CONTENTS WORLD NEWS 11 Swaminathan Foundation, VIR Sign Pact on Gene Resources CGIAR Releases Working Document on Intellectual Property Rights New Program Aims to Conserve India’s Animal Genetic Resources DNA Bank-Net To Use DNA Technology to Save Endangered Germplasm Regenerating Endangered Latin American Maize Germplasm: USAID-CIMMYT Cooperate William L. Brown Scientist, Executive, & Mentor: He Left a Lasting Legacy To Global Agriculture Page 15 WASHINGTON NEWS 24 New Leadership Takes Reins of U.S. Genetic Resources Program Interview with Dr. Henry Shands FDA Issues New Guidelines for Regulating Genetically Engineered Foods Crop Advisory Committee Update NEWS IN BRIEF 27 VIEWPOINTS 28 From the Grassroots Up: The Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources by Grassroots Organizations “Latter Day Noahs” of North America by Kevin Dahl and Gary Paul Nabhan PUBLICATIONS 32 IN REVIEW: Plants, Power, and Profit: Social, Economic, and Ethical Consequences of the New Biotechnologies by Lawrence Busch, William B. Lacy, Jeffrey Burkhardt, and Laura R. Lacy p. 25 reviewed by Donald N. Duvick Books Articles EVENTS 34 Cover Credits: Earth Summit Logo courtesy United Nations Environment Program; United Nations Food and Agriculture Or- ganization (top); AP/Wide World Photos (bottom); William L. Brown photo courtesy Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. FROM THE EDITOR... It is most fitting that this issue includes a remembrance of William L. Brown, a founder of DIVERSITY and my treasuredfriend. Over the last ten years, article after article-especially those that appear in this issue - have confirmed Bill’s remarkable vision regarding the important role genetic resources would come to play in sustaining our complex andfragile world. In this issue alone, one can see how pivotal genetic resources have become: a landmark Convention on Biological Diversity is signed by Heads of State from around the world at an unprecedented global gathering - The Earth Summit; a National Genetic Resources Program is mandated by the U.S. Congress; a biotechnology industry moves closer to becoming another “Silicon Valley”; and grassroots groups continue to provide new models for genetic conservation and use. Dr. William L. Brown’s contributions to the landmark achievements and initiatives described throughout these pages are many and will be remembered always by those of us who were fortunate enough to have known this exceptional man. His dedication to conserving the world’s genetic heritage for future generations will be his lasting legacy. Deborah Strauss Editor Vol. 8, no.2,1992 D I V E R S I T Y 3 WORLD NEWS The first reports on the Rio Earth Summit - where actions taken on biological diversity by the 180 attending governments made headlines around the world- are beginning to come in us DIVERSITY goes to press. Following are exclusive reportsfrom journalists who covered the June 3-14 Summit and its attendant activities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DIVERSITY will continue to cover the news surrounding this landmark event us it unfolds over the coming months. We invite our readers to contribute their views us a way of continuing the important discussions begun in Rio. - The Editors by Paul Raeburn biodiversity inventories and surveys to cre- ate the information base necessary for the The Biodiversity Convention signed by protection of species,” and “propose the more than 150 countries (for list, see p. 7) creation of a U.S. center for biological at the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio diversity information.” A few days prior to de Janeiro in June could pose a threat to the the Earth Summit, President George Bush exchange of plant genetic resources, ac- also announced a “Forests for the Fu- cording to Dr. Geoffrey Hawtin, Director ture” initiative that calls for doubling total of the International Board for Plant Ge- international forest conservation assis- netic Resources (IBPGR) in Rome. tance from $1.35 billion to $2.7 billion. In “There are still a number of unresolved what Bush called “a downpayment on the issues which may impact the use of genetic initiative,” he announced the U.S. will resources and their movement around the spend $150 million more in bilateral forest world,” Hawtin said at a press briefing assistance next year. during the Earth Summit, formally known the issues involved,” said Hawtin. “We as the United Nations Conference on Envi- very much welcome this Convention and ronment and Development, or UNCED. feel it will have a positive effect on the “A number of unresolved issues Hawtin explained that the vague word- work of plant genetic resources world- may impact the use of genetic re- wide.” ing of some of the provisions in the Con- sources and their movement vention (for text, see p. 6)-and in another “Agenda 21 adds many additional tasks UNCED document called Agenda 21 - to our agenda,” said Alexander von der around the world.” could inadvertently lead to restrictions on Osten, executive secretary of the Consulta- the movement of germplasm, depending tive Group on International Agricultural British Prime Minister John Major an- upon how they are interpreted. Research (CGIAR). “We stand ready to nounced what he called the Darwin Initia- For example, he referred to a section of take on the challenge.” The CGIAR is a tive, which went beyond the U.S. plan by Agenda 21 that describes the circum- network of countries, donors and research helping countries not only monitor their stances under which genetic resources organizations that supports 18 agricultural resources but also begin to use them. The should be provided by one nation to an- research centers around the world. Most of initiative builds on the work of the U.K.‘s other.“There are different ways that can be these centers, the majority of which are Royal Botanical Gardens and Natural His- interpreted,” Hawtin said. “In one interpre- located in developing countries, hold tory Museum. It includes proposals to clar- tation, it would lead to extremely difficult germplasm collections of the world’s ify goals of scientific, economic, and legal mechanisms for getting permission to dis- major food crops (see story, p. 11). research; promote international coopera- tribute materials. But the same wording The International Board for Plant Ge- tion in technology; promote benefit-shar- could also be interpreted to mean free and netic Resources is part of the CGIAR sys- ing agreements between originators and open exchange. Obviously, we would like tem and maintains some 600,000 samples users of biological resources; and train pro- to see that interpretation, but that will re- of plant genetic material in its seed banks. fessionals in developing countries. These represent more than 30 percent of quire some attention.” Earth Summit's Ambitious Goals The IBPGR director stressed, however, the genetic material stored in all the ex situ that the document, overall, was an import- collections in the world, Hawtin told re- The protection and use of biodiversity ant step toward better protection of plant porters. “We believe these collections are was only one of many environmental and genetic resources. “We have been involved the way in which the wealth of biodiversity development issues addressed by the in discussions leading up to this Conven- can be made useful,” Hawtin said. (See sprawling Earth Summit, which met from tion, and we understand the complexity of interview on page p. 5). June 3-14 at the Rio Centro Convention The United States and Great Britain both Center outside of Rio de Janeiro. The meet- used the occasion of the Rio Summit to ing marked the culmination of two-and-a- announce their own, separate initiatives on half years of often difficult negotiations biodiversity. The United States announced with an ambitious goal: to make environ- a Biodiversity Research Initiative that mental concerns a central issue in interna- will “suggest the development of tional relations. 4 D I V E R S I T Y Vol. 8, no.2,1992 WORLD NEWS An estimated 15,000 delegates met to sustainable development. The second was President George Bush - alone among the complete formal negotiations and adopt Agenda 21, an 800-page document that leaders of more than 180 countries repre- two treaties and three non-binding agree- served as a blueprint for specific actions to sented in Rio - to sign the treaty. ments. At the same time, another 15,000 combat a broad range of environmental Bush first explained his opposition by people gathered for a parallel meeting problems. The last was a statement of saying that the Convention would lead to a called the Global Forum, with partici- forest principles for managing, conserv- loss of American jobs, a contention that pants drawn largely from non-governmen- was never satisfactorily explained by tal organizations (NGOs). “Biodiversity is the new Silicon Bush, the White House staff, or the U.S. Both meetings interpreted “environmen- Valley,” asserted Russell delegation. tal concerns” in the broadest possible way, Scientists and environmentalists to include such problems as population Mittermeier, president of Conser- strongly disagreed with Bush’s initial growth, poverty and sustainable develop- vation International. stance. Kenton Miller, Program Director ment along with more narrowly defined for Forests and Biological Diversity for the environmental goals such as protecting the ing, and sustainably using tropical and tem- World Resources Institute (WRI), stated rainforest and curbing atmospheric and perate forests. The statement was an effort that, in fact, “Countries that get involved in ocean pollution.“We cannot have an envi- to begin the process of drafting a new biotechnology and other spin-offs of bio- ronmentally sound planet in a socially un- global forest convention, a pact that some logical resources can enjoy new jobs.” just world,” said Brazilian President world leaders had originally hoped would Miller coauthored a major report, The Fernando Collor de Mello at the Summit’s be ready for Rio.