Vol. 43 No. 4 Fall 1983 arno ·~a

Amoldia (ISSN 0004-2633) is published quarterly in Page spnng, summer, fall, and winter by the Arnold 3 Cultivars of Japanese Plants at Arboretum of Harvard University. Brookside Gardens Carl R. Hahn and R. Subscriptions are $10.00 per year, single copies $3.00. Barry Yinger Second-class postage paid at Boston, Massachusetts. 20 Of Birds and Bayberries: Seed Dispersal Postmaster: Send address changes to: and Propagation of Three Myrica Arnoldia Species Fordham The Arnold Arboretum Alfred J. The Arborway 24 H. Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 E. Wilson, Yichang, and the Kiwifruit Copynght © 1983 President and Fellows of Harvard College 23 BOOKS Etleen J Dunne, Editor Peter Del Tredici, Associate Editor Front cover photo Leaves of Cornus kousa ’Snowboy’, a vanegated dogwood cultivar recently mtroduced from Japan by Brookside Gardens, Wheaton, Maryland. Carl R Hahn, photo Back cover photo~ Fruit of the common bayberry (Mynca pensylvamca~. A1 Bussemtz, photo.

Cultivars of Japanese Barry R. Yinger and Carl R. Hahn Plants at Brookside Gardens

Since 1977 Brookside Gardens, a publicly some were ordered from commercial supported botanical garden within the nurseries. Montgomery County, Maryland, park sys- has maintained a collections tem, special Cultivar Names of Japanese Plants program to introduce into cultivation orna- mental plants (primarily woody) not in gen- One of the persistent problems with the eral cultivation in this country. Plants that collections has been the accurate naming of appear to be well-suited for the area are Japanese cultivars. In our efforts to assign grown at the county’s Pope Farm Nursery in cultivar names that are in agreement with sufficient quantity for planting in public both the rules and recommendations of the areas, and others intended for wider cultiva- International Code of Nomenclature for tion are tested and evaluated in cooperation Cultivated Plants, 1980, we encountered with nurseries and public gardens through- several problems. The most obvious was out the United States. Information on the language, as virtually all printed references plants is kept in the county’s computer sys- to these plants are in Japanese. However, a tem, by means of a program designed under more serious difficulty was trying to deter- the guidance of Carl Hahn, chief of horticul- mine which Japanese names satisfied the ture. The collections are maintained and Code and which, regardless of how com- evaluated under the supervision of the monly they are used, had to be set aside. In curator, Philip Normandy. resolving these difficulties, we arrived at To date more than 1000 different plants what we believe will serve as ground rules have been acquired, mainly from Japan but for assigning English names to Japanese also from Korea, England, and Holland. The plants being introduced into the United Japanese collection includes both wild and States. cultivated plants, and the English and Dutch First, most Japanese cultivar names can be contain mostly hard-to-find species and cul- divided into two broad categories: metaphor- tivars from specialty nurseries. Many of the ical and literally descriptive. The first group is plants were collected by the authors, and easy to deal with on our terms because the names correspond to Western "fancy" names or cultivar names. They are com- monly written in Chinese characters (rather Torreya nucifera ’Gold Strike’ than Japanese phonetic symbols, known as 4

kana and do not incorporate the Japanese ("weeping") ego-no-ki (the Japanese name colloquial names of the plants. These names for Styrax japonicus refers to a clone of are usually allusions to ornamental features Styrax ~aponicus with pendulous branches. of the plants. For example: Akebono We believe that such names are contrary to ("dawn"), Shishigashira ("lion’s mane"/, and recommendations within article 31A of the Amanogawa ("Milky Way"/. Such names Code (sections g and /, which discourage are characteristic of plants that have been both the use of names that refer to an attri- cultivated and selected for a long time, often bute likely to become common in a group of centuries, particularly those included in related cultivars and the use of names that what is known as koten engei, the cultiva- incorporate the common names of plants. tion of "classical plants." Bearing these Several of these names are used in Japan for metaphorical names are such popular groups more than one cultivar, causing confusion. as Japanese maples, Japanese flowering cher- For instance, several distinct variegated cul- ries, Japanese apricots, Japanese pines, most tivars of Ginkgo biloba are marketed under azaleas, and many others. We believe these the name fuiri icho. Many names of this type names ought to be preserved and used. are also in Western literature as cultivar In the second group the name usually con- names, but we hope that they will be re- sists of a descriptive prefix added to the jected in favor of names that are more pre- Japanese colloquial name of the plant. Sev- cise and comply with the Code. eral prefixes appear again and again; the Occasionally a name surfaces that cannot most common include the following: be slipped easily into either of the categories above. For instance, in several Japanese (describing plant habit) names for selected variants the fu from fuiri shidare, pendulous has been attached to other hime, diminutive, dwarf ("variegated") yatsubusa, congested, of slow growth words to form combinations that are more precise than fuiri itself; thus arare ("hail") (descnbmg leaf characteristics) plus fu becomes ararefu, "hail-spot" variega- fuin, variegated (shirofu, white-variegated; tion, and so on. These names can, we be- kiifu, yellow-variegated) lieve, be accepted as cultivar names, albeit murasaki, purple occasionally with some reservations. The (describing flower and fruit characteristics) test must be whether a person familiar with issai, flowenng or fruiting as a young plant both the language and the plants can say that yaezaki, double flowers the use of the name is not likely to cause shikizaki, everbloommg confusion as other cultivars emerge. akabana and bembana, red, pink, scarlet, or orange flowers; shirobana, white flowers; kibana, yellow flowers) Descriptions shmoml, white fruit (akami, red fruit) The following is a list of cultivars of Japanese plants with descriptions, which we Names such as these are often written in believe will serve to distinguish each plant Japanese phonetic symbols and usually from the most similar existing cultivar of prefix the name of the species; thus shidare the same species. The reader should consult standard references (such as Jisaburo Ohwi’s The leaves of this cultivar are dark green, Flora of Japan for complete descriptions of with a distinct central splash of pale yellow. the species. Leaf measurements have been They are 14 to 18 cm long, 5 to 5.5 cm wide, given only where they differ from those of deeply toothed on the margin, and often the species. somewhat twisted. The leaf stalks are green Most of the selections described here have or yellow and reddish at the base on new variegated foliage, a reflection of the Japanese shoots. Young stems are clearly striped with interest in variegation. Historically, far more green and yellow. This is the best and most selections of variegated plants have been stable of the cultivars with central variega- produced in Japan than in any other country. tion ; it has no extraneous spots or flecks of Nearly every plant cultivated by the color to mar the effect. ’Sun Dance’ is illus- Japanese has been grown at some time in at trated (p. 62) but not named or described in least one variegated form, and some species, Fuiri Shokubutsu (Variegated Plants) by such as Ardisia ~aponica, are represented by Masato Yokoi and Yoshimichi Hirose (1978).( . scores of variegated cultivars. A complex Several specialty nurseries m Japan, includ- system for the classification and enumera- ing Garden Wako, in Yamamoto, supply this tion of variegated leaf types has developed plant, which they call Nakafu Ao-ki, mean- simultaneously. ing "central variegated Aucuba." The Japanese interest in variegated plants In the Dutch publication Dendroflora (no. remains strong today but does not approach 15/16, 1979), reference is made to a plant what it was in the 18th and 19th centuries, named Aucuba japonica ’Nabaku’, de- when collecting these plants seems to have scribed as having a conspicuously large been almost a national preoccupation. The blotch in the middle of the leaf with small three-volume Somoku Kihin Kagami, pub- yellow dots here and there. We believe the lished in 1827, described over 500 variegated epithet ’Nabaku’ is a misspelling of selections, which had been chosen by a "Nakafu," a name that has been applied to panel of 90 hobbyists and illustrated by fa- several cultivars ofAucuba japonica with mous artists. This was followed in 1829 by the five-volume Somoku Kinyoshu, which pictured over 1000 cultivars in the same Aucuba japonica ’Sun Dance’ format. These plants, as well as those selected for showy flowers were (and still are) grown in pots and admired individually rather than as part of a garden landscape. Most of these plants have been cultivated at Brookside Gardens for three years or more, and most have been observed in cultivation in Japan in several seasons as well.

Aucuba japonica Thunb. ’Sun Dance’. New cultivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 267. 6

central leaf variegation. ’Sun Dance’ seems Japanese name for this plant: Ogon Chosen to be distinct from the cultivar described in Maki or "golden Korean Podocarpus. " This Dendroflora, however. selection is sold under the Japanese common name by several nurseries, including Shibamichi Kanjiro, in Angyo. Carpinus japonica B1. ’Ebi Odori’. New cul- tivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 1417. Cornus kousa Hance ’Gold Star’. Cultivar This selection is like the species, except name assigned by the Sakata Nursery Com- that the showy catkins are borne in profu- pany. Yinger Collection No. 660. sion on small plants. It is an attractive and On this plant the leaves are dark green, tough plant that can be grown indoors or on with an irregular central blotch of deep a patio and has almost year-round interest. butter-yellow covering one-third of the leaf The cultivar name means "dancing shrimp" area. On new growth the blotch is char- in Japanese, an allusion to the shrimplike treuse. The form of the plant and flower catkins, which move in the breeze and per- characters are typical of the species. This sist after leaf fall. This selection reportedly vigorous cultivar is at its best in full sun and comes true from seed. It is described and il- beautiful m all seasons. It was introduced by lustrated in the Nihon Kaki catalogue the Sakata Nursery Company, Yokohama, (spring 1981, p. 21 as Issai Kana-shide, about 1977 and is illustrated and described meaning "early-blooming Carpinus." It is in the company’s spring 1978 catalogue produced and sold as a bonsai subject by (p. 19). Wayside Gardens, Hodges, SC 29695, many nurseries, including Nihon Kaki in also lists and illustrates this cultivar in its Angyo. 1983 catalogue (p. 3).).

Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight) K. Koch Cornus kousa Hance’Snowboy’. Cultivar ’Korean Gold’. New cultivar name, assigned name assigned by the Sakata Nursery Com- by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger Collection Nos. pany. Yinger Collection No. 661. 428 and 1424. The leaves of this selection are pale gray- This plant is identical to C. harringtonia green, with a regular white margin, 2 to 5 ’Fastigiata’, except that new growth is yel- mm wide, which occasionally invades the low in spring, becomes chartreuse by mid- center of the leaf. Splashes of yellow-green, summer, and green by winter. A selection of or small areas of paler gray-green along the a Korean species cultivated in Japan, it has edge of areas of darker gray-green, occur in- been confused with C. harringtonia ’Fas- frequently. Axillary tufts of hair are absent tigiata Aurea’ (listed by den Ouden and on the leaf undersurfaces. The leaf apices are Boom) but can be distinguished by its new often reddish, as well as the leaf bases on growth, which is entirely yellow, in contrast new shoots and young twigs. Flowers and to that of C. h. ’Fastigiata Aurea’, which is habit are typical of the species. This plant yellow only on the margins of the needles. sunburns in late summer in our climate un- The name has been derived from the less grown under high shade or on the north 7

Cornus kousa ’Gold Star’

side of a building. It was introduced about Kanjiro Company catalogue of April 1979 1977 by the Sakata Nursery Company of (p. 24), it is listed as D. crenata var. var- Yokohama and described and illustrated in iegata, a name that is not legitimate. its spring 1978 catalogue (p. 19). Eriobotrya japonica /Thunb.~ Lindl. Deutzia crenata Sieb. & Zucc. ’Summer ’Yukige’. New cultivar name, assigned by Snow’. New cultivar name assigned by Carl Barry R. Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 1959. R. Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 1378. Often irregular in outline, the leaves of This cultivar has medium yellow-green this plant are somewhat puckered and vari- leaves, some with scattered markings of ously patterned in green, gray green, and pure white and gray-green. It is supplied by a pure white. The margin is usually white, number of specialty nurseries, including with irregular blotches of white and gray in- Garden Wako, in Yamamoto, as Fuiri Utsugi vading the center of the leaf. ("variegated Deutz~"). In the Shibamichi This plant is propagated and sold by sev- 8

eral specialty nurseries, including the ovate~, and 7 cm long and 3 cm wide. Occa- Shibamichi Kanjiro Company, Angyo, under sionally they are elongated to 11 cm long the name Fuiri Bi wa ("variegated Erio- and I cm wide. The margins are irregular, botrya "/. ’Yukige’ is Japanese for "melting with blotches of white or gray white break- snow."" ing up into small blotches and speckles or gradually darkening to green in the center of Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. the leaf. This plant is vigorous and stable. It is listed in the Shibamichi Com- var. vegeta (Rehd.) Rehd. ’Duet’. New cul- Kanjiro of 1979 as Fuiri tivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. pany catalogue April (p. 28) Yinger Collection No. 1452. Mayumi ("variegated Euonymus"). " This variegated cultivar is of recent origin, ’Shiyomo’ is Japanese for "frosty night." with leaves 5 cm long and 3 to 3.5 cm wide, medium green, and irregularly splashed and Eurya japonica Thunb. ’Confetti’. New cul- streaked with creamy white. Young leaves tivar name assigned by Philip Normandy. have longitudinal streaks and splashes of Yinger Collection No. 769. pure white, with some small areas of yellow The leaves of this cultivar are 3 to 5 cm green; however, some leaves are entirely long and 1.5 to 2 cm wide. Many are green, white. Young stems are often streaked with while others are white, blotched white, pale white. The plant is shrublike, with a spread- yellow, or shell pink and distorted and ir- ing habit. It is grown by the Suzuki Nursery, regular in outline. Several specialty nurs- Akayama, Angyo. eries, including Garden Wako, Yamamoto, supply this cultivar. Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. var. radicans (Miq.) Rehd. ’Harlequin’. New cul- Eurya ~aponica Thunb. ’Harmony’. New R. tivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. cultivar name, assigned by Barry Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 1453. Yinger Collection No. 719. All leaves of this cultivar are somewhat This is a new variegated cultivar with narrow and 3 to leaves 1.5 to 3 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm wide, distorted, usually elongated, 4 cm and 0.5 to 1 cm wide. are medium green, usually with a narrow mar- long They dark with a or white gm of pure white and profuse speckles of green pale pink irregu- invades the pure white and light yellow-green. A few lar margin, which sometimes center of the leaf in streaks or This shoots are all white. Young stems are green wedges. is a dwarf and It is or occasionally striped or banded with pure slow-growing plant. white. This plant is trailing and prostrate in supplied by several nurseries, including the Shibamichi habit. It has been grown by the Suzuki Kanjiro Company, Angyo. Nursery, Akayama, Angyo. Forsythia koreana Nakai ’Bandal’. New cul- Euonymus sieboldiana Bl. ’Shimoyo’. New tivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. cultivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 1662. This selection has green leaves, some- New leaves of this cultivar emerge green, times of irregular shape (though usually and about half have a broad irregular margin 9

Eurya ~apomca ’Harmony’ leaves are not margined but have irregular of pale yellow, which soon becomes creamy sectoral wedges of all of these colors. ’Ban- white. The margined leaves are green in the dal’ is distinct from ’Ilgwang’, in the color of center, with small irregular splashes of emerging leaves and in the ultimate creamy white and pale gray-green. Some leaves and white color of variegated portions, but is shoots are entirely creamy white, and a few sold in Japan under the same name: Fuiri 10

Rengyo. It is grown by several nurseries, in- Japanese cultivar name means "plum of cluding the Shibamichi Kanjiro Company, youth." Angyo. ’Bandal’ is Korean for "half moon."" Like ’Ilgwang’, it is most successful in a Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. ’Mystique’. shaded position. Even greater care in propa- New cultivar name, assigned by Carl R. gation must be taken with this cultivar than Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 1691. with ’Ilgwang’, as ’Bandal’ tends to revert, The leaves of this selection are trifoliolate, and solid green plants can easily result. although sometimes reduced to one or two leaflets, and occasionally somewhat dis- Forsythia koreana Nakai ’Ilgwang’. New torted. Leaf margins are pure white, the cultivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. color sometimes invading the center of the Yinger Collection No. 1676. leaf, where it may be accompanied by pale All leaves of this cultivar emerge yellow gray blotches. The green twigs often have green in spring, ultimately becoming char- thin white stripes along the ridges of the treuse ; many bear a central blotch of darker stem. The flowers are typical of the species. green. Average leaf size is 5 cm long and 2 This is a stable and attractive plant sold by cm wide. This is a selection of a Korean Garden Wako, in Yamamoto, as Fuiri Obai species cultivated in Japan. It is sold by sev- ("variegated fasminum "). eral nurseries, including Kairyo En in Angyo, as Fuiri Rengyo ("variegated Forsythia"). Juniperus conferta Parl. ’Akebono’. Cultivar ’Ilgwang’ is Korean for "sunlight." This name assigned by Nihon Kaki. Yinger Col- plant requires light shade to avoid sunburn. lection No. 1925. Care must be exercised in propagating it New growth on this cultivar, which is in order to avoid confusion between it produced at the tips of branches, is creamy and ’Bandal’. Cuttings must be taken only white with green flecks, becoming green in from shoots showing a minimum of central late summer. It is illustrated and described blotching. in the spring 1982 catalogue (p. 3) of the Nihon Kaki Nursery. ’Akebono’ is Japanese Ilex serrata Thunb. ’Koshobai’. Yinger Col- for "dawn."" lection No. 1931. This cultivar bears leaves that are small juniperus conferta Parl. ’Silver Mist’. New and long-pointed, about 3 cm long and 0.77 cultivar name, assigned by Carl R. Hahn. cm wide. In new growth they are purple at Yinger Collection No. 1954. the tips. The flowers and fruit are tiny, about This selection is similar to ’Blue Pacific’. 2 mm wide, and very abundantly produced It can be distinguished by its distinctly on this pistillate plant. The fruit is red and grayer tone and shorter needles, which give very persistent. The plant is slow-growing the plant a denser and tighter appearance. and twiggy and congested in habit. It is a The leaves of ’Silver Mist’ average about 1 popular choice in bonsai but also a fine cm long, while those of ’Blue Pacific’ average dwarf garden shrub. It is listed in the fall 1979 catalogue of Nihon Kaki, Angyo (p. 29), with an illustration and description. The Opposite: Ilex serrata ’Koshobai’ 11I 12 13

Neolitsea sericea ’Kanoko’

blotches of gray green. Occasionally, shoots are also The Kiraku En 1.5 cm. ’Silver Mist’ is sold by many entirely yellow. in this Japanese nursenes as Shiro Tosho ("white Nursery, Mito, Ibaraki, supplies juniperus con ferta"~. It is illustrated and de- plant. scribed in the fall 1979 catalogue (p. 18) of the Nihon Kaki Nursery. Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidz.’Kanoko’. New cultivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Laurus nobilis L. ’Sunspot’. New cultivar Yinger Collection No. 1892. The leaves of this selection are var- name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger green, Collection No. 1890. iegated with specks, blotches, and broad ir- and of Some of the leaves of this plant are en- regular longitudinal stripes wedges small tirely yellow, but most are green and gener- creamy white, accompamed by ously mottled with pale yellow and small blotches of yellow green. The leaves are sometimes slightly distorted. This is the most attractive and stable of several similar Opposite: Laurus nobilis ’Sunspot’ selections. It is propagated and sold by the 14 15

Kiraku En Nursery, Mito, Ibaraki. ’Kanoko’ is Japanese for "fawn.""

Osmanthus x fortunei Carr. ’Equinox’. Cul- tivar name assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Ymger Collection No. 1957. Green leaves are characteristic of this plant, although many have a creamy white variegation. A sectoral pattern is most common, with the leaves divided in half longitudinally, one section being green and the other white. Some leaves and shoots are entirely white, while others are entirely Osmanthus heterophyllus ’Kembu’ green. The variegation is chartreuse on young growth. The plant is sold by several folding. Creamy white patterns predominate nurseries, including Shibamichi Kanjiro on young leaves, becoming less prominent Company, Angyo, as Fuiri Hliragi-mokuse1 as the leaves age. Each leaf bears 7 to 9 ("variegated Osmanthus x fortunei"~. spines of uniform size. This plant is illus- trated and described in the spring 1980 catalogue (p. 34) of the Nihon Kaki Nursery. Osmanthus P. S. heterophyllus (G. Don) ’Goshiki’ is Japanese for "five colors."" Green ’Akebono’. Yinger Collection No. 830. Osmanthus heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. New growth, stems, and leaves of this cul- Green ’Kembu’. New cultivar name, as- tivar are than entirely light yellow, lighter signed by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger above. Leaves become in ’Ogon’, green by Collection No. 1644. summer, an indistinct retaining yellow- The leaves of this cultivar are narrow, green margin; second-year leaves are en- 4 to 5 cm long and I to 2 cm wide. Most are tirely green. Leaves bear 8 to 13 spmes, crescent shaped or of irregular outline, with which are rarely recurved. This plant is 1 to 10 spines per leaf. Their color is grown and Garden Wako, propagated by with an off-white " medium-green, irregular Yamamoto. ’Akebono’ is for "dawn." Japanese margin. The plant is sold by Suzuki Nursery, Akayama, Angyo. ’Kembu’ means "sword Osmanthus heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. dance" in Japanese. Green ’Goshiki’. Yinger Collection No. 699. Osmanthus P. S. The leaves of this cultivar are evenly cov- heterophyllus (G. Don/ ered with flecks and small blotches of Green’Ogon’. Yinger Collection No. 1450. New shoots stems and of this creamy white, dark green, gray green, and (both leaves) selection are yellow green and have a pink cast when un- uniformly bright yellow, gradually becoming chartreuse by midsum- mer and green by winter. Second-year leaves Opposite : Osman th us x fortunei ’Equinox’ are a normal dark green. Each leaf bears 12 to 16

14 long spines not of uniform length. These lobes, which are cut to the midrib and clus- are usually alternately upcurved and tered so that each leaf resembles a tuft of downcurved, with a strongly downcurved small bamboo leaves. Leaf stalks are purple terminal spine reminiscent of Ilex cornuta. beneath. The veins are light green. This is an This clone is illustrated and described in the open plant of upright growth, with inter- spring 1979 catalogue of the Sakata Nursery nodes varying in length from 3 mm to 6 cm Company (p. 34). ’Ogon’ means "yellow and producing dense clusters of leaves at var- gold" in Japanese. ious points on the branches. It is sold by Suzuki Nursery, Akayama, Angyo. ’Sasaba’ Osmanthus heterophyllus (G. Don~ P. S. is Japanese for "bamboo leaf."" Green ’Sasaba’. Cultivar name assigned by Yoshimichi Hirose. Yinger Collection No. Photinia glabra (Thunb./ Maxim.’Parfait’ 715. New cultivar name, assigned by Barry R. The leaves of this very distinctive cultivar Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 1956. are dark green, with 8 to 13 spine-tipped The dark green leaves of this plant have a

Osmanthus heterophyllus ’Sasaba’ 177

dark pink margin, with some marbling and sectoral variegation. These markings often fade to pale pink or white. This is a very sta- ble selection. It is illustrated and described in the spring 1979 catalogue (p. 2) of the Sakata Nursery Company as Fuiri Kaname-mochi /"variegatedPhotinia"/.

Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ’Whitewa- ter’. New cultivar name, assigned by Barry R. Yinger. Yinger Collection No. 234. This is a plant with a spreading habit, with Piems 7aponica ’Whitewater’ lax descending branches bearing ascending branchlets. Leaves are narrow, 6 to 7 cm long The flowers and foliage of this selection and I to 1.7 cm wide. Flowers and buds are are typical of the species. However, the and in pure white abundantly produced branches are lax and pendulous, forming a panicles 8 to 11 cm long. New growth is large mounded shrub about 7 feet tall. The green. This selection was collected as a wild plant can easily be induced to form a small R. in seedling by Barry Yinger January 1977, tree by staking a leading branch until the de- on a mountain below slope Hana-no-ego, sired height is reached. It is sold by a number Yakushima, Japan, at an altitude of approx- of nurseries, including Shibamichi Kanjiro imately 5000 feet. Company, Angyo, as Shidare Ego-no-ki ("weeping Styrax").( .

Stauntonia hexaphylla Decne. ’Cartwheel’. Styrax japonica Sieb. & Zucc. ’Pink New cultivar Carl R. name, assigned by Chimes’. New cultivar name, assigned by Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 1373. Carl R. Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 834. On this plant the youngest leaves on each The leaves and flowers of this selection shoot have white blotches and irregular are typical of the species except that the veins prominent green running throughout, flowers are pale pink, shading to darker pink and a cast when Some leaves pink unfolding. at the base of the petals. Branches of young are distorted or have a undulate strongly plants are lax and nearly pendulous, becom- Most become with This margin. green age. ing less so as the plant ages. The plant is ex- is in when plant particularly showy spring, tremely floriferous even when young. It was the new shoots contrast with the green introduced about 1976 by the Shibamichi leaves of the It is sold previous year. by Kanjiro Company, Angyo, as Benibana Nakamura Nursery, Nagoya. Ego-no-ki ("pink-flowered Styrax"/, and it is illustrated and described in the fall 1979 Styrax japonica Sieb. & Zucc. ’Carillon’. catalogue (cover and page 1) of the Nihon New cultivar name, assigned by Carl R. Kaki Nursery as Benibana Issai Ego Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 326. ("early-flowering pink Styrax").( . 18

Torreya nucifera (L.) Sieb. & Zucc. ’Gold Authors’ Note: Strike’. New cultivar Carl name, assigned by The authors will try to honor requests for more R. Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 427. information about these plants and will be Most shoots on this cultivar are either pleased to receive additional information as well. At and do not bright yellow entirely or have both green and present, time money permit the of research that would answer all yellow needles scattered on the same shoot; depth questions that might be raised, but we will try to address some needles are green and yellow. striped questions as they arise. It is our intention to de- stems of shoots are The young variegated posit specimens and documentation of published yellow. The plant is not stable in coloration, cultivars with the United States National Ar- but usually about half the shoots are varie- boretum in Washmgton, D.C., as the plants con- tinue to should be sent gated. It is grown and sold by Kiraku En develop. Correspondence to Carl R. Park Nursery, Mito, Ibaraki, as Fuiri ~"var- Hahn, Maryland-National Capital Kaya and Planning Commission, 8787 Georgia Ave- iegated Torreya"). nue, Silver Spring, MD 20907. (Please note that the Arnold Arboretum cannot supply these plants or information regarding them.)( Wisteria DC.’Mon floribunda (Willd.) The authors wish to express their sincere Nishiki’. Yinger Collection No. 277. thanks to Dr. Frederick G. Meyer and Dr. Theo- The emerging leaves of this selection are dore Dudley, United States National Arboretum; liberally speckled in creamy white and some Mr. Philip Normandy, Brookside Gardens; and Ms. Gennie yellow green, often having a slightly puck- Potter, Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, for their kind ered surface and an undulate margin. Leaves and invaluable assistance in prepanng the manu- produced later in the season are usually script. green and typical of the species. The purple flowers also are of the and are typical species References produced with the new leaves. The plant is illustrated and described in the spring 1982 Books and Periodicals catalogue (p. 44) of the Kairyo En Nursery, Bailey, Liberty Hyde, and Ethel Zoe Bailey 1976 Hor- Angyo. ’Mon Nishiki’ is Japanese for tus Thzzd ~ A Conczse Dzcuonary of Plants Culu- vated in the United States and Canada Revised is sold under the "brocade cloth." The plant and Expanded by the Staff of the Liberty Hyde name ’Nishiki’ ("brocade"), too. Bailey Hortonum. New York: Macmillan. Bean, W. J 1970-1980. Trees and Shrubs Hardy In the Bnush Isles 4 vols London: John Murray. Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Mak. ’Green Veil’. den Ouden, P., and B. K. Boom. 1978. Manual of Cultz- vated Conzfers The Hague, Netherlands: Mar- New cultivar name, assigned by Carl R. tmus Nr~hoff. Hahn. Yinger Collection No. 835. Grootendorst, Herman J. 1979. "Tentoonstelling This cultivar is characteristic of the Herfstweelde’78."Dendroflora, 15 and 16:50-56. species, except that the branches are at first (In Dutch/. Hrllier, H. G. 1972. Hillzer’s Manual of Trees andd and then slightly ascending strongly pendu- Shrubs. Newton Abbot, England: David and lous, forming a gracefully weeping, narrow Charles. International tree without staking. It is an old selection Commission for the Nomenclature of several Cultivated Plants of the International Umon of produced by nurseries, including Biological Science. 1980. lnternauonal Code of Shibamichi Kanjiro, Angyo, as Shidare Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: 1980, C. D. Keaki ~"weepingZelkova"/. Bnckell, Chairman, Editorial Committee. 19

Utrecht, Netherlands: Bohn, Scheltema and Sosei En, Hyogo Prefecture, Takarazuka Fall 1976, Holkema. spnng 1977, fall 1979 Kmtaro. 1827. Somoku Kihin Kagami 3 vols. Repnnted Wayside Gardens, Hodges, SC 29695. Spnng 1983. (In m Facsimile m 1976 Tokyo: Seiseido (In English). Yokohama Nursery Company, Yokohama, Japanese~. 21~5 Nakamura. 1911-12. (In English). Krussmann, G. 1976-78. Handbuch der Laubgeholze, 2nd ed., rev. 3 vols. Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey (In German). Carl R. Hahn is chief of horuculture at Maryland- Lee, Tchang Bok 1979. Illustrated Flora of Korea National Capital Park and Planmng Commission, Seoul, Korea: Hyang Mun Sa (In Korean)( Silver Sprmg, Maryland Mizuno, Tada-aki 1829. Somoku Kmyoshu 7 vols. Re- Barry R. Ymger is curator of the Asian Collecuons at m facsimile m 1977. Seiseido printed Tokyo: (In the Umted States National Arboretum Japanese) Ohm, Jisaburo. 19G5. Flora of /apan Edited by Fred- erick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washing- ton, D.C.: Smithsoman Institution. Tsukamoto, Yotaro, et al. 1977. Explanauon Volume to Accompany 1977 Facsimile Reprmt of Somoku Kmyoshu Tokyo, Japan Seiseido (In Japanese/. . 1976 Explanation Volume to Accompany 1976 Facsimile Repnnt of Somoku Kihin Kagami. To- kyo : Seiseido. (In Japanese). Yokoi, Masato, and Yoshimtchi Hirose. 1978. Fmn Shokubutsu. Tokyo: Seibundo Shmkosha. (In Japanese).

Catalogues (in Japanese unless otherwise noted) Chugai Nursery Company, Kanagawa Prefecture, Isehara-shi. Catalogue No 11I Fuy En, Osaka, Takarazuka. Fall 1973, spnng 1978 /apanese Trees and Shrubs for Your Garden, by Barry R. Yinger. Catalogue prepared for the Shibamichi Kan- ~rro Company Limited, m 1981. (In English). Kairyo En, Saitama Prefecture, Kawaguchi-shi, Oji Kamito. Spnng 1966; fall 1970, spring 1972, fall 1972, spnng 1973, fall 1973, spnng 1974, fall 1974, fall 1975, spring 1977, fall 1977, spring 1978, fall 1978, fall 1979, fall 1980, spnng 1981, spnng 1982. Nagoya Engei, Nagoya, Naka-ku. Catalogue No. 11 (fall 1978). Nihon Kaki, Saitama Prefecture, Kawaguchi-shi, Ishigami. Fall 1973, spnng 1974, fall 1979, spnng

1980, spring 1981, fall 1981, spnng 1982. _ Sakata Nursery Company, Yokohama, Mmami-ku, Nagada-cho Spnng 1978, fall 1978, spnng 1979, spnng 1981, fall 1981. Shibamichi Kan~iro Company Limited, Saitama Prefec- ture, Kawaguchi-shi, Akayama. Commercial catalogue 1976-77. Trees and Shrubs for Your Gar- den April 1979. /Latter m English). Shunko En, Tokyo, Itabashi. Spnng 1972, fall 1972, spnng 1979 Of Birds and Bayberries : Alfred j. Fordham Seed Dispersal and Propagation of Three Myrica Species

The genus Myrica comprises about 50 tral United States and from Europe to north- species (often ill-defined) distributed east Asia. throughout the temperate and subtropical All three of these species have nitrogen- areas of both hemispheres. The Arnold Ar- fixing root nodules, which enable them to boretum collection includes three species: thrive m areas where many other plants M. pensylvanica, M. cerifera, andM. gale. could not survive. They are dioecious - Myrica pensylvanica Lois., the common having staminate (male) and pistillate (fe- bayberry or candleberry, occurs naturally male) flowers on different plants - like hol- from Newfoundland to western New York lies and ashes. and Maryland, chiefly in poor soil. It is suck- The fruits of Myrica pensylvanica and M. ering in habit and tends to form shrubby cerifera are small (2.5-3 mm and 3.5~.5 mm clumps, which at maturity can range from 2 in diameter respectively) globose nuts with to 8 feet in height. Frequently it is found on waxlike coatings. It is this waxlike material roadside cuts, railroad banks, gravel pits, and that provides the fragrance in bayberry- other locations where topsoil has been re- scented candles and soap. It becomes bluish moved completely. In Boston its shiny green gray as it dries, making the thickly clustered leaves remain on the branches until No- fruits conspicuous in the landscape. The vember. They are fragrant when crushed, a fruits ripen in late September and are eaten characteristic of all Myrica species. by birds. Since birds lack teeth and cannot Myrica ceri fera L., the southern bayberry, chew, the hard-coated seeds pass undamaged wax myrtle, or southern wax myrtle, is an through their digestive systems. Only the evergreen plant native from east Texas and waxy coating is removed, and this is a pre- Oklahoma to Florida and as far north as New requisite for germination. The seeds then Jersey. Although the plants in the Ar- remain on the ground throughout the boretum are low in stature, the species can winter, satisfying another requirement for attain heights of 30 to 40 feet. germination, chilling, which activates the Myrica gale L., sweet gale, a deciduous embryo. shrub, occurs naturally in shallow waters The fruits of Myrica gale are different and swamps from Alaska to Newfoundland, from those of M. pensylvanica and M. ceri- Nova Scotia, and the northeastern and cen- fera. They are tightly packed around a cen- 21

tral axis to form short (8-10 mm) catkins Propagation by Seed that remain on the until In- plant spnng. To germinate the seeds of Myrica cerifera stead of the waxy coating of the other and M. pensylvanica artificially, one must species, two winglike bracts dotted with yel- create conditions resembling those of na- low resin enclose the fruit of M. gale. The ture : the waxy coating must be removed and bracts aid in the of the seeds fleshy dispersal the seeds placed in cold stratification at 40°F them afloat when by flotation, keeping they for three months. I divided fruits of M. ceri- fall into the water. Birds are not known to fera into four lots, each containing 100 eat the fruits of sweet gale. seeds, and treated them as outlined below (the fruits were collected on Bayberry plants (Myrica pensylvamca) growing in September 27, and the was done five months poor soil at the intersection of Routes I and 128 accounting in Dedham, Massachusetts. These plants un- later): doubtedly grew from seeds carried in the diges- Lot 1: Seeds were sown with wax remain- tive tracts of birds and dropped here. The trees m Six resulted. the background are red cedar (Jumperus vm- ing. seedlings gmana L.) and probably were spread by the Lot 2: Seeds with wax remaining were same means. placed in cold stratification at 40°F 22

Fruit and foliage of the common bayberry (Myrica pensylvamca~. lier in some years than in others. I once saw an immense stand of M. pensylvanica on for three months and then sown. Sev- Cape Cod heavily laden with fruits in Oc- enteen seedlings resulted. tober, but by mid-November all had been Lot 3: Seeds were sown with wax removed. eaten by birds. If the seeds are to be stored Six resulted. seedlings prior to treatment, the wax should not be Lot 4: Seeds with wax removed were placed removed, as it protects the seed from desicca- in cold stratification for three tion. months and then sown. General ger- The first step in germinating the seeds of mination resulted. Myrica pensylvanica andM. cerifera is to These results demonstrate the importance remove the waxy coating. Rubbing between of both wax removal and cold stratification the palms of the hands, rubbing on a wire to obtain complete germination with these screen, or soaking in warm water will ac- two species. Seed of Myrica gale requires complish this. Next, the dewaxed seeds only cold stratification - 3 months at 40°F must be combined with a medium such as - for general germination. damp sand or damp peat moss and the mix- Ripe fruits of Myrica can be collected eas- ture placed in a polyethylene plastic bag. ily by hand. At the Arnold Arboretum they The bag must be bound at the mouth with a are ready for collection in late summer. How rubber band to make it vapor proof. The long they remain on the plants varies from amount of the medium need only be two or year to year, for the birds remove them ear- three times the volume of the seeds, for at 23

sowing time the entire content of the bag BOOKS must be used, and excessive medium could lead to some seeds being embedded too deeply. The bag must then be placed in a 40°F for three after refrigerator months, The Pirion Pine: A Natural and Cultural which the contents are sown. When this History, by Ronald M. Lanner. With a Sec- procedure is followed, complete germination tion on Pine Nut Cookery by Harriette Lan- can be expected in about three weeks. ner. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press. 208 pp. $13.50.

Vegetative Propagation RICHARD WARREN Myrica tends to be suckering in habit, and shoots with roots can be separated from From the Texas Panhandle almost to the around the bases of the New parent plants. Pacific Ocean, from Mexico to southern also can be started from softwood cut- plants Idaho, covering 70,000 square miles, grows tings. the pinon-juniper woodland, so little known to us in the East. In this compact volume References Professor Lanner tells us why this woodland Rehder, Alfred. 1940 Manual of Cultivated Trees and is important. He opens our eyes to its prehis- in America Second edition Shrubs Hardy North tory, its history, and its future. New York: Macmillan Pines to North Ehas, Thomas S 1971. "Genera of Myricaceae "Journal originally immigrated of the Arnold Arboretum, 52: 305-18. America from Asia. Some found temperate Schopmeyer, C S., comp 1974 Seeds of Woody Plants homes in our continent and in Europe. Oth- m the Umted States Agricultural Handbook ers went southward to Mexico and split into 450 Washington, D C : U.S. Department of Ag- nculture. many genetic variants, the forerunners of Ridley, H. N. 1930. The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the present bewildering array of Mexican the World. L Reeve: Ashford, England. pines. From them a group of drought-hardy, soft-wooded pines, with one to five leaves in a fascicle and large, wingless edible nuts, evolved to comprise the present 11 species of pinon pines recognized by the author. The uplift of the Sierra Nevada in the Pleiocene barred the moisture-laden Pacific winds from the interior of the continent they had formerly penetrated. This event brought a drought to the southwest of what was later to be the United States, and the redwoods there died, and the pinons, particularly Pinus monophylla, moved in. Lanner tells us of the birds, the animals, Alfred/. Fordham was formerly research horticulturist at the Arnold Arboretum Conunued on page 36 E. H. Wilson, Yichang, A. R. Ferguson and the Kiwifruit

The fruits are rounded to oval 1’/z-2 inches long, acres in New Zealand, and that area is in- russet-colored and more or less The skin of the hairy. creasing by 3000 to 4000 acres annually. It is fruit is very thm and the flesh is green, sweet and pleas- estimated that there are now over 6000 acres ant to the palate and is excellent for dessert or for mak- ing a preserve. of the fruit in California. Plantings are being E. H. Wilson made in many other parts of the world also: 1915 France, Italy, Spain, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Australia, Zimbabwe, and So wrote E. H. Wilson of the fruit ofAc- South Africa. tinidia chinensis Planchon var. hispida C. F. In comparison to that of most other fruit Liang, the fruit known to the Chinese as the crops, the history of the introduction of the yang tao or mihoutao and now known to kiwifruit is remarkably well-documented. most of us as the Chinese gooseberry or By reading the accounts of the plant explor- kiwifruit. At the turn of the century, the ers, old gardening and horticultural journals, kiwifruit was a wild plant in China, a very missionary records, and reports and files of handsome climbing plant, ideal for pergolas, government research stations, and by talk- but only one of the many interesting new ing to older growers and nurserymen, we can Chinese plants being brought into cultiva- trace almost every step in the domestication tion in Europe. By the 1950s it had become a of the kiwifruit. We can follow it from its useful fruiting plant grown in a few com- origin in China to its dispersal throughout mercial orchards in New Zealand. The total the world and its development as an impor- plantings then occupied fewer than a hun- tant horticultural crop. dred acres, and only small quantities of fruit were exported to the United Kingdom. In the 1960s the first of early shipment The Kiwifruit in China kiwifruit was sent to the United States. Or- chardists in California began planting it Accounts of the kiwifruit appear in many soon after, when they discovered that the of the early Chinese texts. Indeed, it is some- fruit produced in New Zealand was being times suggested that the earliest references sold in Los Angeles for remarkably high to it can be found in classics of over 2000 prices. By 1968 they had planted 15 acres. years ago. Identification of plants mentioned Today the kiwifruit has become a hor- in such texts is notoriously difficult, how- ticultural success story. At the beginning of ever. Many of the descriptions are vague, the 1983, kiwifruit orchards covered over 20,000 allusions poetic, and a single plant is some- 25

times referred to by the different names it European Discovery of the Kiwifruit had in different parts of China (worse, the The first known collector of kiwifruit same name is sometimes used for different plants was Pere Pierre Noel Le Cheron d’In- The first of plants). unequivocal descriptions carville, a French Jesuit who spent 17 years the kiwifruit date from the Tang dynasty at the Imperial Court in Beijing (Peking). He and one indicates that (A.D. 618-907), poem collected specimens (but no fruit) at Macao, it have about this cultivation of may begun soon after his arrival in China in late 1740. time Cultivation cannot have (Yan 1981). Incarville sent his specimens back to France been extensive, however, since most writers but they remained there, ignored and unde- describe the kiwifruit as a consistently being scribed, for over a century (Franchet 1882). wild a of the mountains. At plant, plant The plant was formally described, and times the peasants would bring it to town to namedActinidia chinensis, in 1847 (Plan- sell in the markets. chon 1847), based on specimens collected several years earlier by Robert Fortune, who had been sent to China the Horticultural A kiwifruit orchard near Auckland, New Zea- by Fortune land. Tree ferns ~Cyathea sp.) can be seen m the Society of London (Cox 1943). shelter belt at left. brought back dried specimens of kiwifruit 26 27

foliage and flowers but made no mention of about the size of a big plum .... the fruit the fruit. He probably had not seen fruit, as would be a great acquisition, I think" (Henry he had had only a few chances of traveling 1903). Henry encouraged and aided expedi- any distance from the main ports. tions to collect seed and explore the flora of Towards the end of the 19th century, western China. botanists and horticulturists in Europe and North America were becoming more aware of the variety and beauty of the Chinese flora Wilson and the Introduction of the and the fitness of of the for many plants Kiwifruit to Europe temperate climates. This increased aware- ness was due in large part to the efforts of Of the various collecting expeditions, Augustine Henry, who spent 20 years in the E. H. Wilson’s had the greatest success. On service of the Chinese Maritime Customs. his first two trips to China, Wilson was in On his first tour of duty, from 1882 to 1889, the employ of James Veitch & Sons, the Henry was stationed at Yichang (Ichang), a famous London nursery firm. Veitch’s had small port on the Yangtze River about a sent a series of travelers abroad to collect thousand miles inland and just downstream plants suitable for the nursery trade. From from the famed Yangtze Gorges. 1840 to 1905 they almost always had at least Yichang had only a small European popu- one collector overseas in the botanically un- lation, and life in such an outpost could be explored parts of the world, and a remark- very lonely and dreary. Henry took up an able range of plants had thus been intro- interest in botany. "My collecting is my duced to Great Britain (Veitch 1906; Fuller exercise, and it keeps me in health, bodily and Langdon 1973). James Herbert Veitch, and mental; in these out-of-the-way posts, one of the younger members of the family, where stagnation is the rule" (Henry 1896). had collected in Japan in the early 1890s, and was aware of He was particularly interested in the eco- he the richness of the Chinese flora. He to to nomic uses of plants in China and in the ori- had been keen go China but gins of cultivated plants. His writings refer had been refused permission by his uncle to the kiwifruit several times: "a climbing Henry James Veitch (Howard 1980). Sir Wil- shrub which bears edible fruit about the size liam Thiselton-Dyer, then director of Kew, of a plum" (Henry 1887); "a very large climb- had been getting enthusiastic letters from ing shrub with white conspicuous flowers Henry; he was undoubtedly an ally in em- the of an to and fruit about the size of a plum, which can phasizing advantages expedition China Another was be made into a good jam with a guava-jelly (Nelson 1983). ally C. S. kind of flavour. This fruit might be much Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum (Wilson improved by cultivation" (Henry 1893);(; 1913). In 1899 Thiselton-Dyer was asked by "produces in the wild state excellent fruit Veitch’s to recommend a young man capable of undertaking a prolonged collecting jour- ney in China. Thiselton-Dyer proposed E. H. Wilson Howard Mature kiwifruit are harvested m New Zealand (see 1980). dunng May (early autumn). (Photo courtesy of the The object of Wilson’s first trip for New Zealand Kiwifruit Authority.)( Veitch’s was to obtain seeds, bulbs, and liv- 28

ing plants of species almost certain to be hardy in Great Britain, species at that time known only by dried herbarium specimens. Plant collecting was often extraordinarily competitive, and claims to priority were considered very important. In a newspaper interview at the time ("The Flora and Fauna of Ichang," 1902), Wilson therefore said only that his "object has not been to collect any particular species of plants, but anything likely to be of interest or value to the botani- cal world." Later he admitted that he in fact had instructions to collect a very particular species of plant, Davidia involucrata. Wilson’s first task was to visit Henry, who was then at Simao (Szemao), Yunnan, to ob- tain details about Davidia and information on the flora of western China in general (Wilson 1938). The journey to Simao to see Henry certainly was not an easy one: "I crossed no less than eleven distinct ranges, E. H. Wilson with two Japanese friends, the altitude 8200 and highest being ft., many T. Miyoshi and H. Ushio. The photo was taken in exceeded 7000 ft. and were fearfully steep. In Kagoshima, when Wilson visited Japan in 1917. one place we ascended 1000 ft. in three- quarters of an hour. The easiest way to climb such a mountain is to hang on to the mule’s has pointed out, many of the plants first in- tail and let him drag you up" (Wilson 1900). troduced by Wilson were those discovered Simao was "the most God-forsaken place by Henry during his period at Yichang. Al- imaginable" but the trip was worth it: "I though Henry did not discover the kiwifruit, found Dr. Henry a splendid fellow, full of it was he who sent the first fruits to Europe knowledge of all kinds. A more genial man I and recommended that the plant be culti- have never met. He assisted me in every way vated. he could, and whatever success attends our After leaving Henry, Wilson traveled to venture will be largely due to him" (Wilson Shanghai and then up the Yangtze River to 1900). Henry "freely imparted important in- Yichang, where he established himself for formation regarding the plants Wilson was the next two years (Wilson 1905). Yichang in search of, and the ways and means of was by now a busy port. (The Yangtze reaching them" (Veitch 1906). Wilson prof- Gorges made Yichang the upper limit for ited by this advice and used much of Hen- steamers on the river.) The Chinese popula- ry’s field experience in making his early tion was about 35,000, and the European plant introductions. As B. D. Morley (1979) population had increased from the dozen of 29

Henry’s early days in China to about 45. There was the staff of the Maritime Cus- toms, the English consulate, the German consulate, and about 20 missionaries. The China Inland Mission, the Scottish Mission, the American Presbyterian Mission, the American Episcopalian Mission, the Scan- dinavian Mission, the Canadian Mission, and the Roman Catholic Mission were all resident or frequent passers through. Yichang was the starting point for travels into western China. Wilson made it his base for collecting trips into the mountains and for overwintering. In 1900 Wilson obtained seed of 671 dif- ferent species of plants, herbarium speci- mens of 1764 species, and a great quantity of bulbs and roots of herbaceous plants. His collections during the following year were also impressive: seed of 305 species, her- barium specimens of 906 species, and 35 Kiwifruit and m New Zea- cases of bulbs, living roots, and rhizomes of bemg inspected graded land. Photo courtesy of the New Zealand Kiwi- herbaceous plants, all shipped to Britain fruit Authority.)( (Veitch 19061. As the parcels of seed arrived from Chma, they were sorted and sent to the various Veitch nurseries. Here nothing was open garden" (James Veitch & Sons Ltd. stinted in the attempt to get satisfactory 1904). germination (Harrow 1931). Often, of course, Like many of the other plants brought in the seed of a species would fail to germinate, from China, the kiwifruit initially aroused but many efforts were successful. In 1904 great interest. It received an Award of Merit the kiwifruit appeared in the Veitch from the Royal Horticultural Society in catalogue. "It has recently been raised from 1908. The first flowering of plants in En- seed gathered in the province of Hupeh, gland and France was noted at length in the Central China, sent by Wilson, and has horticultural journals of 1909. But Wilson proved hardy and of very rapid growth, at our was not satisfied with the plant’s perfor- Coombe Wood Nursery .... [It produces] mance in England: writing to C. S. Sargent edible fruits the size of walnuts, and the he complained, "A. chinensis, introduced by flavour of ripe gooseberries. Apart from its Messrs. Veitch, has so far failed to do itself flowering and fruiting qualities it is a re- full justice; but, in the years to come, I be- markably handsome plant, and will be of lieve it will be one of the finest ornamental great value as a pillar or pergola plant in the climbers in cultivation .... A difficulty to 30

the classifier and a drawback from the cul- one Davidia plant was successfully raised at tivator’s point of view is the fact of the flow- the arboretum at Les Barres, in France. A ers being polygamous [dioecius]" ( Wilson rooted cutting of this plant was sent to Kew 1909). in 1901 while Wilson was still in China. At That the flowers are dioecius (bearing that time plant introduction was very com- staminate [male] and pistillate [female] petitive, and for Wilson this was "yet one flowers on different plants) was definitely a little cup of bitterness to drain" (Wilson drawback, for all the plants introduced and 1938). Again, Farges had sent seed, in the sold by the Veitch nursery were staminate. case of Actinidia chinensis, to Vilmorin in Without pistillate plants, horticulturists 1898, and a plant had been raised in 1899 could not produce the new and rare fruit (Vilmorin and Bois 1904/, several years be- Henry and Wilson had hoped for. It was not fore Wilson’s own seed had arrived in until 1912, eight years after the first plants Europe. No matter that Wilson was respon- were distributed, that the nursery was able sible for the introduction of every seedling to advertise that among the new plants re- plant but one of the kiwifruit: he could not cently introduced from western China claim the first plant. through E. H. Wilson was "Actinidia chinensis foemina. The female form .... in habit of is similar to the now growth ... The Kiwifruit in the United States well-known male form" (James Veitch & Sons 1912). It seems, however, that by then At the beginning of this century, the main horticulturists in Europe had lost interest in organization introducing new plants into the the kiwifruit. The long-awaited first produc- United States was the Office of Foreign Seed tion of fruit in England in 1911 appears to and Plant Introduction in the Bureau of have gone almost unremarked. The dissolu- Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agricul- tion of the Veitch firm, and then the Great ture. The earliest recorded introductions of War, came soon after. The kiwifruit in kiwifruit into the United States occurred in Britain has remained only an ornamental 1900 (USDA Bureau of Plant Industry 1905).). curiosity; certainly the plants brought in by The seed of the yang tao (the name used in Wilson and sold by the Veitchs did not give the Yangtze Valley) first came from G. D. rise to any new horticultural industry. Brill, who had made an extended trip Making matters worse, it is now apparent through China and visited Yichang. Some of that Wilson could not even claim credit for the other seed he sent is listed as being "pre- introducing the first kiwifruit to Europe, just sented by Mr. E. H. Wilson of Kew Gardens, as he could not claim credit for the first through Mr. G. D. Brill." This seed failed to Davidia. In 1897 Maurice de Vilmorin had grow, however (Fairchild 1913). The next secured seed of Davidia from Pere Paul Guil- imports from China were more successful. laume Farges, a member of the Missions In the autumn of 1903, the American Etrangeres, stationed in northeast Sichuan. consul-general at Hankou (Hankow), L. S. The following year, and two or three years Wilcox, received a sample of kiwifruit sent before Wilson’s collections reached England, downriver by a Mr. Goodhart of Yichang. 31

"When the fruits are picked and left for a few three or four hundred pounds, with the in- days until soft they are very fine eating,"" formation that they had been secured at Wilcox said. "They have the flavour of the Chungking (1000 miles up river) from plants gooseberry, fig, and citron. They make de- formerly obtained on the borders of Yunnan licious jam, pies, and sauce." Wilcox was so by Mr. Wilson, under whose advice they impressed that he decided to get a few plants have been packed in moss and sand, war- to send to the U.S. Department of Agricul- ranted to keep for months. I felt I had a white ture. elephant in my hands; the bill for them has A letter was sent to Mr. Goodhart in not yet been presented" (L. S. Wilcox, quoted Yichang who agreed to help. For a long time by Fairchild 1913). Four vines survived the nothing happened. Finally, Wilcox wrote, "a long journey from Hankou to Shanghai, box came [on March 19, 1904] weighing Nagasaki, San Francisco, and, finally, the Plant Introduction garden at Chico, Califor- nia. The vines grew well and flowered for the first time in 1907 Over the Harvested kiwifruit are removed from the or- (Fischer 1909). chard in large bins. (Photo courtesy of the New next few years more than 1300 young plants Zealand Kiwifruit Authority.) propagated from the four vines were widely 32

distributed throughout the Pacific and Gulf believed the kiwifruit had considerable po- States (Fairchild 1913). Unfortunately, all of tential as a fruiting plant, as did David Fair- these plants also proved to be staminate and child, the agricultural explorer in charge of were therefore valuable only as ornamentals. the Office of Plant Introduction. Fruit pro- The potential value of the kiwifruit as a duced from vines growing in California was fruiting plant could not be assessed. shipped to Washington and "eaten by a Why all the plants initially introduced to number of people of discriminating taste, the United States and England proved to be and the universal opinion appears to be that staminate is unknown. Early botanists noted we have in this Chinese fruit a distinct new are consid- that staminate kiwifruit plants possibility for home gardens in Southern re- erably more common in the wild than pistil- gions. What American horticulturists will late plants. Herbarium material of many Ac- do with it remains to be seen" (USDA tinidia species is also mostly staminate: this Bureau of Plant Industry 1918). As we now may result from a predominance of stami- know, American horticulturists did very lit- nate plants in the wild, or simply from the tle. Just as it had m England, the kiwifruit greater floriferousness and therefore more remained no more than an ornamental frequent collection of staminate plants. No curiosity in the United States. So little experimental evidence exists for sex ratios interest was taken in it that Wilson didn’t either in the wild or from seed. even include it in a manuscript he was com- Finally, in 1913, the bureau purchased pleting at the time of his death in 1930, plants from Veitch’s that had been grown "Wilson’s Plants in Cultivation." The from cuttings of the female plant (sent by manuscript has accounts of three different Wilson) that had produced fruit in England Actinidia species but not the kiwifruit, Ac- in 1911. Although some plants from seed tinidia chinensis, even though the kiwifruit sent earlier by Wilson later proved to be fe- is now considered perhaps the most impor- male, these plants from Veitch’s were "the tant of all the commercial plants Wilson first known female plants of this promising brought into cultivation. fruit-producing species to be introduced into the United States" (USDA Bureau of Plant In- 1915a). Two years later a photograph dustry The Arrival of the Kiwifruit in New was of a kiwifruit vine a published "bearing Zealand single .... fruit, the first to be produced in America. The vine [of unstated origin] was The introduction of the kiwifruit to Brit- trained over the porch of a private house at ain and the United States is surprisingly Chico, California, and produced a number of well documented, but it has little commer- fruits" but unfortunately "never reached cial significance. These introductions did maturity" (USDA Bureau of Plant Industry not lead to the horticultural industry of to- 1915b). day. Ironically, very little has been written Thus Wilson was clearly responsible, di- on how the kiwifruit was introduced into rectly or indirectly, for the introduction of New Zealand, even though all commercial the kiwifruit into the United States. Wilson kiwifruit orchards throughout the world are 33

based on scions or seeds that originated in is the great monotony of life in a small and New Zealand. isolated community .... amusements are The first known kiwifruit plants in New apt to pall. The winter evenings are long and Zealand were grown near Wanganui, a town dull, and those of summer hot and on the west coast of the North Island. Alex- mosquito-infested. People soon gauge the ander Allison was a sheep-farmer there mental and social possibilities of new- whose greatest interest was the growing of comers, and know exactly what their all sorts of plants and trees and, most par- neighbours think on every subject which can ticularly, new and novel fruiting plants (Al- arise, ... and the arrival of a stranger and of lison 1930). One of the plants he succeeded the mail boat and the changes in the cus- in getting to grow and produce fruit was the toms staff are the chief varieties in life" kiwifruit. An acquaintance of Allison, (Bishop 1899). named Frank Mason, wrote: "I have a record Wilson was one such stranger; his fre- in my diary dated July l Oth 1910 that I had quent comings and goings would inevitably " tasted the fruit of this plant from a bush have been one of the "chief varieties in life." grown in his garden" (Mason 1953). Al- He would undoubtedly have been known though it is uncertain as to whether these personally to every European resident of were the first kiwifruit plants in New Zea- Yichang. He has written that "in 1900 I had land, it is clear that they were very impor- the pleasure of introducing this fruit to the tant : all the cultivars of kiwifruit, and all the foreign residents of Ichang, with whom it kiwifruit plantings in New Zealand, can be found immediate favour, and is now known traced to Allison’s plants in Wanganui. throughout the Yangtze Valley as the The most plausible story as to how Alex- Ichang gooseberry" (Wilson 1929). ander Allison obtained his first seeds or The Church of Scotland opened its mis- plants takes us back to Wilson and Yichang. sion at Yichang in 1878. In 1897 the work of Most of the Europeans in Yichang lived out- the mission was augmented by the arrival of side the Chinese city in a suburb stretched three young female missionaries from New along the bank of the Yangtze. Here were the Zealand under the sponsorship of the buildings of the Imperial Maritime Cus- Church of Scotland Women’s Association toms, the consulates, and the various mis- for Foreign Missions (Hewat 1960). One of sions. A British gunboat often lay opposite at these missionaries was C. G. (Katie) Fraser, a anchor in the stream. Life for the European teacher and evangelist, who was to remam at population had its difficulties, as that re- Yichang until the Revolution of 1911. Miss markable traveler Mrs. Bishop (Isabella Bird) Fraser had sisters in New Zealand, one of observed: "Their amusements consist whom, M. I. (Isabel) Fraser, was also a chiefly m tennis, shooting, and boating pic- teacher and principal of Wanganui Girls’ nics to some of the picturesque ravines and College. In 1903 Isabel Fraser was granted a rock temples off the main river, and to the leave of absence for eight months and she Ichang Gorge. The British Consul ... and left Wanganui to join her sister in China. the Commissioner of Customs ... do their When she returned to New Zealand in Feb- best to alleviate what, it must be confessed, ruary 1904, she brought with her some seeds 34

of the kiwifruit. A. M. Atkins, a niece of Author’s Note Alexander Allison, recalled: "Many years I am to Dr. H. M. Mouat, formerly of ago, when I was at Wanganui Girls’ College, grateful the Fruit Research Division, Department of Sci- the head mistress, Miss M. I. Fraser, went for entific and Industrial Research, New Zealand, for a holiday to China and brought back some permission to cite the letter from Mr. Frank Ma- seeds of Chinese Gooseberry [kiwifruit]. son, and to Dr. E. C. Nelson, National Botanic Garden, Dublin, Ireland, for permission to read These she to [Mrs. Atkins’ father] Mr. gave his then unpublished manuscript on Augustine Thomas Allison, who passed them on to his Henry. The excerpt of the letter by Dr. Henry is brother, Mr. Alexander Allison; he grew published with the permission of the Royal them..." (Atkins 1948).(. Botanic Gardens, Kew. My thanks are due to Miss Bella Smith and the library staff at the Mt. Albert Today, nearly 80 years later, it is not pos- Research Centre, Department of Scientific and sible for us to confirm that the seed brought Industrial Research, Auckland, New Zealand, the Arnold the Auckland Institute and from China Isabel Fraser and to Arboretum, by given Museum, the Church of Scotland, the National Alexander Allison did actually grow and Library of Scotland, and the Royal Botanic produce the plants that were fruiting in Gardens, Kew. 1910. Allison’s plants may have come from elsewhere. It has been suggested that other introductions of kiwifruit to Wanganui took place at about the same time. Nevertheless, References it seems plausible that the kiwifruit of today A. 1930. Letter to California Avocado Associa- had its in those seeds from Alhson, origin Yichang tion, Los Angeles. Avocado Yearbook 1930: and that Katie Fraser was made aware of the 191-92. kiwifruit by Wilson: Wilson is therefore due Atkms, A. M. 1948. "Introduction of Chmese The New Zealand 4: - - Gardener, much of the credit even if for Gooseberry." indirectly 795. bringing the kiwifruit to New Zealand. Bishop, J. F. (Isabella L. Bird). 1899. The Yangtze Valley It seems ironic that the sending of seed by and Beyond An Account of /ourneys m Chma, the Provmce Szechuan and a missionary to an amateur gardener should Chieflym of among the Man-tze of the Somo Termtory. London: John lead to a new horticultural indus- eventually Murray. try, when the efforts of the Veitch Nursery Cox, E. H. M. 1943. "Robert Fortune." Journal of the and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Royal Horticultural Society, 68: 161-71. Fairchild, D. 1913. "Some Asiatic Acumdias." Umted were so much less successful. After all, States Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Ag- Veitch’s was the greatest nursery of its day, ncultural Engmeenng Cmcular 110: 7-12. and the U.S. Department of Agriculture had Fischer, W. 1909. "Actmudia chinensis. " The Garden- ers’ Chromcle, 46 77. all the resources of the Office of Seed (3rd series): Foreign Franchet, A. 1882. "Les Plantes du Pere d’Incarville and Plant Introduction, with its plant dans l’Herbier du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle explorers and its chain of plant introduction de Pans." Bulletm de la Societe Botamque de gardens. Perhaps it is largely luck that de- France, 29: 2-13. Fuller, K. A. P., and J. M. Langdon. 1973. The House of the introduction of a new termines whether Veitch. Yearbook, International Dendrology So- plant is successful. ciety, 1972:63-69. 35

Harrow, G. 1931. "Some Recollections of Coombe Introduction dunng the Penod from January 1 to Wood "The New Flora and Silva, 3’ 177-81.1. March 31, 1913 No 34, p. 45. Washington, D.C.: Henry, A. 1903 "Some New Trees and Shrubs of West- Government Printing Office. em Chma." Flora and Sylvo. 1: 217-18. -. 1915b. [Actinidia chmensis, first fruit produced --. 1896 Letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Sep- m America.] Plant Imm~grants, Nos 111-12, fac- tember 5, 1896 Kew Archives. Director’s Corre- ing p 916. An unnumbered plate. spondence 151 (Chinese and Japanese letters, -. 1905. Seeds and Plants Imported dunng the Pe- 1865-1900, Hancock-Y): 696. nod from September, 1900 to December, 1903. . 1893 Notes on Economic Botany of Chma. No. 66, p. 38. Washington, D.C : Government Shanghai’ Presbytenan Mission Press. Printing Office . 1887 "Chinese Names of Plants "/ournal of the Veitch, J. H. 1906. Hortus Venchm A History of the Chma Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22: Rise and Progress of the Nursenes of Messrs 233-83 James Veitch and Sons London James Hewat, E. G. K. 1960. Vision and Achievement 1796- Veitch & Sons Limited. 1956: A History of the Foreign Missions of thee Vilmonn, M L. de, and D. Bois 1904. Frut~cetum Vil- Churches Umted in the Church of Scotland. monmanum, Catalogus Pnmanus Catalogue London: Thomas Nelson & Sons. des Arbustes Existant en 1904 dans la Collection Howard, R. A 1980 "E. H. Wilson as a Botamst."Ar- de M Maunce Leveque de Vilmorin avec la De- noldia, 40: 102-38, 154-93. scnpuon d’Especes Nouvelles et d’Introducuon James Veitch & Sons, Ltd 1912 New Hardy Plants Recente Pans Libraire Agncole. from Western Chma (Introduced through Mr Wilson, E. H. 1938. Anstocrats of the Garden. London: E H. WiIsonJ~Autumn 1912 Chelsea: James Williams and Norgate. Veitch & Sons. . 1929 Chma, Mother of Gardens. Boston, Mass.: . 1904 Novelties Offered by /ames Veitch & Stratford Company. First published m 1913 as A Sons, Ltd, Royal Exotic Nursey, Chelsea: James Naturahstm Western Chma Veitch & Sons. . 1915. "The Best of the Hardy Climbmg Shrubs." Mason, F 1953. Letter to H. M. Mouat, January 21,1, The Garden Magazine, 22 /2~: 31-35. 1953. File FR 14/6, Fruit Research Division, De- . 1913. Plantae Wilsomanae Edited by C. S. Sar- partment of Scientific and Industnal Research, gent. Publications of the Arnold Arboretum, 4, Auckland, New Zealand. vol 1 ~ v-vm. Morley, B. D 1979 "Augustine Henry His Botamcal -. 1909. "Plant-Collecting m China." Part of a let- Activities m China, 1882-1890." Glasra, 3. ter to C. S Sargent, Oct. 1, 1908. The Gardeners’ 21-81. Chromcle, 45 /3rd series). 24-25. Nelson, E. C. 1983. "Augustine Henry and the Explora- -. 1905. "Leaves from my Chinese note-book: 1. tion of the Chmese Flora. " Amoldia, 43~ 1/: Ichang "The Gordeners’ Chromcle. 37 /3rd 21-38. senes/~ 337-38. 24-25. . 1980. "An Irish Mandanm Augustine Henry 1900 /ournal of the Kew Gmld 1900 (1857-1930) " Taisce Journal, 4: 12-14. (Repnnted m 1901 as "Mr. E. H. Wilson m Planchon, J. E. 1847. "Sur la Nouvelle Famille des China "The Gardeners’ Chromcle, 29 (3rd Cochlospermees." London /ournal of Botany, 6: series): 126-27.) 294-311. Yan, J. 1981. "Histoire d’Actimdio chinensis Planch. "The Flora and Fauna of Ichang: An Enghsh Explorer et Conditions Actuelles de sa Production Gives His Experiences." 1902. North-Chma a 1’Etranger." Journal d’Agnculture Tradmonelle Herald and Supreme Court and Consular et de Botamque Apphquee, 28 : 281-90 Gazette (weekly edition of the North-Chma Daily News/, 68 / 1979/; January 29, 1902. 192-3. Umted States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry 1918 "Acumdia chmensis " Plant Immigrants, No. 140, p. 1255. A R. Ferguson is a plant physiologist at the Depart- in Zea- . 1915a Inventory of the Seeds and Plants Im- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research New ported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant land. 36

Conunued from page 23 A 20-page chapter on pine nut cookery by Harriette Lanner tells where to find and how the humans, and the pests (the wood rats to gather the nuts, how to avoid hurting the [pack rats] and the jays that store the seeds trees, and how to store and shell the nuts. for the winter) that have been associated Her recipes include salads, sauces, dressings, with these plants over the years. Even bears main dishes, side dishes, cookies, breads, and bighorns like them. He stresses the im- cakes, other desserts, and backpackers’ portance of the nuts as a food crop for the In- pinon pemmican. dians and others. In the time of the Spanish Ronald Lanner’s engaging writing style explorations, the pine nuts saved more than a and penetrating scholarship form a happy few lives that otherwise would have been combination. He has provided a good bib- claimed by starvation. liography and index and effectively arranged The silver mining days of the 1880s authorities for text statements in notes at brought an influx of people to the South- the end of the book, thus avoiding west. They ravaged the woodlands. Pinon superscription and footnotes in the text wood provided the charcoal needed for the pages. Nineteen photographs and five line smelting operations. Rivalries to obtain the drawings neatly round out the comprehen- wood often caused bloodshed. And unwise sive presentation. methods of "chaining" the forests, with the idea of providing grazing land, have persisted until the present. The author does not hesi- tate to point the finger at the Forest Service for its share in this and other controversial practices. Lanner has included an important chapter on the taxonomic story, the history of the identification and naming of the species as far back as Fremont in 1843. It is interesting that modern studies have eliminated the namesPinus cembroides, P. quadrifolia, and P. parryana. They have been swallowed up by other species or by hybrids. In his last chapter, on the future of the pi- non, Professor Lanner expresses a cautious optimism: "The food potential of pinon forests... is enormous.... of the nine amino acids essential to human growth seven are present in greater quantities in pinons than in cornmeal." The table of the protein, fat, and carbohydrate content of pinon and other pine nuts compared with better known nuts is a useful reference.