Women and Poetry, 1660–1750 Women and Poetry, 1660–1750

Home , Elizabeth Thomas (poet), Mary Leapor, Theophilus Cibber

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Sarah Prescott and David E. Shuttleton Editorial matter and selection Q Sarah Prescott and David E. Shuttleton, 2003 Chapter 12 Q Germaine Greer, 2003 Chapters 1–11 and 13–15 Q Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. MacmillanT is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-0655-7 ISBN 978-0-230-50489-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230504899 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Women and poetry, 1660-1750 / edited by Sarah Prescott and David E. Shuttleton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English poetry–Women authors–History and criticism. 2. Women and literature–Great Britain–History–18th century. 3. Women and literature– Great Britain–History–17th century. 4. English poetry–Early modern, 1500-1700–History and criticism. 5. English poetry–18th century–History and criticism. I. Prescott, Sarah, 1968- II. Shuttleton, David. PR555.W6W65 2003 8210.4099287–dc21 2003048271 10987654321 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 Contents

Notes on the Contributors viii Chronology xi 1 Introduction: From Punk to Poetess 1 Sarah Prescott and David E. Shuttleton

Part I: Individual Poets 15 2 Aphra Behn (1640?–89): Virginia Woolf and the ‘Little Gods of Love’ 17 Susan Wiseman Notes 25 Bibliography 26 3 Anne Killigrew (1660–85): ‘ . . . let ’em Rage, and ’gainst a Maide Conspire’ 29 David E. Shuttleton A note on Anne Killigrew’s paintings 36 Notes 37 Bibliography 38 4 Jane Barker (1652–1732): From Galesia to Mrs Goodwife 40 Carol Shiner Wilson Notes 46 Bibliography 47 5 Mary, Lady Chudleigh (1656–1710): Poet, Protofeminist and Patron 50 Rebecca M. Mills Notes 56 Bibliography 57 6 Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea (1661–1720): Sorrow into Song 60 Jane Spencer Notes 67 Bibliography 69

v vi Contents

7 Elizabeth Singer Rowe (1674–1737): Politics, Passion and Piety 71 Sarah Prescott Notes 76 Bibliography 77 8 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762): Haughty Mind, Warm Blood and the ‘Demon of Poesie’ 79 Jennifer Keith Notes 84 Bibliography 86 9 Mary Leapor (1722–46): Menial Labour and Poetic Aspiration 88 Valerie Rumbold Notes 93 Bibliography 94

Part II: Contexts 97 10 Imagining the Woman Poet: Creative Female Bodies 99 Jane Spencer Notes 117 11 Rank, Community and Audience: the Social Range of Women’s Poetry 121 Valerie Rumbold Notes 135 12 From Manuscript to Print: a Volume of Their Own? 140 Margaret J. M. Ezell Notes 158

13 Women in the Literary Market Place: Pimping in Grub Street 161 Germaine Greer Notes 177

Part III: Poetic Practice 181 14 Classical and Biblical Models: the Female Poetic Tradition 183 Claudia Thomas Kairoff Notes 200 Contents vii

15 Political Verse and Satire: Monarchy, Party and Female Political Agency 203 Kathryn R. King Notes 220 16 The Labouring-Class Women Poets: ‘Hard Labour we most chearfully pursue’ 223 Donna Landry Notes 240 Bibliography 244 Anthologies 244 Studies on women writers 244 Related studies of interest 245 Index 247 Notes on the Contributors

Margaret J. M. Ezell is the John Paul Abbott Professor of Liberal Arts at Texas A&M University. Her publications include The Patriarch’s Wife: Literary Evidence and the History of the Family, Writing Women’s Literary History and Social Authorship and the Advent of Print. Presently she is at work on Volume V of the new Oxford English Literary History Series, 1645–1714: Authors, Readers, and Literary Life.

Germaine Greer has an international reputation as a writer, broad- caster and feminist intellectual. She teaches literature at the University of Warwick. In 1979 she co-edited the ground-breaking Kissing the Rod: an Anthology of Seventeenth Century Women’s Verse. Her many other publications include The Obstacle Race: the Fortunes of Women Painters and Their Work (1979), Slip-Shod Sibyls: Recognition, Rejection and the Woman Poet (1995) and The Whole Woman (2000). Professor Greer also runs and owns Stump Cross Press, publishing neglected early women poets.

Claudia Thomas Kairoff is Professor of English and Associate Dean of the College at Wake Forest University in North Carolina. She is author of Alexander Pope and His Eighteenth-Century Women Readers (1994) and co-editor of ‘More Solid Learning’: New Perspectives on Alexander Pope’s Dunciad (2000). She has written a number of articles on Pope and on women writers. She is currently researching a study of Elizabeth Tollet and also plans a book on Anna Seward.

Jennifer Keith has written several articles on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century poets, including Anne Finch, Alexander Pope, James Thomson and William Blake. She contributed the chapter on ‘Preromanticism and the Ends of Eighteenth-Century Poetry’, in John Sitter (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Poetry. Her book-length study of poetic representation from Aphra Behn to William Cowper is forthcoming. She teaches at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Kathryn R. King teaches English at the University of Montevallo in Alabama. She is the author of Jane Barker, Exile: a Literary Career 1675– 1725 (2000), co-editor with Alex Pettit of Eliza Haywood’s The Female

viii Notes on the Contributors ix

Spectator and Selected Works of Eliza Haywood (2001), and has written many essays on early modern women writers. She is currently at work on a cultural history of war in the long eighteenth century.

Donna Landry is Professor of English at Wayne State University in Detroit and an Honorary Research Fellow and Visiting Professor at the University of Exeter in Britain. The history of the English countryside, women’s writing, labouring-class writing, early modern British horse- manship and travellers to the Middle East are her current research interests. Her most recent book is The Invention of the Countryside: Hunting, Walking and Ecology in English Literature, 1671–1831 (2001). Other books include The Muses of Resistance: Laboring-Class Women’s Poetry in Britain, 1739–1796 (1990) and, co-edited with Gerald MacLean and Joseph P. Ward, The Country and the City Revisted: England and the Politics of Culture, 1550–1850 (1999).

Rebecca M. Mills completed her D.Phil. on polemical prose and poetry by women in the early eighteenth century at the University of Oxford in the summer of 2000. She has written on the politics of Custom in the works of Augustan women writers and is currently working on an edition of Elizabeth Thomas’s (1675–1731) poems and letters. She is an English teacher for Durant Senior High School and an adjunct instructor at Hillsborough Community College in Tampa, Florida.

Sarah Prescott is Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where she teaches women’s writing, eighteenth- century literature, detective fiction and feminist theory. She is author of Women, Authorship and Literary Culture, 1690–1740 (2003), and has published widely on women writers of the early eighteenth century, particularly Penelope Aubin, Jane Brereton, Eliza Haywood and Elizabeth Singer Rowe. She has edited a special issue of the journal Women’s Writing on Augustan women writers (2000) and is currently working on a study of Welsh writing in English in the eighteenth century.

Valerie Rumbold is Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Birmingham. She is author of Women’s Place in Pope’s World (1989) and of a range of articles on Pope and on women writers of the eighteenth century. She is editor of the Longman Annotated Texts Alexander Pope: The Dunciad in Four Books (1743) (1999), and is currently working as one of the editors of the Longman Annotated Pope.

David E. Shuttleton teaches literature, theory and film in the English Department at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has published x Notes on the Contributors widely in journals and anthologies on eighteenth-century literature, with a specialist interest in medical and philosophical contexts. His interest in women’s poetry took off from curiosity over the use of somatic metaphors in the poetry of Mary Chandler who reputedly died of self-starvation as the over-zealous follower of the famously obese dietician Dr George Cheyne. His first essay on Chandler appeared in Women’s Poetry of the Enlightenment: Essays on the Making of a Canon, 1730–1820, edited by Isobel Armstrong and Virginia Blaine (1998). He is currently editing Cheyne’s letters for The Cambridge Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Samuel Richardson and writing a mono- graph on smallpox and the literary imagination.

Jane Spencer is Reader in English Literature at the University of Exeter, where she works on writing from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, specializing in feminist literary history. She has edited Aphra Behn’s drama and written widely on women’s fiction, poetry and peri- odical writing. Her books include The Rise of the Woman Novelist (1986), Elizabeth Gaskell (1993) and Aphra Behn’s Afterlife (2000). She is currently writing a book on kinship metaphors, family relationships and the con- struction of the English literary tradition. She is one of the General Editors of the Oxford Encyclopaedia of Fiction in English, 1500–1800.

Carol Shiner Wilson is Dean of the College for Academic Life and Assistant Professor of Humanities at Muhlenberg College. Her books include The Galesia Trilogy and Selected Manuscript Poems of Jane Barker (1997) and Re-Visioning Romanticism: British Women Writers, 1776–1837 (1994). Her research interests include women and needlework in im- aginative literature and social history, and microlending and social justice for women in developing nations. She is committed as dean to working collaboratively with faculty, students and staff to develop the most engaged learning and teaching environment possible. She has received support for her research from the National Endowment of the Humanities and the American Philosophical Society. She is deeply ap- preciative of NEH seminar leaders Stuart Curran and Paula Backscheider, colleagues of those seminars and her home institution, family and members of her Feminist Research Group for their support of her ad- ministrative and scholarly pursuits.

S. J. Wiseman teaches in the School of English and Humanities, Birkbeck College, University of London. Chronology

b. ¼ birth of d. ¼ death of pub. ¼ first publication of (unless otherwise stated) ed. ¼ editor c. ¼ circa (conjectural date)

1660 Restoration of Charles II 1661 b. Anne Kingsmill (later Finch) 1664 d. Katherine Philips, ‘The Matchless Orinda’ (b. 1632); pub. of her Collected Poems (unauthorized) 1666 b. Mary Astell 1667 pub. Katherine Philips, Collected Poems (2nd, authorized edition; reprinted 1669, 1678, 1710) 1670 b. Sarah Fyge (later Egerton); b. Delarivie`re Manley 1674 b. Elizabeth Singer (later Rowe) 1675 b. Elizabeth Thomas 1679 b. Catherine Trotter (later Cockburn) 1679 pub. [unidentified] Female Poems On several Occasions. Written by Ephelia 1683 pub. [Anon] Triumphs of Female Wit, Or the Emulation . . . by a Young Lady 1684 pub. Aphra Behn, Poems upon Several Occasions : with a Voyage to the Island of Love 1685 d. Charles II; accession of James II (VII) 1685 d. Anne Killigrew (b. 1660); d. Anne Wharton (b. 1659) 1685 (December) pub. Poems by Mrs. Anne Killigrew (with John Dryden’s ‘To the Pious Memory of the Accomplisht Young Lady Mrs Anne Killigrew . . . ’) 1686 pub. Sarah Fyge (Egerton), The Female Advocate (reprinted 1706) 1688 pub. Jane Barker, Poetical Recreations 1688 b. Alexander Pope 1688/89 (winter) Abdication of James II and accession of William and Mary (The Glorious Revolution) 1689 d. Aphra Behn (b.c.1640); b. Mary Pierrepont (later Wortley Mon- tagu) 1694 pub. Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (Part II pub. 1697) 1694 (December) d. Queen Mary II 1696 pub. Elizabeth Singer (Rowe), Poems on Several Ocassions by Philomela (‘The Pindarick Lady’) 1700 d. John Dryden (b. 1631) 1700 pub. Delarivie`re Manley (ed.), The Nine Muses or, Poems on the Death of the Late Famous John Dryden Esq. (contributions from Sarah Fyge and playwrights Catherine Trotter, Susanna Centlivre and Mary Pix)

xi xii Chronology

1700 pub. Mary Astell, Some Reflections on Marriage 1701 pub. Mary, Lady Chudleigh (neé Lee), The Ladies Defence 1701 pub. Charles Gildon (ed.), New Collection of Poems on Several Occasions (includes Anne Finch, ‘The Spleen’) 1702 d. William III; accession of Queen Anne 1703 pub. Mary, Lady Chudleigh, Poems on Several Occasions (revised 1709, reprinted 1713, 1722, 1750) 1703 pub. Sarah Fyge (Egerton), Poems on Several Occasions (reissued as A Collection of Poems on Several Occasions . . . by Mrs Sarah Fyge Egerton (1706) 1710 d. Mary, Lady Chudleigh (b. 1656) 1712 pub. Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (enlarged 1714) 1713 pub. Anne Finch, Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions 1714 d. Queen Anne; accession of George I (Elector of Hanover) 1716 pub. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (with John Gay), Court Poems (unauthorized) 1716 pub. (posthumous) Mary Monck (neé Molesworth, c.1678–1715), Poems (edited by her father) 1717 b. Elizabeth Carter (d. 1806) 1717 Alexander Pope (ed.), Poems on Several Occasions (includes poems by Anne Finch) 1720 d. Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea 1722 pub. Elizabeth Thomas, Miscellany Poems on Several Subjects (reissued as Poems on Several Ocassions. By a Lady 1726, 1727) 1722 b. Mary Leapor 1723 d. Sarah Fyge-Egerton (‘Clarinda’) 1724 d. Delarivie`re Manley 1724 pub. (anonymously) Elizabeth Tollet (1694–1754), Poems on Several Occasions 1726 pub. Martha Sansom (neé Fowke) (‘Clio’, 1690–1736), Miscellaneous Poems (subscription, ed. Richard Savage) 1727 d. George I; accession of George II 1728 pub. Elizabeth Singer Rowe, Friendship in Death, in Letters from the Dead to the Living (prose) 1730 pub. Elizabeth Thomas, The Metamorphosis of the Town; Or, a View of the Present Fashions 1731 d. Mary Astell 1731 d. (in poverty) Elizabeth Thomas (‘Corinna’) 1733 pub. Alexander Pope, The First Satire of the Second Book of Horace (with attack on Lady Mary Wortley Montagu as ‘Sappho’) 1733 pub. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (anonymously with Lord Hervey), Verses Addressed to the Imitator of . . . Horace 1733 Mary Chandler (1687–1745), A Description of Bath (eight editions by 1767) 1734 Mary Barber (c.1690–1757), Poems on Several Occasions (subscription, printed by Samuel Richardson) 1736 pub. Elizabeth Singer Rowe, History of Joseph (expanded edition 1737) 1737 d. Elizabeth Singer Rowe 1737 pub. Philomela (Curll’s pirated reprint of Rowe’s 1696 Poems) Chronology xiii

1738 pub. Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806), Poems Upon Particular Occasions 1739 pub. The Miscellaneous Works In Prose and Verse of Mrs Elizabeth Singer Rowe (2 vols) 1739 pub. Mary Collier (1690?–c.1762), The Woman’s Labour: An Epistle to Stephen Duck 1744 d. Alexander Pope 1744 pub. Jane Brereton (1685–1740), Poems on Several Occasions (posthumous subscription) 1746 d. Mary Leapor 1747 pub. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (ed. Horace Walpole), Six Town Eclogues. With Some Poems 1748 pub. Mary Leapor, Poems Upon Several Subjects (posthumous subscription) 1749 d. Catherine Trotter (Cockburn) (playwright, philosopher and poet) 1750 pub. Mary Jones (d. 1778), Miscellanies in Prose and Verse (Oxford) 1752 pub. George Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies of Great Britian Who have Been Celebrated for their Writings (Oxford) 1753 pub. Rober Shiells (Shiels) (ed. but attributed to Theophilus Cibber on titlepage), The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland 1754 pub. John Duncombe, The Feminiad 1755 pub. George Colman and Bonnell Thornton (eds), Poems by Eminent Ladies 1762 d. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu