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Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts Kig 2005, 4

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Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts Kig 2005, 4 Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4 Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts Josip Farièiæ1 and Zdenko Simièiæ2 1 Department of Geography, University of Zadar, Tuðmanova 24i, Zadar, Croatia 2 Croatian Navy, Zrinsko-frankopanska bb, Split, Croatia 58 The islands belonged administratively to the territory Abstract: Based on the analysis of cartographic of Zadar up to the mid 20th century, and ever since they sources, the paper analyses the historical and have belonged to the municipality of ibenik. Today, the geographical development of the Kornati islands, the largest part of the Kornati is situated within the scope of largest group of Croatian islands. The old maps were the Murter Municipality in the ibenik-Knin County. Due used first of all as the means of geographic research to the great value of the preserved natural and cultural that, being necessarily correlated to the simultaneous heritage, the archipelago enjoys special protection of the historical written sources and modern topographic and Republic of Croatia, especially since 1980, when the maritime maps, make the basis for creating a research national park was established (Official Gazette, 31/1980).1 platform for relevant scientific results to be achieved. On the basis of the old maps it is possible, among The entire island group can be divided, regarding its other things to anticipate that the Kornati islands used spreading direction and geographic position, into four to have great geotraffic significance on the eastern smaller groups, i.e. the Sit, ut, Kornati and Pikera Adriatic sailing route. According to the development groups. The scientists are still not certain about the of geographic concepts and cartographic methods, number of Kornati islands, first of all because of the the geographic vision of the Kornati islands has been problems in defining the borders between the Dugi otok, gradually clarified ever since the 16th century. The Kornati and irje island groups. The islanders say that chart from the Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico the number of Kornati islands, small islands and cliffs is edition published by the Military and Geographic the same as the number of days in a year (Friganoviæ, Institute from Milan (1822-1824) presents the turning 1995), and the data from references vary around the value point with the first complete and mostly precise of 140 islands, small islands and cliffs (Kuluiæ, 1965, presentation of the Kornati islands group on the basis Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, 1984). Inhabitants of Salj and of hydrographic and topographic field measurements. Murter divide the archipelago of Kornati into the Upper (ut and Sit with belonging small islands) and the Lower Key words: cartography, map, Kornati, Croatia Kornati islands (Kornat and Pikera with belonging islands). The islands Kornat (32,44 km2), ut (14,82 km2), Introduction Pikera (2,66 km2), Levrnaka (1,84 km2), Lavsa (1,78 km2), Sit (1,77 km2), Kurba Vela (1,74 km2) and Smokvica In their largest part, Kornati islands are a group of Vela (1,04 km2) stand out because of their area (Duplanèiæ small islands (Kuluiæ, 1965, Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, Leder et al., 2004). 1995, Bognar, Grizelj, 1995), situated along the central part of the eastern Adriatic coast, between the Zadar and 1 Up to 1988, the area of Telaæica, which is situated at the southeastern ibenik archipelagos (Friganoviæ, 1995). Ever since the part of Dugi otok, was also included in the Kornati National Park. earliest times of their historical development, the Kornati After the Telaæica Nature Park had been established, the islands have had a very important maritime and southeastern part of Dugi otok was excluded from the Kornati NP (Official Gazette, 14/1988). The borders of the national park were geographic, and also geostrategic role, largely exceeding changed again in 1997 (Official Gazette, 13/1997). Within the Kornati the role that would be expected from their area, and NP there are 89 islands, small islands and cliffs and the belonging mostly very poor karst natural-geographic basis. territorial waters with the total area of about 21 800 ha. KiG 2005, 4 Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama Kornati na starim geografskim i pomorskim kartama Josip Farièiæ1 i Zdenko Simièiæ2 1 Odjel za geografiju, Sveuèilite u Zadru, Tuðmanova 24i, Zadar 2 Hrvatska ratna mornarica, Zrinsko-frankopanska bb, Split 59 Otoci su sve do sredine 20. st. administrativno Saetak: U radu se na temelju analize kartografskih pripadali zadarskom teritoriju, a od tada ibenskoj opæini. izvora analizira historijsko-geografski razvitak Danas se najveæi dio Kornata nalazi u sklopu Opæine Kornatskih otoka, koji èine najbrojniju skupinu meðu Murter u ibensko-kninskoj upaniji. Poradi velike hrvatskim otocima. Stare se karte koriste ponajprije vrijednosti oèuvane prirodne i kulturne batine arhipelag kao sredstvo geografskih istraivanja, koje u nunoj se nalazi pod posebnom zatitom Republike Hrvatske, korelaciji s istovremenim povijesnim pisanim izvorima posebno od 1980. kada je osnovan nacionalni park te modernim topografskim i pomorskim kartama èine (Narodne novine, 31/1980).1 osnovu za oblikovanje istraivaèke platforme na kojoj se mogu graditi relevantni znanstveni rezultati. Na Cijela se otoèna skupina moe podijeliti, s obzirom na temelju starih karata moguæe je, uz ostalo, zakljuèiti pravac pruanja i geografski poloaj, na èetiri manje kako su Kornati imali veliko geoprometno znaèenje skupine, i to sitsku, utsku, kornatsku i pikersku. O broju na istoènojadranskoj plovidbenoj ruti. U skladu s kornatskih otoka znanstvenici jo dvoje, ponajprije zbog razvojem geografskih spoznaja i kartografskih metoda problema utvrðivanja granica izmeðu dugootoèke, od 16. st. postupno se kristalizira geografska vizija kornatske i irajske otoène skupine. Otoèani kau kako je Kornata. Prekretnicu èini pomorska karta iz edicije broj kornatskih otoka, otoèiæa i hridi jednak broju dana u Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico u izdanju godini (Friganoviæ, 1995), a podatci u literaturi kreæu se Vojno-geografskog instituta iz Milana (1822-1824) na oko vrijednosti od 140 otoka, otoèiæa i hridi (Kuluiæ, 1965, kojoj je po prvi put, na temelju hidrografske izmjere i Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, 1984). Saljani i Murterini kornatski topografskih snimanja terena, dan cjelovit i uglavnom arhipelag dijele na Gornje (ut i Sit s pripadajuæim precizan prikaz kornatske otoène skupine. otoèiæima) i Donje Kornate (Kornat i Pikera s pripadajuæim otoèiæima). Povrinom se istièu Kornat (32,44 km2), ut Kljuène rijeèi: kartografija, karta, Kornati, Hrvatska (14,82 km2), Pikera (2,66 km2), Levrnaka (1,84 km2), Lavsa (1,78 km2), Sit (1,77 km2), Kurba Vela (1,74 km2) i Smokvica Vela (1,04 km2) (Duplanèiæ Leder i dr., 2004). Uvod Kornatski otoci graðeni su uglavnom od krednih vapnenaca i dolomita te eocenskih vapnenaca (Mamuiæ, Kornati su najveæim dijelom usitnjena otoèna skupina 1975). Mehanièkim troenjem i kemijskim otapanjem (Kuluiæ, 1965, Filipi, 1972, Friganoviæ, 1995, Bognar, karbonatne osnove tijekom pleistocena i kvartara Grizelj, 1995), poloena uz sredinji dio istoène obale oblikovane su klastiène naslage, meðu kojima se istièu Jadrana, izmeðu zadarskoga i ibenskog arhipelaga (Friganoviæ, 1995). Od najranijih vremena povijesnog 1 Do 1988. u sastavu Nacionalnog parka Kornati bio je i prostor razvitka kornatski su otoci imali vanu pomorsko- Telaæice na jugoistoènom dijelu Dugog otoka. Osnivanjem geografsku, a s time i geostrateku ulogu, znaèajno Parka prirode Telaæica jugoistoèni dio Dugog otoka izdvojen je iz NP Kornati (Narodne novine, 14/1988). Granice nacionalnog nadilazeæi oèekivanu ulogu koja bi proizlazila iz njihove parka ponovno su mijenjane 1997 (Narodne novine, 13/1997). povrine, prostornog obuhvata i najveæim dijelom Unutar NP Kornati nalazi se 89 otoka, otoèiæa i hridi te oskudne krke prirodno-geografske osnove. pripadajuæi akvatorij ukupne povrine od oko 21 800 ha. Kornati Islands on Old Geographic Maps and Charts KiG 2005, 4 The Kornati islands are built mostly of chalk limestone of Angles) and a small citadel on Vela Panitula connected and dolomites, as well as of Eocene limestone. (Mamuiæ, with Pikera by means of a drawbridge. 1975). Mechanical tearing and chemical melting of the Century-long pasture, production of lime, and felling carbonate base during the Pleistocene and the Quarter of trees for torches used as light in night fishing of small caused the formation of clastic layers with correlating blue fish, are the main reasons for degradation of slope sediments and red-soil zone in the areas of island vegetation on the Kornati islands. Hence, only karst bare fields standing out among them (Tarac, Trtua, Koritnica, mountains prevailed (rocky ground, with low and rare Kneak, Æukino polje and others). The karst relief of the vegetation), and rare olive-groves and vineyards make Kornati islands is special because of its structural steeps but small oases in the island landscape. on the external sides of the Kornat and the Pikera island groups making the continuation of the cleft structure of *** Dugi otok. The historical and geographical development of Kornati Because of carbonate secondary porous geological can be followed partly on the basis of old geographic maps structure and inconvenient annual distribution of and charts. Although medieval and renaissance precipitation on the islands, there are no larger cartographic presentations of Kornati have been appearances of surface waters. Smaller pools are generalized and mostly schematised,
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