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Distribution, Abundance, and Biology of Blue King and Korean Hair Crabs Around the Pribilof Islands

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Distribution, Abundance, and Biology of Blue King and Korean Hair Crabs Around the Pribilof Islands DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND BIOLOGY OF BLUE KING AND KOREAN HAIR CRABS AROUND THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS by David A. Armstrong, Janet L. Armstrong, Gregory Jensen, Raul Palacios, and George Williams School of Fisheries University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 638 July 1987 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded wholly by the Minerals Management Service, Department of the Interior, through an Interagency Agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP). We thank the captain and crew of the RV Miller Freeman for all their efforts during the three cruises in May and August 1983 and April 1984. Commander Michael Fleming suggested use of sidescan sonar on this project and we appreciate his interest and help throughout. Paul Dinnel and Rae Baxter provided valuable field assistance. Murray Hayes of the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center authorized use of computer time and program accessibility at the National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, which greatly facilitated data analyses. Carla Norwood typed this document, and Dr. Paul Dinnel was instrumental in completion of the final report. Lyman Thorsteinson, Paul Becker, and Laurie Jarvela of NOAA, Ocean Assessments Division, Anchorage, Alaska, provided editorial assistance. We especially thank Lyman Thorsteinson for his patience and understanding. 3 ABSTRACT A series of three research cruises in 1983/1984 were used to characterize nearshore distribution and abundance as well as population dynamics and general ecology of blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) and Korean hair crab (Erimacrus isenbeckii). Because of proposed oil lease sales in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands (St. George Basin), biological information on the species was aeerm?d necessary in order to predict and possibly mitigate against any potential impact arising from any future oil mishaps. The survey approach was based on use of side scan sonar and groundtruthing techniques to map the general distribution of several major sediment types (sand, gravel, cobble, rock and shell debris) around the Pribilof Islands and to direct sampling effort to specific categories of substrate. Over 130 benthic trawls and dredges were done per cruise and extensive series of zooplankton samples were also taken. Blue king crab spawn in mid-spring although multiparous females are on a biennial reproductive cycle and each individual spawns every two years. Larvae are abundant nearshore of St. Paul Island in the late spring through mid-summer and metamorphose and settle to the benthos about August and early September. Survival of small juvenile stages is apparently highest when animals settle to substrates that provide some degree of refuge from numerous species of predators in the area. Best refuge appears to be shell debris, composed primarily of four species of bivalve as well as neptunid gastropod shell, and secondarily small cobble covered with epiphitic growth. First instar juveniles are small, about 3 rmn carapace length (CL) and the rate of growth (frequency of molt) is exceedingly slow the first year since juveniles in the following spring are still only 5 nun to 8 mmCL. The patterns of high density of juveniles UP to about 30 mm CL corresponded very closely to cobble and shell habitat around St. Paul Island, particularly to the east of St. Paul and St. George Islands. Females move onshore in mid-spring to hatch eggs, perhaps in order to enhance retention of larvae near the islands, and males join them at this time to breed those females that subsequently molt. Despite hundreds of trawls in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands, no blue king crab between 30 mm to 80 mm CL were found, which suggests occasional year class failure, possibly due to adverse transport of larvae away from the islands so that juveniles that settle are unable to find refuge habitat. Distribution and general ecology of Korean hair crab closely follows that of blue king crab. Notably different in 1983/1984 was the low abundance of females compared to males, but very similar was the high proportion of small juveniles nearshore particularly around St. Paul Island on shell/cobble substrates. From such patterns of nearshore distribution and close association with substrate types of limited distribution in the vicinity, there is a good possibility that major oil spills inundating the Pribilof Islands and contaminating the benthos to a depth of about 60 m could seriously affect both blue king crab and Korean hair crab populations. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 3 ABSTRACT . 5 LISTOFFIGURES. 11 LISTOFTABLES. 17 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS. 19 1. INTRODUCTION . 21 1.1 Research Objectives. 21 1.2 Description ofStudyArea . 25 1.3 Life History and General Biology of Blue King Crab and KoreanHairCrab. 31 1.3.1 Distribution and Abundance of Juveniles and Adults . 31 1.3.2 Reproduction. 39 1.3.3 Larval Biology, Distribution, and Timing . 43 1.3.4 Fisheries. 44 1.4 Organization of this Report . 47 2. SURVEY DESIGN AND SUBSTRATE ANALYSES . 48 2.1 Survey Design and Substrate Analyses. 48 2.1.1 Location and Timing of Sampling Effort . 48 2.1.2 SideScanSonar. 54 2.1.3 Particle Size Determination. 59 2.2 Substrate Composition. 60 2.2.1 Particle Size. 60 2.2.2 Composite Side Scan.. 62 2.3 Shellhash: Types and Distribution . 66 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 3. COMMUNITY ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURE . 71 3.1 Epibenthic Sampling. 71 3.1.1 Sample Processing. 74 3.1.2 SCUBA andCrabPots. 74 3.2 Cluster Analyses. 75 3.2.1 Approach. 75 3.2.2 Dissimilarity Values . 77 3.3 Physical Environment: Temperature . 80 3.4 Community Composition and Structure . 85 3.4.1 Species Studies and Station Clusters . 85 3.4.2 Cluster Groups and Substrate Types . 87 3.5 Species Associations: Communities . 95 3.5.1 ClusterGroupl. 99 3.5.2 ClusterGroup3. 101 3.5.3 ClusterGroup2. 103 3.6 The Sea Urchin Community. 103 3.7 The Tanner Crab Community . 106 4. BLUEKINGCRAB. 11O 4.1 Larvae. 112 4.1.1 Approach. 112 4.1.2 Timing of Hatch and Molt Frequency . 114 4.1.3 Distribution and Abundance . 116 4.2 Sampling Approach to Quantification of Juveniles and Adults. ...* . ● *O*. 125 4.2.1 Comparison of Sampling Gear..... 125 4.2.2 Estimation of Population Abundance . 127 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 4.3 Juveniles. 134 4.3.1 Size-at-Age Groupings. 134 4.3.2 Distribution and Density . 141 4.3.3 Estimated Population Abundance . 143 4.4 Adults. ● . ● . 146 4.4.1 Seasonal Distribution and Abundance. 146 4.4.2 Estimated Population Abundance . 147 4.5 Reproduction. 155 4.5.1 Materials and Methods. 155 4.5.2 Gametogenesis and Embryonic Development. 156 4.5.3 Discussion. 163 4.6 General Discussion. 169 5. KOREAN HAIR CRAB . ...175 5.1 Larvae. 175 5.1.1 Approach. 175 5.1.2 Timing of Hatch and Molt Frequency . 175 5.1.3 Distribution and Abundance . 175 5.2 Juveniles. 178 5.2.1 Size-at-Age G~oupings. 178 5.2.2 Distribution and Density . 181 5.2.3 Estimated Population Abundance . 184 5.3 Adults. 187 5.3.1 Seasonal Distribution and Abundance. 187 5.3.2 Estimated Population Abundance . 192 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) ---PaaP 5.4 Reproduction. ● ● ● ● . ● . ● 192 5.4.1 Materials and Methods. ● ✎ ● ● . ● . ● . ● . ● . ✎ 192 5.4.2 Results. ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ✎ . ● . ✎ ● . ● ● . ✎ 192 5.4.3 Discussion . ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ 194 6. POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OIL ON CRAB. ● ✎ ● ✎ ● ● ✎ ✎ . ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ 196 7. REFERENCES CITED . ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● ✎ ● ● ✎ ● ✎ 207 APPENDICES. ● ● ● ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ 217 10 LIST OF FIGURES Page 1.1 Map of the southeastern Bering Sea showing the Pribilof Islands, isobaths, and St. George oil leases . 26 1.2 Approximate boundaries separating the three shelf domains and the oceanic hydrographic domains . 28 1s3 Current directions and net speed over the southeastern BeringSea shelf. 30 1.4 Distribution of blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) in the eastern Bering Sea. 32 1.5 Distribution and abundance of female blue king crab less than 90 mm carapace length in the eastern Bering Sea during May-July 1981 and females greater than 89 mm in 1982 . 33 1.6 Larval king crab distribution in the southeastern Bering Sea. 34 1.7 Distribution of gravel in the southeastern Bering Sea. 35 1.8 Distribution of sand in the southeastern Bering Sea. 36 1.9 Estimates of annual abundance of Paralithodes platypus and Erimacrus isenbeckii over several NMFS survey years. 38 1.10 Distribution of female Erimacrus isenbeckii in the eastern Bering Sea during May-July 1980. 40 1.11 Distribution of male Erimacrus isenbeckii in the eastern Bering Sea during May-July 1980. 40 1.12 Distribution and relative abundance of male Korean hair crab less than 90 mm carapace length in the eastern Bering Sea during May-July 1982 and females greater than 64 mm. 41 1.13 Locations and density of Erimacrus isenbeckii larvae collected in the southeastern Bering Sea from 1976 to 1980 . 45 1.14 Major king crab catch areas relative to St. George Basin lease area. 46 2.1 Station locations for zooplankton and benthic samples, May 1983. 50 2.2 Side scan sonar grid and regular stations, August 1983 . 51 2.3 St. Paul side scan sonar grids, August 1983. 52 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) m Page 2.4 April 1984 station locations . 53 2.5 Side scan sonar trace showing several bottom features interpreted by ground-truthing with a Shipek grab and dredge. ● ● 56 2.6 Side scan sonar trace over 1 NM about 5 NM southwest of St. Paul Island in66mofwater . 57 2.7 Side scan sonar trace over 1 NM about 6 NM southwest of St.
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