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Biological Assessment Potential Impacts to the Red Knot Associated with Maintenance Dredging Activities at Macdill Air Force Base Tampa, Florida

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Biological Assessment Potential Impacts to the Red Knot Associated with Maintenance Dredging Activities at Macdill Air Force Base Tampa, Florida BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO THE RED KNOT ASSOCIATED WITH MAINTENANCE DREDGING ACTIVITIES AT MACDILL AIR FORCE BASE TAMPA, FLORIDA © D. Daniels, Wikipedia Commons Prepared for: MacDill Air Force Base 7621 Hillsborough Loop Drive, MacDill AFB, Florida 33621 Prepared by: ANAMAR Environmental Consulting, Inc. 2106 NW 67th Place, Suite 5 Gainesville, Florida 32653-1658 May 2015 Biological Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Red Knot at MacDill AFB Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Area ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Proposed Action ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 History of Consultation ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 Protected Species of Consideration ...................................................................... 7 1.5 Regulatory Framework ....................................................................................... 7 1.5.1 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) ..................................... 7 1.5.2 Endangered Species Act of 1973 .............................................................. 8 1.5.3 Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 ............................................................ 8 2 THE RED KNOT ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Range and Populations ...................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Populations in Florida ............................................................................ 11 2.3 Seasonality and Habitat Use in Florida ................................................................ 12 2.3.1 Sightings and Habitat Use at MacDill AFB ................................................ 15 2.4 Threats to Red Knots in Florida .......................................................................... 23 2.5 Conservation and Protection .............................................................................. 24 2.5.1 Critical Habitat ...................................................................................... 25 2.6 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 29 2.6.1 Potential Threats to Red Knots ............................................................... 29 3 EFFECTS ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ACTION ................................................................. 30 3.1 Red Knots ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2 Critical Habitat .................................................................................................. 30 3.3 Conservation Measures ..................................................................................... 30 4 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 32 i Biological Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Red Knot at MacDill AFB List of Exhibits Exhibit 1-1. Overview of Navigation Channels, Basins, and Surrounding Area Proposed for Maintenance Dredging, MacDill AFB .......................................... 2 Exhibit 1-2. Schematic of Navigation Channels and Associated Boat Basins Proposed for Maintenance Dredging, MacDill AFB ........................................................ 3 Exhibit 1-3. The Beach Area Adjacent to the Navigation Channel Complex, MacDill AFB. Sheet Piling Is Proposed for Upland Installation at the Westernmost Tip of the Beach Area. ............................................................ 5 Exhibit 1-4. Plan View Drawing of the Proposed Sheet Piling to be installed at the Westernmost Tip of the Beach Area. ............................................................ 6 Exhibit 1-5. Cross Section Drawing of the Proposed Sheet Piling to be installed at the Westernmost Tip of the Beach Area. ............................................................ 7 Exhibit 2-1. Adult Red Knot in Non-breeding Plumage, Sanibel Island, Florida .................. 10 Exhibit 2-2. Counts of Red Knots along Florida’s Gulf Coast over a Period of Three Winters (2004–2008). ................................................................................ 12 Exhibit 2-3. Red Knot Habitat Usage per State in the Eastern U.S. Florida Is Both an Overwintering Area and a Stopover for the Species. ..................................... 13 Exhibit 2-4. Observations of the Red Knot during Four Bird Counts from December 1993 through March 1994 at 23 Sites in Florida, in Decreasing Order of Maximum Number Recorded ...................................................................... 14 Exhibit 2-5. Abundance (n/checklist) of Red Knots per Week in Hillsborough County, Florida, Based on Data Reported to eBird. ................................................... 15 Exhibit 2-6. Summary of All Sightings of Red Knots at MacDill AFB Reported to eBird to 05/11/15. ............................................................................................. 16 Exhibit 2-7. Checklists Submitted to eBird for MacDill AFB Reference This Geographic Locality. .................................................................................................. 17 Exhibit 2-8. A Large Mudflat Is Exposed during Low Tide East of the Security Checkpoint along Bayshore Boulevard. Red Knots Have Been Observed Using This Mudflat. .................................................................................... 18 Exhibit 2-9. Red Knots Have Been Observed Using an Armored Section of Shoreline East of Bayshore Boulevard. Horseshoe Crabs Have Been Observed along This Section of Armored Shoreline As Well. ......................................... 19 Exhibit 2-10. Red Knots Have Been Observed along the Beach Area of MacDill AFB, near the Water’s Edge. Observed Behaviors Consisted of Both Roosting and Foraging. Horseshoe Crabs Were Observed in the Spring of 2008 at the Western Tip of the Beach Area. ............................................................. 20 Exhibit 2-11. The Beach Area at MacDill AFB Is Bordered by Mangrove Swamp Habitat to the West and East, Indicating That the Beach Area Was Once Also Mangrove Habitat. .............................................................................. 21 Exhibit 2-12. Horseshoe Crab Spawning Aggregation at the Western Tip of the Beach Area, Photographed on April 11, 2008. ........................................................ 23 ii Biological Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Red Knot at MacDill AFB Exhibit 2-13. Areas of Florida Affording Protection to Red Knots from Chronic Disturbance by Humans ............................................................................. 25 Exhibit 2-14. Unofficial Critical Habitat for the Red Knot in Florida as Described by Niles et al. (2008) ...................................................................................... 26 Exhibit 2-15. Unofficial Critical Habitat for the Red Knot in Northern Florida as Described by Niles et al. (2008) .................................................................. 27 Exhibit 2-16. Unofficial Critical Habitat for the Red Knot in Southern Florida as Described by Niles et al. (2008). MacDill AFB Is Not Considered Critical Habitat by these Authors. ........................................................................... 28 iii Biological Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Red Knot at MacDill AFB ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS & INITIALISMS AFB Air Force Base BA biological assessment CEQ Council on Environmental Quality COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada EA Environmental Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement ESA Endangered Species Act of 1973 F.A.C. Florida Administrative Code FONSI Finding of No Significant Impacts km kilometer(s) MLW mean low water NEPA National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service nmi nautical mile USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S.C. U.S. Code USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service iv Biological Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Red Knot at MacDill AFB 1 INTRODUCTION MacDill Air Force Base (MacDill AFB) is near Gadsden Point in Tampa, Florida (Hillsborough County), and is surrounded by Old Tampa Bay, Hillsborough Bay, and Tampa Bay. Navigational channels and associated basins at the base have experienced accretion of sediments from a combination of slow deposition over time and stochastic events such as Tropical Storm Debby in 2012. Maintenance dredging is required to ensure the continued safe passage of patrol watercraft of the 6th Security Forces Squadron, use of boat storage facilities in the primary marina and northwest boat basin, and to gain access to onshore storage facilities. The 6th Security Forces Squadron marine patrol watercraft provide necessary enforcement of the marine exclusion zone and restricted area as identified under Title 33 Part 334 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Currently, the patrol vessels are unable to transit the channel during low tides. This limitation compromises the ability of MacDill AFB to respond to unauthorized entry into the marine exclusion zone that
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