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Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July-September 1944

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Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July-September 1944 Canadian Military History Volume 22 Issue 2 Article 2 2013 Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July-September 1944 Terry Copp Michelle Fowler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Terry Copp and Michelle Fowler "Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July- September 1944." Canadian Military History 22, 2 (2013) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. and : Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July-September 1944 Published4 by Scholars Commons @ Laurier, 2013 1 Canadian Military History, Vol. 22 [2013], Iss. 2, Art. 2 Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July-September 1944 Terry Copp and Michelle Fowler ooks and articles about D-Day and advisor, O.D. Skelton, were the Battle of Normandy continue Abstract: The liberation of France in determined to maintain Canadian B 1944 came at a high cost to the local to appear in an unending stream but independence by rejecting any populations who were caught up in a number of important issues remain the struggle for their freedom. The suggestion that they should follow to be fully explored. This essay Allies’ decision to use heavy bombers Robert Borden’s example of seeking a examines the role of First Canadian in support of land operations was voice in Commonwealth foreign and Army and its subordinate formations made out of military necessity but defence policy. The consequences it had the terrible consequence of in two areas that have received little of this policy were outlined in a killing and wounding large numbers attention: decisions with regard to of French civilians. To deal with the memorandum written by Lester B. the use of heavy bombers in support dislocation of war all large Allied Pearson, then the Official Secretary of land operations and aid to the army formations possessed Civil in the Office of the Canadian High civilian population administered by Affairs detachments which sought Commission in London, who noted to allieviate the impact of battle on Civil Affairs (CA) officers. The two that, “so far as policy and planning the civilian populations by helping issues are intimately linked because to provide the basic necessities in this war are concerned, our status the major challenges facing the CA of life including clean water, food, is little better than that of a colony.” organization were products of the shelter as well as providing security Our role, he concluded, was to supply destruction of French towns by the and governance where needed. soldiers and pilots who will be told In the towns of Caen, Le Havre, where and when to fight “as a result heavy bombers of the RAF/RCAF Boulogne and Calais, as well as others and the US Army Air Forces. The first liberated by First Canadian Army and of deliberations in which we have had part of the paper will show that the its subordinate formations, the Civil no part…I dislike this role of unpaid Canadian government – by its own Affairs detachments were largely Hessians.”1 choice – had no say in Allied strategic dealing with the aftermath of the Pearson’s memo and similar bombing by Allied aircraft. planning in general, and bombing protests from other diplomats were policy in particular. Thus it fell to ignored in Ottawa where the Prime Lieutenant-General H.D.G. Crerar, the following part of the paper. The Minister rejected all attempts to commander of the First Canadian remainder of the piece relates how re-create the Imperial War Cabinet Army in Northwest Europe, to the Civil Affairs organization of First instituted by Lloyd George in 1917. apply Allied bombing capacity in Canadian Army organized relief for For King such proposals meant support of his forces, the subject of civilian populations in areas targeted “responsibility without power” and Library and Archives Canada PA-115526 Library and Archives by the heavy bombers. he preferred a policy that avoided Opposite: A bulldozer clears rubble from Throughout the Second World both.2 It was therefore not surprising the streets of Caen on 10 July 1944 War the government of Canada that Canada was neither informed shortly after the liberation of the city. systematically avoided any attempt nor consulted on the terms of the Most of the civilian casualties as well to become involved in the strategic Atlantic Charter in 1941 and was as the damage was caused by Allied bombers. direction of the war. Prime Minister invited to participate in photo ops – Mackenzie King and his principal not discussions – at the two Quebec https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol22/iss2/2© Canadian Military History, Volume 22, Number 2, Spring 2013, pp.4-18. 5 2 and : Heavy Bombers and Civil Affairs First Canadian Army in France, July-September 1944 of First Canadian Army. He had little confidence in Crerar and would have preferred to deal with Lieutenant- General Guy Simonds, whom he regarded as the only competent senior Canadian officer and, equally important, the only one who would not play the Canadian card if a dispute arose. Crerar, he correctly feared, would wish to be seen as the leader of Canada’s national Library and Archives Canada C-026031 Library and Archives army, an aspiration complicated by the fact that only one of the two Corps in his Army was Canadian. Montgomery repeatedly postponed activating First Canadian Army Headquarters and initially sought Prime Minister Mackenzie King (left) and his principal advisor, O.D. Skelton (right), to limit Crerar’s responsibilities. The were determined to maintain Canadian independence by rejecting any voice in Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Commonwealth foreign and defence policy. The two men, along with King’s sister, Jennie General Sir Alan Brooke, understood Lay, visit Kingsmere, King’s summer home in the Gatineau Hills of Quebec, in July 1923. Montgomery’s views but he noted: Conferences. One result was to place The existence of First Canadian I want you to make the best possible the burden of upholding the status of Army in the Allied order of battle use of Crerar, he must be retained in the Canadian military as the national raised other questions which many Command of the Canadian Army… service of a sovereign state and not wished to avoid. An army-sized You can keep his Army small and just subordinate components of formation is made up of two or give him the less important role, Allied formations under British and more corps which in turn normally and you will have to teach him. American command. consists of two or more divisions. We had the same trouble in the last As preparations for the invasion Large numbers of ancillary troops are war and had to replace Byng by of France, Operation “Overlord,” attached at both the corps and army Currie although the latter was a very were finalized, Canadian land, air, level along with medium artillery medium commander.5 and naval forces were integrated regiments, engineers, and much else into British command structures. including Civil Aid detachments. Brooke’s comment about Byng Both the Royal Canadian Navy Under ordinary circumstances an and Currie is both inaccurate and and the Royal Canadian Air Force Army has considerable latitude typical of the condescending attitude would continue to serve in this to plan and carry out operations of senior British officers. Crerar manner but the decision to form First under a directive from the Army would have to learn to deal with Canadian Army in 1943 reinforced Group commander. After General this as best he could. While waiting the Canadian government’s policy Bernard Law Montgomery was for Montgomery to activate First of requiring the Canadian Army appointed to command the Anglo- Canadian Army, a small headquarters commander to formally certify that Canadian 21st Army Group neither was established and the Civil Affairs “Overlord” and all subsequent plans Lieutenant-General Sir Miles sections of both 2nd Canadian Corps were “feasible operations of war.”3 Dempsey (Second British Army) nor and First Canadian Army began Even if the government had no desire Lieutenant-General H.D.G. Crerar their work. Every Army and Corps to be committed by participation (First Canadian Army) were allowed in the Allied sector was mandated to in Allied military planning it had much room for independent action. assume responsibility for refugees, a fundamental responsibility to Montgomery controlled as many relief supplies, medical assistance, ensure that large bodies of Canadian aspects of operations as he could by and other functions during periods of citizen soldiers were not sacrificed, bypassing both Army headquarters to active operations in their formation’s unwittingly or not, in unduly risky deal directly with Corps commanders sector.6 operations of which Canadian when it suited him.4 Ideally, co-operative authorities had less than complete Montgomery had other reasons arrangements with local authorities knowledge. for wishing to limit the independence on these and other key questions Published6 by Scholars Commons @ Laurier, 2013 3 Canadian Military History, Vol. 22 [2013], Iss. 2, Art. 2 such as currency and public finance October 1944, British and Canadian book, Quand les alliés bombardaient la should have been in place, but Civil Affairs officers worked with France 1940-1945 with its estimate of American hostility towards French Coulet and his nominees without 60,000 French fatalities from bombing leader Charles de Gaulle meant difficulty.7 has led researchers to review the that no agreement existed when the Montgomery activated 2nd debate over Allied bombing policy Allies landed in France.
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