L. Iaselli, L'espansione Economico Finanziaria Italiana Nei

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L. Iaselli, L'espansione Economico Finanziaria Italiana Nei UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI FEDERICO II FACOLTA’ DI ECONOMIA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STORIA ECONOMICA XVII CICLO L’espansione economico-finanziaria italiana nei Balcani durante il fascismo Coordinatore del Dottorato: Dottorando: Chiar.mo Prof. Francesco Balletta Lorenzo Iaselli Tutor: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Anna dell’Orefice INTRODUZIONE Le più recenti statistiche sull’interscambio commerciale tra Italia e Balcani e sugli investimenti di imprese italiane in Europa Sud Orientale testimoniano il crescente interesse del capitale nazionale nei confronti di una regione al centro di importanti processi di stabilizzazione istituzionale, di integrazione comunitaria e di apertura al sistema capitalistico. Attraverso un’articolata serie di interventi legislativi e mediante la partecipazione a programmi di collaborazione economica internazionale, il governo italiano ha recentemente stimolato l’iniziativa economica nei Balcani, affiancando tale azione all’attività svolta in ambito militare e sociale. 1 Le principali banche ed aziende del paese, di conseguenza, negli ultimi anni hanno intensificato la loro presenza nei settori strategici delle economie balcaniche (credito, infrastrutture, meccanica, new economy, trasporti), candidandosi ad attori di primaria importanza nel processo di ricostruzione e rilancio economico dell’area. 2 Il ruolo geo-politico che l’Italia aspira ad affermare in Europa Sud Orientale, del resto, ha radici storiche profonde, e la questione dei rapporti tra Italia e Balcani torna ciclicamente alla ribalta, a causa degli immediati riflessi degli 1 Nel quinquennio 1997-2001 le esportazioni italiane nei Balcani sono aumentate del 71,2%. L’incremento è proseguito anche negli ultimi mesi, in controtendenza rispetto alla generale contrazione delle vendite italiane all’estero manifestatasi recentemente. L’Italia è il primo partner commerciale di Albania, Croazia e Romania e si colloca ai vertici dell’interscambio con l’estero di Bulgaria, Macedonia e Serbia Montenegro. Nel 2000 il totale degli investimenti italiani nei Balcani ha superato la cifra dei 500 milioni di euro. Oltre 16.000 imprese italiane hanno stabilimenti nei paesi dell’Europa Sud Orientale (11.500 lavorano nella sola Romania). A. URSO , Balcani, quella voglia d’Italia , “Emporion”, n.21, 4/12/2004. MINISTERO PER LE ATTIVITÀ PRODUTTIVE , Area per l’Internazionalizzazione, Panoramica Balcani, Documento predisposto in occasione della Conferenza dei Ministri del Commercio Estero dei Balcani, Roma, 13/11/2003 ; MINISTERO DEL TESORO , Le relazioni economiche tra Italia e Balcani. Quali opere infrastrutturali e quando potranno favorire lo sviluppo del Mezzogiorno , Convegno di studi di Roma, 15/12/2004. 2 L’attuale presenza delle imprese italiane nei Balcani è riconducibile sia ai grandi gruppi industriali e bancari del paese (Unicredito, Banca Intesa, FIAT, AGIP, ENEL, ITALGAS, Telecom Italia, Pirelli, Alenia, Parmalat), che alle piccole e medie imprese. Le relazioni economiche con i paesi dell’area sono sostenute ed alimentate da specifici strumenti di promozione dell’investimento e di collaborazione economica bilaterale (Fondo SIMEST, leggi 212/92 e 84/01). 2 avvenimenti balcanici sulla sicurezza interna, sulla politica estera e sulle opportunità di espansione economica del paese. Il tema dei rapporti finanziari tra l’Italia ed i paesi balcanici, tornato ad essere di stretta attualità nell’ultimo decennio, assume un particolare interesse storico in riferimento al periodo compreso tra le due guerre mondiali, sia per la ampiezza del campo d’indagine che per le inevitabili connessioni tra gli investimenti italiani e la politica estera condotta dal regime fascista nella regione. Nelle pagine che seguono ho inteso fornire un’analisi complessiva della politica economica e finanziaria portata avanti dall’Italia nei Balcani negli anni tra le due guerre, mettendo in evidenza i tratti peculiari che contraddistinsero le iniziative di maggiore successo e, al contempo, i limiti di fondo che impedirono di contrastare adeguatamente l’egemonia economica raggiunta dalla Germania nel bacino danubiano-balcanico alla fine degli anni Trenta. Il lavoro è diviso in due parti. Nella prima vengono analizzate le operazioni finanziarie promosse e realizzate dal governo e dalla Banca d’Italia, mentre nella seconda l’attenzione è rivolta all’espansione del capitale privato italiano (bancario, assicurativo ed industriale) in Europa Sud Orientale. Tale impostazione consente di evidenziare le autonome modalità e finalità che contraddistinsero questi due canali d’investimento almeno fino alla crisi che investì il sistema industriale e finanziario italiano nel 1929 e che culminò col passaggio allo Stato delle partecipazioni industriali detenute dalle principali banche del paese. In seguito al definitivo tramonto della banca mista, infatti, si registrò una marcata convergenza tra “strategia nazionale” e “strategia aziendale” nella politica finanziaria italiana nei Balcani. Tale convergenza, favorita in molti casi dalla diffusa presenza di uomini di fiducia del regime nei consigli di amministrazione delle banche e delle imprese operanti nella regione, si rafforzò in seguito al varo dei programmi autarchici e all’ordinamento corporativo conferito all’economia italiana nel corso degli anni Trenta. Nel primo capitolo ho analizzato le operazioni finanziarie realizzate dal 3 capitale pubblico italiano nei Balcani. In quest’ambito, assumono un particolare rilievo i prestiti internazionali finalizzati alla stabilizzazione monetaria degli stati danubiani, ai quali governo e Banca d’Italia parteciparono in misura significativa. Il regime, infatti, intravide nell’adesione al gold exchange standard dei paesi balcanici, un’occasione importante per acquisire prestigio internazionale agli occhi delle grandi potenze, sostenendo al contempo le aspirazioni di influenza economica nella regione. Nell’ambito delle iniziative realizzate dal capitale pubblico, un’attenzione specifica, è stata rivolta al caso albanese, oggetto del secondo capitolo. L’espansione economica dell’Italia in Albania, infatti, è meritevole di autonoma considerazione per l’importanza delle attività economiche e finanziarie realizzate nel piccolo stato balcanico, tra le quali spicca, senza dubbio, la creazione e la gestione italiana di un nuovo sistema monetario all’interno del paese. Nella seconda parte della ricerca l’attenzione si sposta sulle caratteristiche degli investimenti operati nella penisola balcanica dal capitale privato italiano (bancario, assicurativo ed industriale). Nello specifico, nel terzo capitolo ho esaminato il processo di espansione delle principali banche italiane nei paesi balcanici. L’Europa Sud Orientale fu, infatti, una delle direttrici fondamentali nell’ambito dell’allargamento delle reti multinazionali di Comit, Credit e Banco di Roma, che, proprio negli anni tra le due guerre, si affacciarono pienamente nel contesto internazionale, dedicando all’area estero notevoli risorse finanziarie, organizzative e strategiche. Nel quarto capitolo, infine, ho analizzato le principali iniziative industriali realizzate nella regione dalle imprese italiane, dando uno specifico risalto a quei settori (estrattivo, automobilistico, elettrico, assicurativo, trasporti) che in maggior misura stimolarono le ambizioni di espansione del capitale industriale e finanziario del paese. Il lavoro è corredato da un’appendice in cui ho fornito i profili biografici dei principali esponenti dell’espansione economica italiana nei Balcani. L’attività svolta da questa schiera di imprenditori, finanzieri e uomini politici si rivela, 4 infatti, di cruciale importanza nella valutazione complessiva della politica economica condotta nella regione da un paese, quale appunto era l’Italia, povero di capitali ma dotato di una classe industriale e finanziaria di grande spessore, capace di confrontarsi con gli ambienti internazionali e ben attenta a conciliare i propri interessi economici con la politica estera del regime. La ricerca si basa su un gran numero di documenti appartenenti ai principali archivi storico-economici del paese (Banca d’Italia, Banca Commerciale, Credito Italiano, Banco di Napoli, Fondazione Einaudi, FIAT, IRI). Tale documentazione è in buona parte inedita o, comunque, non richiamata dalla storiografia che in passato si è occupata dell’argomento. In particolare, i documenti appartenenti ai fondi Banca Nazionale d’Albania e Società per lo Sviluppo Economico dell’Albania conservati presso l’Archivio Centrale dello Stato di Roma ed ancora in fase di inventariazione, 3 forniscono un quadro completo sull’attività dei due principali organismi finanziari attraverso cui l’Italia operò in Albania, rivelando aspetti inediti della politica economica e monetaria condotta dal regime in quel paese. Di notevole ausilio per l’indagine sono stati, inoltre, i documenti appartenenti all’archivio storico della Banca Commerciale Italiana, che costituì il principale punto di riferimento per l’espansione bancaria dell’Italia nei Balcani. Tra questi, è opportuno segnalare l’ampio materiale rinvenuto nei fondi Servizio Estero , Segreteria Toeplitz , Carte Nogara e Arnaldo Frigessi di Rattalma , oltre ai vari documenti riguardanti le attività balcaniche delle società facenti capo a Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata. 4 3 Si tratta di un complesso di documenti (all’incirca 300 faldoni tra relazioni, libri sociali, scritture contabili, progetti di edifici e opere pubbliche, corrispondenza) versati nel corso degli anni Novanta dal Ministero del Tesoro all’Archivio
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