Malgré La Défaite. Dien Bien Phu, Naissance D'un Mythe

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Malgré La Défaite. Dien Bien Phu, Naissance D'un Mythe Université de Lyon Université lumière Lyon 2 Institut d'Études Politiques de Lyon Malgré la défaite. Dien Bien Phu, naissance d'un mythe. Clerc Pierre-Yves Mémoire de Séminaire Formes contemporaines de la violence internationale Sous la direction de : Julien Fragnon (Soutenu le : 03 septembre 2013 ) Membres du jury: Julien Fragnon – François Guillemot Table des matières Dédicace . 4 Introduction . 5 Dien Bien Phu, bataille démesurée à l’aube des Accords de Genève . 13 Pourquoi Dien Bien Phu ? . 13 Le plan Navarre. 13 Une bataille sans équivalent. 24 La tactique du hérisson. 24 Les préparatifs Viêt-Minh. 30 « Les foudres du dragon ». 39 Le combat. 39 Dans l’enfer des camps. 52 « Les rescapés de l’enfer ». 52 L’écho international. 52 Une déshumanisation progressive. 62 De la routine des camps de prisonniers. 64 Des conditions de vie précaires. 64 Absence de soins et anéantissement. 67 Les cours de rééducation . 70 « Genève ou l’échec des combattants 36 ». 75 Un processus long et tardif. 75 Une libération sporadique. 78 L’accueil national. 81 L’empreinte de Dien Bien Phu dans la mémoire collective française. 85 Dien Bien Phu vécu en Métropole. 85 Un conflit trop long, trop loin et trop coûteux. 85 Résurgence du coup de poignard dans le dos et incompréhension nationale. 90 Gloire éphémère et délicat succès. 94 Une douloureuse exorcisation. 98 Un souvenir entretenu dès la libération des camps. 98 La guerre des mémoires. 102 Le renouveau de Dien Bien Phu. 108 Les oubliés de Dien Bien Phu. 110 Comme Cambronne à Waterloo ou comme Napoléon 3 à Sedan ? . 110 Apologie de Dien Bien Phu. 113 Malgré la défaite. 115 Conclusion . 118 Bibliographie . 120 Ouvrages . 120 Annexes . 123 Malgré la défaite. Dien Bien Phu, naissance d'un mythe. Dédicace Je tiens à remercier M. Guillemot François, enseignant à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, sans qui ce mémoire n’aurait jamais pu aboutir. M. Guillemot m’a soutenu du premier au dernier jour. Il m’a transmis toute sa passion du Vietnam et je l’en remercie. Je tiens également à remercier l’ensemble des intervenants avec qui j’ai eu de longues, voire très longues, discussions. Ils ont tous supporté mes harassantes questions parfois pendant plusieurs heures, et sans jamais se plaindre : M. Antoine Grande de l’Office National des Anciens Combattants, M. Georges Sanlaville, ancien combattant en Indochine ou encore M. Julien Mary, doctorant à Montpelier. Je remercie tout particulièrement l’un d’entre eux, M. Amédée Thévenet, ancien combattant de Cao Bang qui a fait preuve de gentillesse et de compréhension pendant près de trois heures. A ce titre, je souhaite également remercier M. Thierry Servot que j’ai rencontré grâce à M. Amédée Thévenet et qui s’est démené pour m’obtenir le plus d’aides possibles. Son engouement suscite mon admiration. Je souhaite également avoir une pensée pour tous les acteurs qui m’ont aidé, de près comme de loin, et que je n’ai malheureusement pas pu rencontrer. Il y aurait eu tellement à dire, et tous m’ont témoigné leur plus grand intérêt, je les en remercie vivement. M. Lucciani, ancien combattant à Dien Bien Phu qui a tenu à m’appeler pour m’apporter son aide. M. Dague, ancien combattant en Indochine. Et enfin M. Pierre Journoud qui, même en quelques lignes, réussit à en dire plus que je ne pourrai jamais le faire en plusieurs pages. Je le remercie vivement d’avoir pris le temps de me répondre et de m’avoir autant aidé, directement comme indirectement. Ces remerciements ne seraient pas complets sans une pensée pour l’officier qui m’a ouvert les portes de l’Indochine. Il s’agit bien évidemment du général Michel Prugnat qui fut à l’origine de toutes mes fantastiques rencontres. Sa vie, son parcours, forcent le respect et je tiens à lui témoigner toute mon affection. Pierre-Yves Clerc. 4 CLERC Pierre-Yves Introduction Introduction La guerre d’Indochine est un conflit qui s’étend de 1946 à 1954 et oppose le Viêt-Minh aux forces de l’Union Française. Il naît à la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale et s’inscrit dans le contexte des guerres indépendantistes menées dans plusieurs des colonies françaises. La guerre d’Indochine prend fin le 21 juillet 1954 par la signature des Accords de Genève qui officialisent la séparation du Vietnam en deux entités politiques indépendantes et la fin de la présence française sur l’ensemble du territoire vietnamien. Militairement, le conflit se termine le 7 mai 1954 lors de la reddition de la garnison française de Dien Bien Phu. Dès lors, la France ne sera plus en capacité de reprendre la main sur le terrain. Dien Bien Phu apparaît dans le plan de guerre français dès novembre 1953. En accord avec les nouvelles directives de René Mayer1, le général Henri Navarre, Commandant en chef des forces de l’Union Française en Indochine, décide de faire de cette ville un camp retranché destiné à arrêter l’avancée des forces de l’Armée Populaire du Vietnam (APV) du général Giap. Dien Bien Phu est la plus grande plaine du Nord-Ouest du Vietnam (Vo Nguyen Giap, 1994). Peuplée de 3 000 habitants, elle s’étend sur 18 kilomètres de long pour environ 8 kilomètres de large, soit un peu moins de 144 kilomètres carrés. Si sa taille peut paraître dérisoire, son importance stratégique est grande. Cette plaine est en effet la seule vallée à des kilomètres à la ronde, dans un paysage façonné par les montagnes et se trouve au carrefour des frontières du Laos, de la Chine et du Tonkin. Dès le 20 novembre 1953, un pont aérien est mis en place pour approvisionner en continu le camp militaire en hommes et en matériels. Si bien que le 13 mars 1954, les forces de l’Union Française2 présentes à Dien Bien Phu comptabilisent un peu moins de 11 000 hommes. Il faut en outre y ajouter les 4 000 militaires parachutés en urgence durant la bataille, entre le 14 mars et le 7 mai 1954. Face à eux, 50 000 militaires de l’APV, soutenus par une logistique de 260 000 civils et encadrés par des officiers russes et chinois, assiègent le camp militaire français de Dien Bien Phu pendant 56 jours. Durant quasiment deux mois, les forces françaises vont donc se battre contre des adversaires cinq fois plus nombreux. Les troupes vietminh présentent une détermination sans faille, comme en témoignent les pièces d’artilleries de 105 mm, d’un poids avoisinant les deux tonnes et demi, transportées par la seule force des hommes de l’APV, à travers une jungle dense. L’armée française perd 4 500 hommes durant la bataille, 10 000 sont faits prisonniers. Les troupes du général Von Nguyen Giap connaissent quant à elles une véritable saignée. Les pertes sont estimées entre 20 000 et 30 000 morts, blessés et disparus sur les 50 000 militaires présents entre le 13 mars et le 7 mai 1954 à Dien Bien Phu (Laurent Cesari, 1995)3. A la suite de la bataille, 6 700 militaires français perdent la vie dans les camps de prisonniers vietnamiens (Pierre Journoud et Hugues Tertrais, 2012). 1 Président du Conseil français de janvier à juin 1953 2 Créées par la constitution du 13 octobre 1946, les forces de l’Union Française étaient placées directement sous la tutelle du président de la République française et étaient composées de militaires venant de la France métropolitaine, de ses départements et territoires d’outre-mer ou encore des territoires et Etats associés, dont le Vietnam, le Laos et le Cambodge (appelés supplétifs). De plus, certaines unités de l’armée nationale vietnamienne, formée par les Français, se sont retrouvées à Dien Bien Phu. 3 Pour une étude plus poussée des chiffres de la bataille, se reporter aux écrits de Jean Jacques Arzalier. CLERC Pierre-Yves 5 Malgré la défaite. Dien Bien Phu, naissance d'un mythe. La bataille de Dien Bien Phu est l’aboutissement de la guerre d’Indochine qui a mobilisé un total de 420 000 militaires français (ils ne seront jamais plus de 177 000 présents sur le territoire) face au Viet-minh4qui a rassemblé au plus fort du conflit près de 500 000 hommes. Cette guerre s’inscrit dans un processus global de décolonisation commencé en 1946 en Indochine et qui n’a presque jamais été à l’avantage de la France. Face à un ennemi motivé par une idéologie et un sens du sacrifice dépassant toutes les théories militaires, la France a peu à peu perdu son emprise sur le territoire vietnamien. Davis Mike (2007, page 42) relate à ce propos la situation à Saigon, capitale du Vietnam-Sud et centre des opérations militaires françaises durant la guerre d’Indochine : « […] le Li An Minh [ndla : l’armée de Thé] fit exploser deux automobiles Dodge devant la façade de l’Opéra de Saigon en janvier 1952. On dit que ces « bombes à retardement » étaient fabriquées à partir de matériel de l’armée de l’air française, des engins de cinquante kilos qui n’avaient pas explosé […]». Il semble donc que l’armée française n’ait jamais réussi à sécuriser l’ensemble du territoire vietnamien. Dien Bien Phu devient pour l’état-major français d’une importance capitale. Il s’agit de concentrer les forces vietnamiennes et leur infliger une lourde défaite pour permettre un armistice favorable à la France. Pour le Viet-minh, la bataille de Dien Bien Phu est l’occasion de détruire pour de bon la force de frappe et de conviction de l’armée française. Pierre Journoud écrit à ce propos (2012, page 75) : « En attirant six bataillons français dans la haute région, le général Giap venait de marquer un point : il obligeait le général Navarre à s’écarter […] du plan stratégique que ce dernier avait élaboré pour permettre à son pays de sortir la tête haute de la guerre d’Indochine ».
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