DOCSLIB.ORG

Geology, Hydrogeology, Ground Conditions and Contaminated Land

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geology, Hydrogeology, Ground Conditions and Contaminated Land PORTISHEAD BRANCH LI NE PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMAT I O N R E P O R T V O L U M E 2 CHAPTER 10 Geology, Hydrogeology, Ground Conditions and Contaminated Land Table of Contents Section Page 10 Geology, Hydrogeology, Ground Conditions, and Contaminated Land .......................... 10-1 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10-1 10.2 Legal and Policy Framework .................................................................................... 10-2 10.3 Methodology............................................................................................................ 10-4 10.4 Baseline, Future Conditions and Value of Resource .............................................. 10-11 10.5 Measures Adopted as Part of the DCO Scheme .................................................... 10-16 10.6 Assessment of Effects ............................................................................................ 10-17 10.7 Mitigation and Residual Effects ............................................................................. 10-18 10.8 Cumulative Effects ................................................................................................. 10-18 10.9 Limitations Encountered in Compiling the PEI Report........................................... 10-19 10.10 Summary ................................................................................................................ 10-19 10.11 References ............................................................................................................. 10-21 10.12 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 10-21 Tables Table 10-1: Summary of relevant NPSNN advice regarding ground conditions Table 10-2: Summary of local policy Table 10-3: Summary of consultation responses Table 10-4: Comparison of consequence against probability and related categorisation of risks Table 10-5: Significance of effect criteria – ground conditions and contaminated land risk Table 10-6: The geological sequence underlying the DCO Scheme Table 10-7: Potential impacts, mitigation and residual impacts of the DCO Scheme on geology, hydrogeology, ground conditions and contaminated land Figures See Volume 3 Book of Figures Figure 10-1: Ground conditions Appendices Appendix 10.1: Risk classifications PORTISHEAD BRANCH LINE PRELIMINARY CHAPTER 10 - GEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY, GROUND CONDITIONS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION REPORT, VOL. 2 CONTAMINATED LAND CHAPTER 10 10 Geology, Hydrogeology, Ground Conditions, and Contaminated Land 10.1 Introduction The Portishead Branch Line (MetroWest Phase 1) DCO Scheme (“the DCO Scheme”) has the potential to give rise to likely significant effects on geology, hydrogeology, ground conditions and contaminated land. This chapter: • describes the relevant legal and policy framework which informs the undertaking of the assessment; • describes the methodology used for the identification and assessment of likely significant geology, hydrogeology, ground conditions and contaminated land effects in the Preliminary Environmental Information Report ("PEI Report"); • describes the geology, hydrogeology, ground conditions and contaminated land baseline having regard to existing information; • describes the measures that have been adopted as part of the DCO Scheme; • identifies and assesses the likely significant environmental effects that could result from the DCO Scheme during construction, operation and decommissioning phases; • mitigation of likely significant effects and assesses those residual effects that will result; • identifies the limitations encountered in compiling the PEI Report; and • provides a summary of the residual effects for the mitigated DCO Scheme. This chapter assesses the potential for impacts from the construction of the DCO Scheme on the underlying geology and associated groundwaters, and also any potential for impacts arising from ground conditions, such as the presence of contamination or mineral workings. Any potential for impacts on geological conservation sites present within the footprint of the DCO Scheme are also considered. The National Policy Statement for National Networks (see paragraph 10.2.3) requires the applicant to assess and address significant land contamination issues as part of the development. It therefore follows that post construction, there will unlikely to be any significant effects relating to ground conditions. Paragraph 3.28 of the Scoping Opinion from the Planning Inspectorate states that the Secretary of State agrees that operational impacts on geology, hydrogeology, ground conditions and contaminated land can be scoped out. It may be possible to re-use waste materials within the DCO Scheme. For example track bed ballast will require replacement and there may be the potential to re-use these old ballasts in the station sites or to form an access road to the side of the railway. This is very much dependent on there being a need for this material and it being suitable for use. Where possible waste materials should be re-used within the DCO Scheme as this reduces waste going to landfill. Waste and material aspects of the DCO Scheme are discussed, to the extent possible at this stage of project design, in Chapter 12 Materials and Waste. This chapter should be read in conjunction with Chapter 4 Description of the Proposed Works. 10-1 CHAPTER 10 - GEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY, GROUND CONDITIONS, AND PORTISHEAD BRANCH LINE PRELIMINARY CONTAMINATED LAND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION REPORT, VOLUME 2 10.2 Legal and Policy Framework EU and National Legislation The protection of groundwaters is provided for at the European level by the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Groundwater Directive (2006/118/EC). Together these provide the framework within which much of the national legislation intended to secure the protection of groundwaters is established. National legislation relevant to the DCO Scheme comprises the Environmental Protection Act 1990, the Water Resources Act 1991, the Water Act 2003, the Water Environment (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Regulations 2003 and the Groundwater (England and Wales) Regulations 2009. A statutory regime for the identification and remediation of land posing unacceptable risks on human health and the environment is set out in the Environment and Protection Act 1990 Part 2A. National Policy National Policy Statement for National Networks The National Policy Statement for National Networks ("NPSNN") advises on geology and their geomorphological importance, land instability and contaminated land. Table 10-1 below identifies those policies of direct relevance to this assessment and the location where they are considered in the PEI Report. Table 10-1: Summary of relevant NPSNN advice regarding ground conditions Summary of NPS provisions Consideration within the PEI Report Paragraph 5.20 makes reference to sites that are designated Geological and geomorphological sites are for their geology and / or their geomorphological identified within Section 10.4 and the importance. Paragraph 5.21 notes that there is a range of scheme is considered to have very little international and national legislation that can impact on impact upon them as described in Section planning decisions that affect geological conservation issues 10.6. set out in Government Circular: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation – Statutory Obligations and their Impact within the Planning System (ODPM 06/2005). Paragraphs 5.116 to 5.119 consider land instability. A coal mining assessment has been Paragraph 5.117 states that new developments need to be undertaken and the works will be designed appropriate for the location and if land instability is likely to to stabilise existing slopes. Some small scale be an issue the applicant should seek appropriate expert stabilisation such as periodic rock picking advice. Paragraph 5.118 requires the Applicant to assess will be required in the Avon Gorge. This is land instability. Mitigation measures to address land described in the baseline in Section 10.4 instability are identified in Paragraph 5.119. Paragraph 5.168 states that for developments on previously The land-use history of the scheme has been developed land, applicants should ensure that they have documented and ground investigation considered the risk posed by land contamination and how it undertaken to allow the design to allow for is proposed to address this. Reference is made to Model risks posed by land contamination. This is Procedures for Management of Land Contamination (CLR11) described in Section 10.4. (Environment Agency, 2004) 10-2 PORTISHEAD BRANCH LINE PRELIMINARY CHAPTER 10 - GEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY, GROUND CONDITIONS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION REPORT, VOL. 2 CONTAMINATED LAND National Planning Policy Framework The National Planning Policy Framework (“NPPF”) paragraph 109 requires that the planning system contributes to enhancing the local environment by protecting and enhancing geological conservation interests and remediating contaminated land where appropriate. Local Policy A description of local policy relevant to the DCO Scheme is provided in Chapter 6 Planning Framework and an assessment of compliance of the DCO Scheme against policy is to be provided in the Planning Statement to be submitted with the DCO application. Table 10-2 summarises local policy related to ground conditions. Table 10-2: Summary of local policy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydrogeology of Wales
    Hydrogeology of Wales N S Robins and J Davies Contributors D A Jones, Natural Resources Wales and G Farr, British Geological Survey This report was compiled from articles published in Earthwise on 11 February 2016 http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Category:Hydrogeology_of_Wales BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Hydrogeology of Wales Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. N S Robins and J Davies Bibliographical reference Contributors ROBINS N S, DAVIES, J. 2015. D A Jones, Natural Rsources Wales and Hydrogeology of Wales. British G Farr, British Geological Survey Geological Survey Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. Cover photo: Llandberis Slate Quarry, P802416 © NERC 2015. All rights reserved KEYWORTH, NOTTINGHAM BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2015 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS British Geological Survey offices shops at Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or BGS Central Enquiries Desk shop online at www.geologyshop.com Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 email [email protected] The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, maps, for consultation.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Geochemistry and mineralogy of British carboniferous seatearths from Northern coalelds Reeves, M. J. How to cite: Reeves, M. J. (1971) Geochemistry and mineralogy of British carboniferous seatearths from Northern coalelds, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8650/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OP BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS SEATEARTHS PROM NORTHERN COALFIELDS. by : M. J. Reeves B.Sc. Department of Geology- Science Laboratories South Road Durham Submitted for the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Durham, June 1971 I LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aims of the work. 1 1.2 Tectonic and palaeogeographic conditions. 1 1.3 Biological conditions. 4 1.4 Mineralogical evidence of previous workers. 5 1.5 Sampling procedures. 6 Table 1.1 Identification of samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Geodiversity Audit of Spireslack and Mainshill Wood Surface Coal Mines
    Geodiversity Audit of Spireslack and Mainshill Wood Surface Coal Mines Geology and Landscape Scotland Programme Commercial Report CR/15/126 CR/15/126 Geodiversity Audit of Spireslack and Mainshill Wood SCMs BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geology and Landscape Scotland Programme INTERNAL REPORT CR/15/126 Geodiversity Audit of Spireslack and Mainshill Wood Surface Coal Mines R Ellen and E Callaghan The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights Contributor/editor 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. A G Leslie Keywords Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Mainshill Wood Surface Coal Mine, Geodiversity, Carboniferous, Coal. Front cover Spireslack SCM main void (above) and Mainshill Wood SCM (below). © BGS/NERC Bibliographical reference ELLEN, R AND CALLAGHAN, E. 2015. Geodiversity Audit of Spireslack and Mainshill Wood Surface Coal Mines. British Geological Survey Commercial Report, CR/15/126. 70pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Resource Maps of Wales
    The Mineral Resource Maps of Wales Minerals and Waste Mineral Resources and Policy Team Geology and Landscape Wales Open Report OR/10/032 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS AND WASTE MINERAL RESOURCES AND POLICY TEAM GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE WALES The National Grid and other The Mineral Resource Maps of Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Wales Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number Licence No:100037272/2010. Keywords A.J. Humpage and T.P. Bide Wales; Minerals, Resources, Resource Maps Front cover Taff’s Wells quarry, working Carboniferous limestone, Ffos y Fran surface mine working the Coal Measures and Barnhill quarry working Pennant sandstone. BGS © NERC Bibliographical reference HUMPAGE, A.J. and BIDE, T.P. 2010. The Mineral Resource Maps of Wales British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/10/032. 49pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected] You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. © NERC 2010. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2010 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Columbus House, Village Way, Greenmeadow Springs, The London Information Office also maintains a reference Tongwynlais, Cardiff, CF15 7NE collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hell Creek Formation, Montana: a Stratigraphic Review and Revision Based on a Sequence Stratigraphic Approach
    Review The Hell Creek Formation, Montana: A Stratigraphic Review and Revision Based on a Sequence Stratigraphic Approach Denver Fowler 1,2 1 Badlands Dinosaur Museum, Dickinson Museum Center, Dickinson, ND 58601, USA; [email protected] 2 Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Received: 12 September 2020; Accepted: 30 October 2020; Published: date Supporting Information 1. Methods: Lithofacies Descriptions Facies descriptions follow methodology laid out in Miall (1985). Descriptions mostly follow those of Flight (2004) for the Bearpaw Shale and Fox Hills Sandstone. Additional lithofacies are described for the Colgate sandstone, ?Battle Formation, an undivided Hell Creek Formation, and the lowermost 5–10 m of the Fort Union Formation. It was desirable to stay as close to Flight's (2004) definitions as possible in order to facilitate cross comparison between measured sections and interpretation; however I have also chosen to remain true to the intentions of Brown (1906) in keeping the Basal Sandstone (and associated basal scour) as the first unit of the Hell Creek Formation, rather than the tidal flats identified by Flight (2004). This analysis is not as concerned with the nature of the basal contacts as much as internal stratigraphy within the Hell Creek Formation itself, hence some of the stratal and facies relationships described by Flight (2004) were not directly observed by myself, but I have included them here to ease comparisons. 1.1. Bearpaw Shale The Bearpaw Shale is the basalmost formation considered in this study; as such only the uppermost 10–20 m have been observed in outcrop. In this upper 20 m or so, the Bearpaw Shale generally coarsens upwards, predominantly comprising shale with occasional interbedded sandstone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Definition of the Term Ganister
    CORRESPONDENCE A definition of the term ganister , (Plate 1) SIR- The origin of the term ganister is obscure, and a clear definition seems never to have existed. t As a result rocks varying widely in character and lithology have been termed ganister. The term arose in Yorkshire and Derbyshire, particularly in the Sheffield region, as a local miners' *• and quarrymen's name for a rock commonly employed as roadstone (Thomas, Hallimond & Radley, 1918; Strahan, 1920). It was applied with absolute precision to highly siliceous rocks occurring in * the Lower Coal Measures which possessed definite physical characteristics of fine grain size, good sorting, angular grains, silica cementation and a splintery to subconchoidal fracture (Thomas, Hallimond & Radley, 1918). .y The development of the steel industry in the Sheffield region led to a search for rocks suitable as refractories to line the furnaces and coking ovens. Ganisters were ideal for this purpose due to their ^ physical and chemical properties. A sandstone lying beneath the Halifax Hard Mine or Alton Coal (Westphalian A; Ramsbottom et al. 1978) provided particularly excellent material for refractory bricks and was extensively worked. Due to its widespread extraction it became known as the Sheffield Ganister, or Sheffield Blue Ganister, on account of its colouration. This horizon became the 'type' ganister (Searle, 1917; Strahan, 1920), (Plate la). * The growth of the steel industry in other regions of Britain led to a search for sandstones with similar refractory properties to the Sheffield Blue Ganister. Many of these were called ganisters and the term r became something of a trade name (Thomas, Hallimond & Radley, 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Palynology and Alluvial Architecture in the Permian Umm Irna Formation, Dead Sea, Jordan
    GeoArabia, 2013, v. 18, no. 3, p. 17-60 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Palynology and alluvial architecture in the Permian Umm Irna Formation, Dead Sea, Jordan Michael H. Stephenson and John H. Powell ABSTRACT A series of lithofacies associations are defined for the Permian Umm Irna Formation indicating deposition in a fluvial regime characterised by low-sinuosity channels with deposition on point bars, and as stacked small-scale braided channels. Umm Irna Formation floodplain interfluves were characterised by low-energy sheet- flood deposits, shallow lakes and ponds, and peaty mires. Floodplain sediments, where not waterlogged, are generally pedogenically altered red-beds with ferralitic palaeosols, indicating a fluctuating groundwater table and humid to semi-arid climate. The Dead Sea outcrop provides a field analogue for similar fluvial and paralic depositional environments described for the upper Gharif Formation alluvial plain ‘Type Environment P2’ in the subsurface in Oman and the upper the basal clastics of the Khuff Formation at outcrop and in the subsurface in Central Saudi Arabia. Coarse-grained clasts within channel sandstones are mineralogically immature; their palaeocurrent directions and new evidence of glaciogenic sediments from Central Saudi Arabia suggests derivation from Pennsylvanian–Early Permian glaciofluvial outwash sandstones located to the east-southeast. The palynology of the Umm Irna Formation is remarkably varied. Samples from argillaceous beds of fluvial origin appear to contain a palynomorph representation of the wider hinterland of the drainage basin of the river including floodplain plants and more distant communities. In restricted water bodies like oxbow lakes or other impermanent stagnant floodplain ponds and peaty mires (immature coals), a higher proportion of purely local palynomorphs appear to be preserved in associated sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidation and Other Geotechnical Properties of Shales with Respect to Age and Composition
    Durham E-Theses Consolidation and other geotechnical properties of shales with respect to age and composition Smith, Trevor, J. How to cite: Smith, Trevor, J. (1978) Consolidation and other geotechnical properties of shales with respect to age and composition, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8520/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 CONSOLIIATION AND OTHER GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALES mm RESPECT TO AGE AND COMPOSITION by Trevor J. Smith, B.Sc. being a thesis presented in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Geological Sciences in Faculty of Science of the University of Durham. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennine Lower and Middle Coal Measures Formations of the Barnsley District
    The Pennine Lower and Middle Coal Measures formations of the Barnsley district Geology & Landscape Southern Britain Programme Internal Report IR/06/135 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY & LANDSCAPE SOUTHERN BRITAIN PROGRAMME INTERNAL REPORT IR/06/135 The Pennine Lower and Middle Coal Measures formations of the Barnsley district The National Grid and other R D Lake Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Editor Licence No: 100017897/2005. E Hough Keywords Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation; Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation; Barnsley; Pennines. Bibliographical reference R D LAKE & E HOUGH (EDITOR).. 2006. The Pennine Lower and Middle Coal Measures formations of the Barnsley district. British Geological Survey Internal Report,IR/06/135. 47pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2006. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2006 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Mining and Quarrying in England a Research Framework
    The Archaeology of Mining and Quarrying in England A Research Framework Resource Assessment and Research Agenda The Archaeology of Mining and Quarrying in England A Research Framework for the Archaeology of the Extractive Industries in England Resource Assessment and Research Agenda Collated and edited by Phil Newman Contributors Peter Claughton, Mike Gill, Peter Jackson, Phil Newman, Adam Russell, Mike Shaw, Ian Thomas, Simon Timberlake, Dave Williams and Lynn Willies Geological introduction by Tim Colman and Joseph Mankelow Additional material provided by John Barnatt, Sallie Bassham, Lee Bray, Colin Bristow, David Cranstone, Adam Sharpe, Peter Topping, Geoff Warrington, Robert Waterhouse National Association of Mining History Organisations 2016 Published by The National Association of Mining History Organisations (NAMHO) c/o Peak District Mining Museum The Pavilion Matlock Bath Derbyshire DE4 3NR © National Association of Mining History Organisations, 2016 in association with Historic England The Engine House Fire Fly Avenue Swindon SN2 2EH ISBN: 978-1-871827-41-5 Front Cover: Coniston Mine, Cumbria. General view of upper workings. Peter Williams, NMR DPO 55755; © Historic England Rear Cover: Aerial view of Foggintor Quarry, Dartmoor, Devon. Damian Grady, NMR 24532/004; © Historic England Engine house at Clintsfield Colliery, Lancashire. © Ian Castledine Headstock and surviving buildings at Grove Rake Mine, Rookhope Valley, County Durham. © Peter Claughton Marrick ore hearth lead smelt mill, North Yorkshire © Ian Thomas Grooved stone
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Coal Quality of the Lower Skeena Group, Telkwa Coalfield, Central British Columbia, Nts 93L/11
    Province of British Columbia MINERAL RESOURCES DIVISION Ministry of Energy, Mines and Geological Survey Branch Petroleum Resources Hon. Jack Weisgerber, Minister STRATIGRAPHY, SEDIMENTOLOGY AND COAL QUALITY OF THE LOWER SKEENA GROUP, TELKWA COALFIELD, CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA, NTS 93L/11 By R.J. Palsgrove and R.M. Bustin PAPER 1991-2 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Palsgrove, RJ. Stratigraphy, sedimcntology and coal quality of the VICTORIA lower Skeena group, Telkwa coalfield, central British BRITISH COLUMBIA Columbia, 93L/11 CANADA (Paper, ISSN 0226-9430; 1991-2) JULY 1991 Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN0-7718-9032-X 1. Coal - Geology - British Columbia - Telkwa Region. 2. Sedimentology - British Columbia • Telkwa Region. 3. Geology, Economic - British Columbia - Telkwa Region. 4. Geology, Stratigraphic. I. Bustin, R. Marc. II. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch. III. British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. IV. Title. V. Series: Paper (British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources); 1991-2. TN806.C32B76 553.2,4'0971182 C91-092170-9 Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page ABSTRACT vii Massive Sandstone 23 Depositional Environments of Lithofacies 23 INTRODUCTION 1 Restricted Nearshore Marine 24 Location 1 Intertidal Flat 24 Data Sources 1 Upper Intertidal Flat 24 Methods 4 Coastal Swamp 24 Regional Geology and Previous Work 4 Tidal Channel 25 Local Stratigraphy and Depositional History of Unit III 25 Structure.. 5 Unit
    [Show full text]
  • A Geological Guide to Titterstone Clee and Clee Hill
    Shropshire Geological Society Special Publication Geological Trail for Titterstone Clee and Clee Hill By Michael Rosenbaum and Brian Wilkinson A guide for the geological visitor prepared on behalf of the Shropshire Geological Society RIGS Group sponsored by the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund 2005 Published by The Shropshire Geological Society Shropshire Geological Society Special Publication © 2005 Geological Trail for Titterstone Clee and Clee Hill1 By Michael Rosenbaum and Brian Wilkinson The Geological Trail of Titterstone Clee and Clee Hill is designed as a guide to lead the geological visitor through the evidence in the ground, tracing over one hundred million years of Earth history from the end of the Silurian when life was just beginning to become established on land, 419 Ma (Ma = million years ago), through the Devonian to the later stages of the Carboniferous, 300 Ma. The Trail also reveals evidence on the ground of the effects of the Quaternary Ice Age, particularly the Devensian Stage which saw the last great advance of the glacial ice across northern and western Britain from 120,000 to just 11,000 years before present. Titterstone Clee and Clee Hill are part of an outlier of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, in some places resting unconformably (at an angle) on older Devonian and Silurian sedimentary rocks and elsewhere faulted against them. The outlier is some 13 km long and 3 km wide and has a synclinal (down-folded) structure trending northeast-southwest (Figure 1). The Devonian and Silurian rocks had been affected by earlier folding, largely as a result of being draped over crustal blocks beneath.
    [Show full text]