation are critical physical properties of CAW sweat staying on the skin surface. Some of the sweat fabric, which are largely determined by fiber type, spreads on the inner surface of fabric, which is next fiber cross-section, fiber size, fabric weight and to the skin, then transfers from inner side to the outer thickness, knitting construction and structure, surface and further evaporates into the environment; chemical and mechanical finish treatment, etc. some of the sweat accumulates in the fabric or Furthermore, the functional construction design remains on the skin surface. Superfluous heating and taking static and dynamic sports needs into account moisture between closely contacted skin and athletic contribute to improve physical properties of CAW wear would negatively influence sports performance, for performance and comfort, such as panels design, and even threaten health. Therefore, air permeability, stabilizing web design, stitch selection, body fit, moisture absorption, wicking capability, thermal lightweight, and also absence of unpleasant odor, etc.

45 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al

3.3. Psychological Properties sensorial comfort. Thermal and dampness sensations are closely influenced by air permeability, wicking The psychological comfort is a judgment process by properties, wettability, etc. which the brain forms a subjective perception of Psychophysiology is the branch of psychology that is sensory sensations from the neurophysiologic concerned with the physiological bases of sensory signals and then formulates subjective psychological processes. For instance, it studies how overall perception and preferences by evaluating and exposure to a stressful situation will produce a result weighing various sensory perceptions against past in the cardiovascular system (e.g. heart rate HR), experiences and internal desires [30]. The vasodilation/vasoconstriction, myocardial psychological property of comfort is influenced by contractility, or stroke volume, which is commonly many factors, such as physical stimulation and evaluated by using objective methods, e.g. measures environment, emotion, cognition, social, cultural of brain activity, brain waves surroundings and state of being, etc. While for the (electroencephalography, EEG), FMRI (functional immediate body space, the psychological variations magnetic resonance imaging), cardiovascular induced by physical stimulations, and the measures (HR, Heart rate variability), muscle activity physiological responses to physical stimulations (electromyography, EMG), etc. [30]. Therefore, between athlete body and clothing, as well as Psychophysiological properties provide us a more physiological responses driven by psychological rational and reliable reference to determine the variations, more directly influence overall wearing psychological and physiological comfort status of comfort. It emphasizes the user’s and feeling user. when wearing CAW. Therefore, psychophysical and Many sports items are taken outdoors, such as psychophysiological properties are regarded as the track and field, mountain biking, rowing, soccer, and other two important considerations in the 5Ps model marathon, etc., and also Summer Olympic Games are for optimizing user performance and comfort of normally held in August. High air temperatures, athletic wear. radiant heat sources, high humidity, and strenuous physical activities have a high potential for 3.4. Psychophysical & Psychophysiological generating heat stress (Figure 4). Superior thermal Properties and moisture regulation of compression athletic wear is an important approach to prevent athlete’s heat Psychophysical property deals with the relationships stress thus achieving competitive performance. between physical stimuli and their subjective Manabu et al conducted a wear trails to study the correlates or percepts. During the sports activities, effect of clothing compression on the respiratory and the dynamic interaction between compression thermoregulatory responses during dynamic exercise. athletic wear and human body stimulates and triggers Oxygen consumption (VO2), Heart Rate (HR), mean different receptors, e.g. mechanoreceptors, blood pressure (MBP), rectal and skin temperatures thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and photoreceptors, (Tre and Tsk), and sweating rate (SR) were measured. thus generating different senses such as touch It indicated that pressure around 45 mmHg (smoothness, roughness, softness and stiffness), around thighs could elicit muscle chemoreflex due to thermal/wet (cold and warm, dampness, accumulation of metabolites in exercising muscles. breathability), pain (prickliness and itchiness), and Exercise training with pressure to active muscles visual (aesthetic comfort). Skin is extremely sensitive can improve aerobics performance more effectively to mechanical stimuli, and its displacement less than than without pressure [32]. Li et al. tested the sweat 0.001 mm can result in a sensation of pressure or loss during subject walking on a treadmill at 5.6 touch [31]. The clothing pressure in the range of km/h for 40 minutes when wearing wool and 30-45 mmHg was found to produce discomfort polyester garments at 28ºC and 30% relatively feeling [14]. humidity (RH). No difference in sweat loss of upper The dimension of CAW is normally less than that body during exercise was found between wool and of the user’s body by 15-20 %. Therefore, the fabric polyester garments. While subjects reported feeling surface properties and pressure magnitudes of CAW less clammy and warmer when wearing wool than largely determine user’s tactile and pressure when wearing polyester during the period between sensation. Humans are homoeothermic, which keeps 10 and 30 minutes [33]. These psychophysical and nearly constant internal body temperature ranging psychophysiological studies provide us a reference from 36.1ºC and 37.8ºC. Garments worn in hot and for optimizing functional performance of athletic humid environments can potentially alter the body’s wear and also allow us to have further understanding ability to achieve a state of thermo physiological and to learn clothing-body-environment system.

46 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al

Figure 5 Interactions of 5Ps property related to compression comfort of user towards to CAW.

4. Optimized Design of CAW Based on compression apparel. Mesh ventilation materials are used in targeted zones of CAW (i.e. underarm, front 5Ps Model chest, shoulder blade, waist, etc.) to regulate skin

temperature and perspiration for skin cool and dry. During dynamic sports, the 5P properties Speedo took inspiration from biological skin interactively influence user comfort. Figure 5 takes characteristics of various marine animals, such as an example to outline the interrelations among 5Ps Shark, to design innovative to reduce properties related to dynamic compression comfort surface resistance by up to 15%. In 2008, Speedo of athletic wear. The major consideration in launched the LZR Racer made of light weight performance design of CAW includes: woven fabric with polyurethane panels to reduce

drag. To date, 38 world records have been broken in ● Physical-mechanical properties for tactile/pressure the new LZR Racer suit [34]. functional performance; To reduce the muscle oscillation and prevent injury, ● Physical thermal and moisture regulation; TM CW-X’s patented Conditioning Web applied taping ● Bionic fabric innovation for sports performance; system to help the muscles and ligaments band ● Fit and panels design for kinetic comfort; together to stabilize the knee joint and diminish the ● Technical design in assembly; opportunity for injury based on the kinetic skeletal ● Aesthetics and style design for expression muscle structure. Over 40 years of research on (personality, culture, etc); 35,000 female bodies at the Wacoal Human Science ● Biomechanical construction design for targeted research center in Japan led to CW-X’s soft support regions; web™ that applies a quick-drying elastic base ● Enhanced aerodynamic and hydrodynamic strap sitting comfortably around the rib cage, which performance. works in tandem with the inner cup support web and

shoulder straps to support the wearer during different Sports companies have attempted to design and levels of athletic activity. The gluteus medius are develop advanced functional compression athletic considered in every running injury. The strength and wear to improve comfort and sports performance function of this muscle is probably the most through optimizing 5Ps properties. For example, important active component in the achievement of a Lycra ® and Coolmax® of differing contents and biomechanically efficient running technique [35]. composition with natural and synthetic fibers are Adidas TechFit Powerweb long tight design used in CAW to balance pressure perception and incorporates TPU banding with compression thermo-physiology comfort, such as Nike® Pro properties at gluteus muscle to enhance athletic

47 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al posture, movement and overall athletic power. return to normal levels (up to 38 % at 20 minutes). The ability to maintain adequate circulation plays Functional Panels design has been used in bike an important part in the recovery phase by enhancing shorts to contour the garment to fit the body in the the elimination of built-up lactic acid. Engineered cycling position. In addition, the improved assembly compression has been applied to exert a controlled technology has been applied to minimize dragging, external pressure over specific body parts. During chafing and irritation, to attain comfort tactile and sports, the recoil force by the elastic fabric with touch perception in dynamic motion, such as the use limited stretch triggers an acceleration of venous of of flatlock stitching and welding in seam treatment. blood flow, thus enhancing blood flow and venous In addition to the inter-relations between 5Ps return, increasing oxygen delivery to working properties, the optimized user comfort are also muscles and more rapidly eliminating lactic acid and determined by athlete’s somatotypes, height, weight, waste. SKINSTM claim that their developed CAW percent body fat, life stage, cardiorespiratory power helps reduce the build-up of lactic acid immediately and efficiency, etc., and dynamically influenced by after periods of sustained exercise (2hrs and 15 mins environment, cultural significance and fashion up to 37 % reduction), and allows for more rapid identity (i.e. colour, pattern, proportion, unity, etc).

Table 1 Olympic Sports, Athletes, and Athletic Wear Olympic Sport Athletic Category Physical Demands Athletic wear Athletics Form Running, Jumping, Field Events Speed, endurance, power (Track and Field) Fitted/Loose Aerobic stamina, agility, Badminton Racquet Sport strength, speed and Semi-form fitted precision Strength, speed, Baseball Bat-and-ball Form-fitted precision/power Basketball Team sport, indoor or outdoor Agility, speed, precision Loose Combat sport Strength, speed, defense Loose Canoeing Kayak, straight racing Endurance, speed Form fitted Cycling Bicycle ridding Endurance, power, speed Form fitted Equestrian A horseback rider Precision, skill Semi-form fitted Fencing Competitive swordsmanship Speed, precision, skill Semi-form fitted Speed, stamina, skill, Football (Soccer) Team sport Semi-form fitted precision Agility, coordination, Gymnastics Competitive physical exercise Form fitted stabilization Judo Martial art and combat sport Skill, strength, power Loose Rowing Competitive water sport Endurance, skill Form-fitted Racquet sport Skill, speed, precision Semi-form fitted Tennis Racquet sport Endurance, skill, speed Semi-form fitted Strength, stabilization, Wrestling Martial arts Loose skill Multi-sport endurance event Endurance, power, speed Form-fitted A combination of power (strength and speed), Weight lifting Weight training Form-fitted technique, flexibility and consistency.

5. Discussion and Conclusion innovation of athletic wear. The athletic wear provides athlete’s a dynamic near environment in sports. The selection of athleticwear, to a great extent, In recent years, the promotion and desire for healthy is dependent on sports items, physical requirements lifestyle and environmental friendship have become a and environment. Table 1 lists the sports of the trend directing functional design and eco-materials

48 The 5Ps Model to Optimize Compression Athletic Wear Comfort in Sports Rong Liu et al Olympic events and their corresponding physical Acknowledgement demands and apparel status. The functional performances of existing advanced The authors wish to acknowledge support from the compression athletic wear have been demonstrated in Department of Textile and Apparel, Technology and experimental studies and competition achievements. Management, in the College of Textiles, North However, a number of issues still need further Carolina State University, USA. investigation. For instance, the sports category and intensity that influences sweating, core and skin References: temperature, might place different fabrics and mesh panels to provide most efficient thermal/moisture [1] Kothari VK. Fibres and fabrics for active regulation and prevent heat stress. And, how to apply . Asian Textile Journal different compression to fit different athlete’s bodies 2003;12(3):55-61. to improve sports performance and comfort? [2] National Sporting Goods Association (NSGA), The subjective and objective measurement and 2008. Donnell TF, Rosenthal DA, Callow AD, evaluation of 5Ps property will contribute to identify Ledig BL. Effect of compression on venous their individual quality and help us to integrate and hemodynamics in postphlebitic limbs. Journal of optimize 5Ps to achieve most competitive comfort the American Medical Association, 242 1979; and satisfaction. Direct and indirect approaches can 242:2766-1768 be used in subjective and objective evaluation. For [3] Bringard A, Perrey S, and Belluye N. Aerobic instance, pressure monitoring system can be used to energy cost and sensation during submaximal test compression profiles [27,36,37]. Series of ASTM, running - positive effects of wearing AATCC, and ISO standardized approaches can be compression tights. International Journal of applied to directly test physical-mechanical Sports Medicine, 2006; 27:373-378. properties of materials. Physiological parameters as [4] Gill ND, Beaven CM, Cook C. Effectiveness of markers can be selected to test related body system post-match recovery strategies in rugby players. and physiological mechanisms, e.g. heart rate and British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006; 40: blood pressure are usually as the physiological 260-263. for autonomic nervous system, and the [5] Slater K. Human Comfort. 1985, Springfield, IL: urinary excretion of hormone cortisol for reflecting Charles C. Thomas Publisher. stressful status, etc. Wear trials can help us analyze [6] Tarafder N, Chatterjee SM. Techniques of the psychophysical property and user’s psychological measurement of fabric comfort. Textile Trends comfort; electroencephalography (EEG), India, 1994; 37(5):33-39. electromyography (EMG) and cardiovascular [7] Li Y. The science of clothing comfort. measures can be used to determine Manchester: The Textile Institute, 2001. psychophysiological property when user wearing [8] The hohenstain international textile research CAW. centre (HITRC), Maximum gain. Future The Olympic Games have been served as Materials, 2007.p. 20-21. laboratories for technological developments in [9] Bardhan MK, Sule AD. Anatomy of sportswear fabrics and sports apparel design as well as a and leisurewear: scope for spandex fibres. showcase for functional performance and . Man-made Textiles in India, 2001, p.81-86. The athletic wear worn by professional athletes [10] Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of Sport undoubtedly influences the clothing worn by and Exercise (3rd edition). Champaign, IL: amateurs, and even non-sports apparel design. Human Kinetics, 2004. Today’s athletic wear not only technically and [11] Dascombe B, Scanlan A, Osbourne M, physically assist sport performance, but also display Humphries B, Reaburn P. The physiological and the body, reveal personality, spread regional culture performance effects of lower-body compression and sports spirit. The developed 5Ps contextual garments in high-performance cyclists,2008, model presents the interacting factors and their http://www.skins.net/UserFiles/File/CQU%20C inter-relations deciding functional performance of ycslist%20Report.pdf. athletic wear and user comfort, thus providing a [12] Sigel B, Edelstein AL, Savitch L, Hasty JH, reference in optimization and application of Felix JR. Type of compression for reducing compression athletic wear and other related sports venous stasis: a study of lower extremities devices. during inactive recumbency. Archives of Surgery, 1975, p.110, 171-175.

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