THE BATTLE OF DIENBIENPHU PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Jules Roy | 368 pages | 20 Dec 2001 | BASIC BOOKS | 9780786709588 | English | United States - Wikipedia

By throwing the bulk of his force so deep into enemy turf, Navarre hoped to strike a crushing blow against the , and ultimately annihilate the majority of their army. He based this decision on the outcome of an earlier battle, the Battle of Na San in , in which a small but well-armed and fortified French force had defeated a much larger force of Viet Minh troops. Navarre was confident in the superiority of French firepower and training against the insurgents, but, as had often been the case in this war, he underestimated both the fierce determination of the Viet Minh and the tactical brilliance of their leader, General Vo Nguyen Giap. Many French officers were concerned about the potential vulnerability of their position. Dien Bien Phu was a valley, and the French would not likely hold the high ground, so the hills ringing the valley would put them at a serious disadvantage. Navarre nonetheless persisted with his plan, and French troops started parachuting into the valley to prepare fortified positions from the end of November Seeing his chance to encircle and crush the French and achieve a decisive victory, General Giap moved as much artillery as he could muster into the surrounding hills. He also set up masses of anti-aircraft guns on the hills, knowing that if he could prevent French helicopters and supply planes from getting close, he could effectively cut off French supplies. Over the next few months, he succeeded in doing this. Knowing just how inhospitable and impassable a lot of the jungle terrain around the valley was, Navarre had perhaps imagined that the Viet Minh would be unable to get any major artillery pieces into position in the hills — but again, he had underestimated the almost fanatical determination of the freedom fighters. When the Viet Minh began artillery bombardment of the French positions in the valley in late January , the French were taken by surprise at the number of artillery pieces the Viet Minh had managed to amass. A large number of them, in fact, had been supplied by the Soviet Union and communist China. Over the next couple of weeks, Viet Minh bombardment was constant but comparatively light. The battle is infamous as one of the largest, longest and bloodiest engagements in modern warfare: From August through February After further conquests in , Henry V was recognized in The battle, which saw an early use of the deadly longbow by the English, Live TV. This Day In History. History at Home. Battle of Waterloo. The Battle of Austerlitz. Battle of Saratoga. Battle of Stalingrad. Vietnam War Timeline The Vietnam War started in the s, according to most historians, though the conflict in Southeast Asia had its roots in the French colonial period of the s. Battle of Leipzig Also known as the Battle of Nations, Leipzig was, In terms of numbers of troops engaged and amount of artillery, the biggest battle of the Napoleonic Wars. On the other side of Dien Bien Phu, the th attacked Huguette 7 , and nearly succeeded in breaking through, but a French sergeant took charge of the defenders and sealed the breach. Just after midnight on 31 March, the French launched a fierce counterattack against Eliane 2 , and recaptured half of it. The French counterattacked the following afternoon against Dominique 2 and Eliane 1 , using virtually everybody left in the garrison who could be trusted to fight. The counterattacks allowed the French to retake Dominique 2 and Eliane 1. The Viet Minh launched their own renewed assault. The French, who were exhausted and without reserves, fell back from both positions late in the afternoon. Reinforcements were sent north from Isabelle , but were attacked en route and fell back to Isabelle. The night of the 31st, the th Division attacked Eliane 2. Just as it appeared the French were about to be overrun, a few French tanks arrived, and helped push the Viet Minh back. Smaller attacks on Eliane 4 were also pushed back. The Viet Minh briefly captured Huguette 7 , only to be pushed back by a French counterattack at dawn on 1 April. Fighting continued in this manner over the next several nights. The Viet Minh repeatedly attacked Eliane 2 , only to be beaten back. Repeated attempts to reinforce the French garrison by parachute drops were made, but had to be carried out by lone planes at irregular times to avoid excessive casualties from Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. Some reinforcements did arrive, but not enough to replace French casualties. April 10 saw the French attempt to retake Eliane 1 , lost eleven days earlier. The loss posed a significant threat to Eliane 4 , and the French wanted to eliminate that threat. The dawn attack, which Bigeard devised, was preceded by a short, massive artillery barrage, followed by small unit infiltration attacks, followed by mopping-up operations. Eliane 1 changed hands several times that day, but by the next morning the French had control of the strongpoint. The Viet Minh attempted to retake it on the evening of 12 April, but were pushed back. Following a failed attempt to link up, on 18 April, the defenders at Huguette 6 made a daring break out, but only a few managed to make it to French lines. The Viet Minh repeated the isolation and probing attacks against Huguette 1, and overran the fort on the morning of 22 April. This caused the landing zone to become perilously small, and effectively choked off much needed supplies. A French attack against Huguette 1 later that day was repulsed. Battle of Dien Bien Phu | Military Wiki | Fandom

The French plan at Dien Bien Phu failed miserably—Hitler made a similar mistake at Stalingrad—because it hinged on two critical factors: the inability of the enemy to form a siege around the fortress, and a French airlift command successfully delivering sufficient lethal weapons, supplies, and troop reinforcements. Neither materialized. In fact, the opposite happened, just like in Stalingrad for Hitler. The 16, French troops were encircled and contained in the Dien Bien Phu valley by more than five Viet Minh regular divisions, totaling 50, men, who took all the commanding heights overlooking the French in the valley and pounded their enemy with heavy artillery bombardment of extreme ferocity. In the end, of the 16, French troops, fewer than broke through the siege at Dien Bien Phu, with the rest killed, wounded, or captured. The defeat was a complete rout for the French. View the discussion thread. Image credit:. On the back of most photos you can see, stamps, writing and notes made over time as these photos were used in the publications. The archives stopped using prints like this in , so the youngest photo we have is over 30 years old and the oldest over year old. You are getting a real, authentic piece of history, every photograph is unique and there is only one copy of each photo. Q: Where do all these vintage photos come from that you are selling? A: These original vintage photographs are from various news paper archives in Europe, mostly from United Kingdom and Scandinavia. We work with these archives preserve all these great moments in history by digitizing them. By selling the original copy after it has been scanned, we can help pay for this very important project. This project creates this ones in a lifetime opportunity for the public to buy these images that have been locked away for up to years in the archives. A: From the photo archives of all the newspapers where in either print or film format. Most of them used the prints. The prints were given to the printer who used them to setup the newspapers and print it and then the print was returned back to the archive. Commonly the newspapers would stamp the dates when it was used in the newspapers and many photographs were used multiple times. After they started using digital cameras and slowly the archives shifted over to the digital photo. The press archives stopped growing and slowly over time the archives used them less and less. Now with the help of IMS Vintage Photos, they are able to scan all their archives and get access to them digitally and at the same time, the public can see many of them for the first time, and buy the original copies. Q: How do you package the photos so they are shipped safely? A: We package each order in sturdy cardboard envelopes to prevent them from being bent, and then we wrap them in plastic sheet to prevent them from moisture and water. We have shipped hundreds of thousands of photos to most countries in the world and it is a very rare exception if something is damaged on the way. A: No. This is a digital watermark used to protect our images. It is not printed on the actual photo. Q: Can I download the digital version of this photo and keep it instead of buying the original? A: No, we are only selling the actual vintage originals and do not make or distribute any digital copies. We think owning a screen size digital copy with a watermark is also much less interesting compared to owning the actual original copy of the image. Q: When do you ship the orders? A: We ship within one business day after the payment has been made. You should receive a confirmation from us when we ship the order. If you don't get that, please contact us.. Q: Do you combine shipping and invoices? The fall of "Beatrice" and "Gabrielle" had severely demoralized them. On the morning of 17 March, under the cover of fog, the bulk of the Tais left or defected. The French and the few remaining Tais on "Anne-Marie" were then forced to withdraw. The Viet Minh further tightened the noose around the French central area formed by the strongpoints "Huguette", "Dominique", "Claudine", and "Eliane" , effectively cutting off Isabelle and its 1, personnel. Even more critical, after the fall of the northern outposts, he isolated himself in his bunker so that he had, in effect, relinquished his command authority". Cogny considered parachuting into the encircled garrison, but his staff talked him out of it. De Castries' seclusion in his bunker, combined with his superiors' inability to replace him, created a leadership vacuum within the French command. On 24 March, an event took place which would later become a matter of historical debate. Historian Bernard Fall records, based on Langlais' memoirs, that Colonel Langlais and his fellow paratroop commanders, all fully armed, confronted de Castries in his bunker on 24 March. They told him he would retain the appearance of command, but that Langlais would exercise it. Phillip Davidson stated that the "truth would seem to be that Langlais did take over effective command of Dien Bien Phu, and that Castries became 'commander emeritus' who transmitted messages to Hanoi and offered advise about matters in Dien Bien Phu". Both historians record that Langlais and were known to be on good relations with their commanding officer. The French aerial resupply took heavy losses from Viet Minh machine guns near the landing strip. Remarkably, the attack was a complete success, with Viet Minh soldiers killed and seventeen AA machine guns destroyed French est , while the French lost 20 killed and 97 wounded. The positions in Eliane saw some of the most intense combat of the entire battle. The next phase of the battle saw more massed Viet Minh assaults against French positions in the central Dien Bien Phu—at "Eliane" and "Dominique" in particular. Those two areas were held by five understrength battalions, composed of Frenchmen, Legionnaires, Vietnamese, North Africans, and Tais. At on 30 March, the Viet Minh th Division captured "Dominique 1 and 2", making "Dominique 3" the final outpost between the Viet Minh and the French general headquarters, as well as outflanking all positions east of the river. Another group of French, near the airfield, opened fire on the Viet Minh with anti-aircraft machine guns, forcing the Viet Minh to retreat. The Viet Minh were more successful in their simultaneous attacks elsewhere. The th Division captured "Eliane 1" from its Moroccan defenders, and half of "Eliane 2" by midnight. Just after midnight on 31 March, the French launched a fierce counterattack against "Eliane 2", and recaptured half of it. Langlais ordered another counterattack the following afternoon against "Dominique 2" and "Eliane 1", using virtually "everybody left in the garrison who could be trusted to fight". The French, who were exhausted and without reserves, fell back from both positions late in the afternoon. The French deployed a small number of M24 Chaffee light tanks during the battle that proved critical in repelling the enemy attacks. Shortly after dark on 31 March, Langlais told Major Marcel Bigeard , who was leading the defense at "Eliane", to fall back across the river. Bigeard refused, saying "As long as I have one man alive I won't let go of 'Eliane 4'. Otherwise, Dien Bien Phu is done for. Just as it appeared the French were about to be overrun, a few French tanks arrived, and helped push the Viet Minh back. Smaller attacks on "Eliane 4" were also pushed back. The Viet Minh briefly captured "Huguette 7", only to be pushed back by a French counterattack at dawn on 1 April. Fighting continued in this manner over the next several nights. The Viet Minh repeatedly attacked "Eliane 2", only to be beaten back. Repeated attempts to reinforce the French garrison by parachute drops were made, but had to be carried out by lone planes at irregular times to avoid excessive casualties from Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. Some reinforcements did arrive, but not enough to replace French casualties. On 5 April, after a long night of battle, French fighter-bombers and artillery inflicted particularly devastating losses on one Viet Minh regiment which was caught on open ground. At that point, Giap decided to change tactics. Although Giap still had the same objective—to overrun French defenses east of the river—he decided to employ entrenchment and sapping to try to achieve it. April 10 saw the French attempt to retake "Eliane 1", lost eleven days earlier. The loss posed a significant threat to "Eliane 4", and the French wanted to eliminate that threat. The dawn attack, which Bigeard devised, was preceded by a short, massive artillery barrage, followed by small unit infiltration attacks, followed by mopping-up operations. The Viet Minh attempted to retake it on the evening of 12 April, but were pushed back. At this point, the morale of the Viet Minh soldiers was greatly lowered due to the massive casualties they had received. During the stalemate, the French intercepted enemy radio messages which told of whole units refusing orders to attack, and Communist prisoners said that they were told to advance or be shot by the officers and noncommissioned officers behind them. During the fighting at "Eliane 1", on the other side of camp, the Viet Minh entrenchments had almost entirely surrounded "Huguette 1 and 6". On 11 April, the garrison of "Huguette 1" attacked, and was joined by artillery from the garrison of "Claudine". The goal was to resupply "Huguette 6" with water and ammunition. While they did succeed in getting some supplies through, the French suffered heavy casualties, which convinced Langlais to abandon "Huguette 6". Following a failed attempt to link up, on 18 April, the defenders at "Huguette 6" made a daring break out, but only a few managed to make it to French lines. Following a massive artillery barrage on 30 March, the Viet Minh began employing the same trench warfare tactics that they were using against the central camp. By the end of April, "Isabelle" had exhausted its water supply and was nearly out of ammunition. The Viet Minh launched a massed assault against the exhausted defenders on the night of 1 May, overrunning "Eliane 1", "Dominique 3", and "Huguette 5", although the French managed to beat back attacks on "Eliane 2". On 6 May, the Viet Minh launched another massed attack against "Eliane 2". The attack included, for the first time, Katyusha rockets. A few hours later that night, the Viet Minh detonated a mine shaft, blowing "Eliane 2" up. The Viet Minh attacked again, and within a few hours had overrun the defenders. On 7 May, Giap ordered an all-out attack against the remaining French units with over 25, Viet Minh against fewer than 3, garrison troops. At , de Castries radioed French headquarters in Hanoi and talked with Cogny. De Castries: "The Viets are everywhere. The situation is very grave. The combat is confused and goes on all about. I feel the end is approaching, but we will fight to the finish. It is out of the question to run up the white flag after your heroic resistance. By nightfall, all French central positions had been captured. The last radio transmission from the French headquarters reported that enemy troops were directly outside the headquarters bunker and that all the positions had been overrun. The radio operator in his last words stated: "The enemy has overrun us. We are blowing up everything. Vive la France! While some of the main body managed to break out, none succeeded in escaping the valley. However at "Isabelle", a similar attempt later the same night saw about 70 troops, out of 1, men in the garrison, escape to Laos. On 8 May, the Viet Minh counted 11, prisoners, of whom 4, were wounded. The prisoners were divided into groups. The wounded were given basic first aid until the Red Cross arrived, removed , and provided better aid to the remainder. Those wounded who were not evacuated by the Red Cross were sent into detention. Of 10, survivors held as prisoners, only 3, were officially repatriated four months later; [71] however, the losses figure may include the 3, prisoners of Vietnamese origin whose eventual fate is unknown. The garrison constituted roughly a tenth of the total French Union manpower in Indochina. The Geneva Conference opened on 8 May , [77] the day after the surrender of the garrison. Ho Chi Minh entered the conference on the opening day with the news of his troops' victory in the headlines. The resulting agreement temporarily partitioned Vietnam into two zones: the North was administered by the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam while the South was administered by the French-supported State of Vietnam. French defeated at Dien Bien Phu - HISTORY

Although the defeat brought an end to French colonial efforts in Indochina, the United States soon stepped up to fill the vacuum, increasing military aid to South Vietnam and sending the first U. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The fragile painting was recovered undamaged at a hotel in Asgardstrand, about 40 miles south of Oslo, police said. The iconic On the afternoon of May 7, , the British ocean liner Lusitania is torpedoed without warning by a German submarine off the south coast of Ireland. Within 20 minutes, the vessel sank into the Celtic Sea. Of 1, passengers and crew, 1, people were drowned, including Cooper grew up on the ranch owned by his wealthy father, a Montana Supreme Court Justice. He was educated largely in The following day, the city of Saint Pierre, which some called the Paris of the Caribbean, was virtually wiped off the map. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. Although his criminal exploits were just as extensive and occurred during the same time period as Jack the Ripper, the Arch Fiend—as Holmes was known—has not At first, General Jodl hoped to limit the terms of German surrender to only those forces still Live TV. This Day In History. History at Home. From these areas, the Viet Minh had a clear line of sight on the French fortifications and were able to accurately rain down artillery on the French positions. The Viet Minh assault began in earnest on 13 March with an attack on outpost "Beatrice". A few minutes later, Colonel Jules Gaucher , commander of the entire northern sector, was killed by Viet Minh artillery. The Viet Minh th Division then launched a massive infantry assault, using sappers to defeat French obstacles. French resistance at Beatrice collapsed shortly after midnight following a fierce battle. Roughly French legionnaires were killed. French estimated Viet Minh losses totalled dead and 1, wounded. Despite their losses, the victory at "Beatrice" 'galvanized the morale' of the Viet Minh troops. Much to French disbelief, the Viet Minh had employed direct artillery fire, in which each gun crew does its own artillery spotting as opposed to indirect fire, in which guns are massed farther away from the target, out of direct line of sight, and rely on a forward artillery spotter. Indirect artillery, generally held as being far superior to direct fire, requires experienced, well-trained crews and good communications, which the Viet Minh lacked. The artillery had been dug in by single pieces They were installed in shell-proof dugouts, and fire point-blank from portholes This way of using artillery and AA guns was possible only with the expansive ant holes at the disposal of the Vietminh and was to make shambles of all the estimates of our own artillerymen. Following a four-hour cease fire on the morning of 14 March, Viet Minh artillery resumed pounding French positions. The air strip, already closed since the day before due to a light bombardment, was now put permanently out of commission. De Castries ordered a counterattack to relieve "Gabrielle". However, Colonel Pierre Langlais , in forming the counterattack, chose to rely on the 5th Vietnamese Parachute Battalion, which had jumped in the day before and was exhausted. At the next day, the Algerian battalion fell back, abandoning "Gabrielle" to the Viet Minh. The French lost around 1, men defending Gabrielle, and the Viet Minh between 1, and 2, attacking the strongpoint. For weeks, Giap had distributed subversive propaganda leaflets, telling the Tais that this was not their fight. The fall of "Beatrice" and "Gabrielle" had severely demoralized them. On the morning of 17 March, under the cover of fog, the bulk of the Tais left or defected. The French and the few remaining Tais on "Anne-Marie" were then forced to withdraw. The Viet Minh further tightened the noose around the French central area formed by the strongpoints "Huguette", "Dominique", "Claudine", and "Eliane" , effectively cutting off Isabelle and its 1, personnel. Even more critical, after the fall of the northern outposts, he isolated himself in his bunker so that he had, in effect, relinquished his command authority". Cogny considered parachuting into the encircled garrison, but his staff talked him out of it. De Castries' seclusion in his bunker, combined with his superiors' inability to replace him, created a leadership vacuum within the French command. On 24 March, an event took place which would later become a matter of historical debate. Historian Bernard Fall records, based on Langlais' memoirs, that Colonel Langlais and his fellow paratroop commanders, all fully armed, confronted de Castries in his bunker on 24 March. They told him he would retain the appearance of command, but that Langlais would exercise it. Phillip Davidson stated that the "truth would seem to be that Langlais did take over effective command of Dien Bien Phu, and that Castries became 'commander emeritus' who transmitted messages to Hanoi and offered advise about matters in Dien Bien Phu". Both historians record that Langlais and Marcel Bigeard were known to be on good relations with their commanding officer. The French aerial resupply took heavy losses from Viet Minh machine guns near the landing strip. Remarkably, the attack was a complete success, with Viet Minh soldiers killed and seventeen AA machine guns destroyed French est , while the French lost 20 killed and 97 wounded. The positions in Eliane saw some of the most intense combat of the entire battle. The next phase of the battle saw more massed Viet Minh assaults against French positions in the central Dien Bien Phu—at "Eliane" and "Dominique" in particular. Those two areas were held by five understrength battalions, composed of Frenchmen, Legionnaires, Vietnamese, North Africans, and Tais. At on 30 March, the Viet Minh th Division captured "Dominique 1 and 2", making "Dominique 3" the final outpost between the Viet Minh and the French general headquarters, as well as outflanking all positions east of the river. Another group of French, near the airfield, opened fire on the Viet Minh with anti-aircraft machine guns, forcing the Viet Minh to retreat. The Viet Minh were more successful in their simultaneous attacks elsewhere. The th Division captured "Eliane 1" from its Moroccan defenders, and half of "Eliane 2" by midnight. Just after midnight on 31 March, the French launched a fierce counterattack against "Eliane 2", and recaptured half of it. Langlais ordered another counterattack the following afternoon against "Dominique 2" and "Eliane 1", using virtually "everybody left in the garrison who could be trusted to fight". The French, who were exhausted and without reserves, fell back from both positions late in the afternoon. The French deployed a small number of M24 Chaffee light tanks during the battle that proved critical in repelling the enemy attacks. Shortly after dark on 31 March, Langlais told Major Marcel Bigeard , who was leading the defense at "Eliane", to fall back across the river. Bigeard refused, saying "As long as I have one man alive I won't let go of 'Eliane 4'. Otherwise, Dien Bien Phu is done for. Just as it appeared the French were about to be overrun, a few French tanks arrived, and helped push the Viet Minh back. Smaller attacks on "Eliane 4" were also pushed back. The Viet Minh briefly captured "Huguette 7", only to be pushed back by a French counterattack at dawn on 1 April. Fighting continued in this manner over the next several nights. The Viet Minh repeatedly attacked "Eliane 2", only to be beaten back. Repeated attempts to reinforce the French garrison by parachute drops were made, but had to be carried out by lone planes at irregular times to avoid excessive casualties from Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. Some reinforcements did arrive, but not enough to replace French casualties. On 5 April, after a long night of battle, French fighter-bombers and artillery inflicted particularly devastating losses on one Viet Minh regiment which was caught on open ground. At that point, Giap decided to change tactics. Although Giap still had the same objective—to overrun French defenses east of the river—he decided to employ entrenchment and sapping to try to achieve it. April 10 saw the French attempt to retake "Eliane 1", lost eleven days earlier. The loss posed a significant threat to "Eliane 4", and the French wanted to eliminate that threat. The dawn attack, which Bigeard devised, was preceded by a short, massive artillery barrage, followed by small unit infiltration attacks, followed by mopping-up operations. The Viet Minh attempted to retake it on the evening of 12 April, but were pushed back. At this point, the morale of the Viet Minh soldiers was greatly lowered due to the massive casualties they had received. During the stalemate, the French intercepted enemy radio messages which told of whole units refusing orders to attack, and Communist prisoners said that they were told to advance or be shot by the officers and noncommissioned officers behind them. During the fighting at "Eliane 1", on the other side of camp, the Viet Minh entrenchments had almost entirely surrounded "Huguette 1 and 6". On 11 April, the garrison of "Huguette 1" attacked, and was joined by artillery from the garrison of "Claudine". The goal was to resupply "Huguette 6" with water and ammunition. While they did succeed in getting some supplies through, the French suffered heavy casualties, which convinced Langlais to abandon "Huguette 6". Following a failed attempt to link up, on 18 April, the defenders at "Huguette 6" made a daring break out, but only a few managed to make it to French lines. Following a massive artillery barrage on 30 March, the Viet Minh began employing the same trench warfare tactics that they were using against the central camp. By the end of April, "Isabelle" had exhausted its water supply and was nearly out of ammunition. The Viet Minh launched a massed assault against the exhausted defenders on the night of 1 May, overrunning "Eliane 1", "Dominique 3", and "Huguette 5", although the French managed to beat back attacks on "Eliane 2". On 6 May, the Viet Minh launched another massed attack against "Eliane 2". The attack included, for the first time, Katyusha rockets. A few hours later that night, the Viet Minh detonated a mine shaft, blowing "Eliane 2" up. The Viet Minh attacked again, and within a few hours had overrun the defenders. On 7 May, Giap ordered an all-out attack against the remaining French units with over 25, Viet Minh against fewer than 3, garrison troops. At , de Castries radioed French headquarters in Hanoi and talked with Cogny. De Castries: "The Viets are everywhere. The situation is very grave. The combat is confused and goes on all about. I feel the end is approaching, but we will fight to the finish. It is out of the question to run up the white flag after your heroic resistance. By nightfall, all French central positions had been captured. The last radio transmission from the French headquarters reported that enemy troops were directly outside the headquarters bunker and that all the positions had been overrun. The radio operator in his last words stated: "The enemy has overrun us. We are blowing up everything. Vive la France! While some of the main body managed to break out, none succeeded in escaping the valley. However at "Isabelle", a similar attempt later the same night saw about 70 troops, out of 1, men in the garrison, escape to Laos. On 8 May, the Viet Minh counted 11, prisoners, of whom 4, were wounded. The prisoners were divided into groups. The wounded were given basic first aid until the Red Cross arrived, removed , and provided better aid to the remainder. Those wounded who were not evacuated by the Red Cross were sent into detention. Of 10, survivors held as prisoners, only 3, were officially repatriated four months later; [71] however, the losses figure may include the 3, prisoners of Vietnamese origin whose eventual fate is unknown. The garrison constituted roughly a tenth of the total French Union manpower in Indochina. The Geneva Conference opened on 8 May , [77] the day after the surrender of the garrison. Ho Chi Minh entered the conference on the opening day with the news of his troops' victory in the headlines. The resulting agreement temporarily partitioned Vietnam into two zones: the North was administered by the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam while the South was administered by the French-supported State of Vietnam. The last units of the French Union forces withdrew from Indochina in This partition was supposed to be temporary, and the two zones were meant to be reunited through national elections in France's defeat in Indochina, coupled with the German destruction of her armies just 14 years earlier, seriously damaged its prestige elsewhere in its colonial empire, as well as with its NATO allies, most importantly, the United States. Within her empire, the defeat in Indochina served to spur independence movements in other colonies, notably the North African territories from which many of the troops who fought at Dien Bien Phu had been recruited. In , six months after the battle at Dien Bien Phu ended, the started, and by both Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates had gained independence. A French board of inquiry, the Catroux Commission , would later investigate the defeat. Air Force maintenance crews. In February , following the French occupation of Dien Bien Phu but prior to the battle, Democratic senator Michael Mansfield asked United States Defense Secretary Charles Erwin Wilson whether the United States would send naval or air units if the French were subjected to greater pressure there, but Wilson replied that "for the moment there is no justification for raising United States aid above its present level". President Dwight D. Eisenhower also stated, "Nobody is more opposed to intervention than I am". Radford , about the possibility of American involvement. Radford concluded it was too late for the U. Air Force to save the French garrison. A proposal for direct intervention was unanimously voted down by the panel, which "concluded that intervention was a positive act of war ". The United States did covertly participate in the battle. Following a request for help from Henri Navarre , Radford provided two squadrons of B Invader bomber aircraft to support the French. Subsequently, 37 American transport pilots flew sorties over the course of the battle. The "American historian Erik Kirsinger researched the case for more than a year to establish the facts. At Khe Sanh, the U.

Dien Bien Phu (film) - Wikipedia

From the times you maybe only had one shot, and could not see the image until days later after developing it. Its from these times when the moments are so much more precious and not mention more rare as the more years we go back in history, fewer and fewer images are of moments and events that exist. We are selling these photos as collectibles only and no copyright is implied. We sell to clients all over the world and each items are shipped in strong cardboard envelope to ensure safe delivery and wrapped in plastic sheet. Please contact us if you would like to make a bank transfer. Please note that you do not need to have a PayPal account to pay using PayPal, just a valid debit or credit card. We are based both in Iceland and in Latvia. Frame it or give it in a nice box! Contact us about information regarding frames and boxes for the original photos. We sell, frames, glass boxes and filt boxes. Over the years it developed into a digital photo agency. In IMS started with just one scanner trying out different methods of digitising archives. With a team of 60 people IMS is digitizing thousands of photographs every day, cataloging them and thereby preserving these great historical moments. IMS has developed a unique technology allowing it to take on very large archives. IMS is working with many of the worlds most renowned newspapers archives. Q: Is this photo a reprint, a photo that you print from a digital file on demand? A: Absolutely not! What we are selling are the actual original images that come from press archives. What you get is the actual copy from the archive. On the back of most photos you can see, stamps, writing and notes made over time as these photos were used in the publications. The archives stopped using prints like this in , so the youngest photo we have is over 30 years old and the oldest over year old. You are getting a real, authentic piece of history, every photograph is unique and there is only one copy of each photo. Q: Where do all these vintage photos come from that you are selling? A: These original vintage photographs are from various news paper archives in Europe, mostly from United Kingdom and Scandinavia. We work with these archives preserve all these great moments in history by digitizing them. By selling the original copy after it has been scanned, we can help pay for this very important project. This project creates this ones in a lifetime opportunity for the public to buy these images that have been locked away for up to years in the archives. A: From the photo archives of all the newspapers where in either print or film format. Most of them used the prints. The prints were given to the printer who used them to setup the newspapers and print it and then the print was returned back to the archive. Commonly the newspapers would stamp the dates when it was used in the newspapers and many photographs were used multiple times. After they started using digital cameras and slowly the archives shifted over to the digital photo. The press archives stopped growing and slowly over time the archives used them less and less. Now with the help of IMS Vintage Photos, they are able to scan all their archives and get access to them digitally and at the same time, the public can see many of them for the first time, and buy the original copies. Q: How do you package the photos so they are shipped safely? A: We package each order in sturdy cardboard envelopes to prevent them from being bent, and then we wrap them in plastic sheet to prevent them from moisture and water. We have shipped hundreds of thousands of photos to most countries in the world and it is a very rare exception if something is damaged on the way. A: No. This is a digital watermark used to protect our images. It is not printed on the actual photo. Q: Can I download the digital version of this photo and keep it instead of buying the original? A: No, we are only selling the actual vintage originals and do not make or distribute any digital copies. We think owning a screen size digital copy with a watermark is also much less interesting compared to owning the actual original copy of the image. The air strip, already closed since the day before due to a light bombardment, was now put permanently out of commission. De Castries ordered a counterattack to relieve "Gabrielle". However, Colonel Pierre Langlais , in forming the counterattack, chose to rely on the 5th Vietnamese Parachute Battalion, which had jumped in the day before and was exhausted. At the next day, the Algerian battalion fell back, abandoning "Gabrielle" to the Viet Minh. The French lost around 1, men defending Gabrielle, and the Viet Minh between 1, and 2, attacking the strongpoint. For weeks, Giap had distributed subversive propaganda leaflets, telling the Tais that this was not their fight. The fall of "Beatrice" and "Gabrielle" had severely demoralized them. On the morning of 17 March, under the cover of fog, the bulk of the Tais left or defected. The French and the few remaining Tais on "Anne-Marie" were then forced to withdraw. The Viet Minh further tightened the noose around the French central area formed by the strongpoints "Huguette", "Dominique", "Claudine", and "Eliane" , effectively cutting off Isabelle and its 1, personnel. Even more critical, after the fall of the northern outposts, he isolated himself in his bunker so that he had, in effect, relinquished his command authority". Cogny considered parachuting into the encircled garrison, but his staff talked him out of it. De Castries' seclusion in his bunker, combined with his superiors' inability to replace him, created a leadership vacuum within the French command. On 24 March, an event took place which would later become a matter of historical debate. Historian Bernard Fall records, based on Langlais' memoirs, that Colonel Langlais and his fellow paratroop commanders, all fully armed, confronted de Castries in his bunker on 24 March. They told him he would retain the appearance of command, but that Langlais would exercise it. Phillip Davidson stated that the "truth would seem to be that Langlais did take over effective command of Dien Bien Phu, and that Castries became 'commander emeritus' who transmitted messages to Hanoi and offered advise about matters in Dien Bien Phu". Both historians record that Langlais and Marcel Bigeard were known to be on good relations with their commanding officer. The French aerial resupply took heavy losses from Viet Minh machine guns near the landing strip. Remarkably, the attack was a complete success, with Viet Minh soldiers killed and seventeen AA machine guns destroyed French est , while the French lost 20 killed and 97 wounded. The positions in Eliane saw some of the most intense combat of the entire battle. The next phase of the battle saw more massed Viet Minh assaults against French positions in the central Dien Bien Phu—at "Eliane" and "Dominique" in particular. Those two areas were held by five understrength battalions, composed of Frenchmen, Legionnaires, Vietnamese, North Africans, and Tais. At on 30 March, the Viet Minh th Division captured "Dominique 1 and 2", making "Dominique 3" the final outpost between the Viet Minh and the French general headquarters, as well as outflanking all positions east of the river. Another group of French, near the airfield, opened fire on the Viet Minh with anti-aircraft machine guns, forcing the Viet Minh to retreat. The Viet Minh were more successful in their simultaneous attacks elsewhere. The th Division captured "Eliane 1" from its Moroccan defenders, and half of "Eliane 2" by midnight. Just after midnight on 31 March, the French launched a fierce counterattack against "Eliane 2", and recaptured half of it. Langlais ordered another counterattack the following afternoon against "Dominique 2" and "Eliane 1", using virtually "everybody left in the garrison who could be trusted to fight". The French, who were exhausted and without reserves, fell back from both positions late in the afternoon. The French deployed a small number of M24 Chaffee light tanks during the battle that proved critical in repelling the enemy attacks. Shortly after dark on 31 March, Langlais told Major Marcel Bigeard , who was leading the defense at "Eliane", to fall back across the river. Bigeard refused, saying "As long as I have one man alive I won't let go of 'Eliane 4'. Otherwise, Dien Bien Phu is done for. Just as it appeared the French were about to be overrun, a few French tanks arrived, and helped push the Viet Minh back. Smaller attacks on "Eliane 4" were also pushed back. The Viet Minh briefly captured "Huguette 7", only to be pushed back by a French counterattack at dawn on 1 April. Fighting continued in this manner over the next several nights. The Viet Minh repeatedly attacked "Eliane 2", only to be beaten back. Repeated attempts to reinforce the French garrison by parachute drops were made, but had to be carried out by lone planes at irregular times to avoid excessive casualties from Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. Some reinforcements did arrive, but not enough to replace French casualties. On 5 April, after a long night of battle, French fighter-bombers and artillery inflicted particularly devastating losses on one Viet Minh regiment which was caught on open ground. At that point, Giap decided to change tactics. Although Giap still had the same objective—to overrun French defenses east of the river—he decided to employ entrenchment and sapping to try to achieve it. April 10 saw the French attempt to retake "Eliane 1", lost eleven days earlier. The loss posed a significant threat to "Eliane 4", and the French wanted to eliminate that threat. The dawn attack, which Bigeard devised, was preceded by a short, massive artillery barrage, followed by small unit infiltration attacks, followed by mopping-up operations. The Viet Minh attempted to retake it on the evening of 12 April, but were pushed back. At this point, the morale of the Viet Minh soldiers was greatly lowered due to the massive casualties they had received. During the stalemate, the French intercepted enemy radio messages which told of whole units refusing orders to attack, and Communist prisoners said that they were told to advance or be shot by the officers and noncommissioned officers behind them. During the fighting at "Eliane 1", on the other side of camp, the Viet Minh entrenchments had almost entirely surrounded "Huguette 1 and 6". On 11 April, the garrison of "Huguette 1" attacked, and was joined by artillery from the garrison of "Claudine". The goal was to resupply "Huguette 6" with water and ammunition. While they did succeed in getting some supplies through, the French suffered heavy casualties, which convinced Langlais to abandon "Huguette 6". Following a failed attempt to link up, on 18 April, the defenders at "Huguette 6" made a daring break out, but only a few managed to make it to French lines. Following a massive artillery barrage on 30 March, the Viet Minh began employing the same trench warfare tactics that they were using against the central camp. By the end of April, "Isabelle" had exhausted its water supply and was nearly out of ammunition. The Viet Minh launched a massed assault against the exhausted defenders on the night of 1 May, overrunning "Eliane 1", "Dominique 3", and "Huguette 5", although the French managed to beat back attacks on "Eliane 2". On 6 May, the Viet Minh launched another massed attack against "Eliane 2". The attack included, for the first time, Katyusha rockets. A few hours later that night, the Viet Minh detonated a mine shaft, blowing "Eliane 2" up. The Viet Minh attacked again, and within a few hours had overrun the defenders. On 7 May, Giap ordered an all-out attack against the remaining French units with over 25, Viet Minh against fewer than 3, garrison troops. At , de Castries radioed French headquarters in Hanoi and talked with Cogny. De Castries: "The Viets are everywhere. The situation is very grave. The combat is confused and goes on all about. I feel the end is approaching, but we will fight to the finish. It is out of the question to run up the white flag after your heroic resistance. By nightfall, all French central positions had been captured. The last radio transmission from the French headquarters reported that enemy troops were directly outside the headquarters bunker and that all the positions had been overrun. The radio operator in his last words stated: "The enemy has overrun us. We are blowing up everything. Vive la France! While some of the main body managed to break out, none succeeded in escaping the valley. However at "Isabelle", a similar attempt later the same night saw about 70 troops, out of 1, men in the garrison, escape to Laos. On 8 May, the Viet Minh counted 11, prisoners, of whom 4, were wounded. The prisoners were divided into groups. The wounded were given basic first aid until the Red Cross arrived, removed , and provided better aid to the remainder. Those wounded who were not evacuated by the Red Cross were sent into detention. Of 10, survivors held as prisoners, only 3, were officially repatriated four months later; [71] however, the losses figure may include the 3, prisoners of Vietnamese origin whose eventual fate is unknown. The garrison constituted roughly a tenth of the total French Union manpower in Indochina. The Geneva Conference opened on 8 May , [77] the day after the surrender of the garrison. Ho Chi Minh entered the conference on the opening day with the news of his troops' victory in the headlines. The resulting agreement temporarily partitioned Vietnam into two zones: the North was administered by the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam while the South was administered by the French-supported State of Vietnam. The last units of the French Union forces withdrew from Indochina in This partition was supposed to be temporary, and the two zones were meant to be reunited through national elections in France's defeat in Indochina, coupled with the German destruction of her armies just 14 years earlier, seriously damaged its prestige elsewhere in its colonial empire, as well as with its NATO allies, most importantly, the United States. Within her empire, the defeat in Indochina served to spur independence movements in other colonies, notably the North African territories from which many of the troops who fought at Dien Bien Phu had been recruited. In , six months after the battle at Dien Bien Phu ended, the Algerian War started, and by both Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates had gained independence. A French board of inquiry, the Catroux Commission , would later investigate the defeat. Air Force maintenance crews. In February , following the French occupation of Dien Bien Phu but prior to the battle, Democratic senator Michael Mansfield asked United States Defense Secretary Charles Erwin Wilson whether the United States would send naval or air units if the French were subjected to greater pressure there, but Wilson replied that "for the moment there is no justification for raising United States aid above its present level". President Dwight D. Eisenhower also stated, "Nobody is more opposed to intervention than I am". Radford , about the possibility of American involvement. Radford concluded it was too late for the U. Air Force to save the French garrison. A proposal for direct intervention was unanimously voted down by the panel, which "concluded that intervention was a positive act of war ". The United States did covertly participate in the battle. Following a request for help from Henri Navarre , Radford provided two squadrons of B Invader bomber aircraft to support the French. Subsequently, 37 American transport pilots flew sorties over the course of the battle. The "American historian Erik Kirsinger researched the case for more than a year to establish the facts. At Khe Sanh, the U. Marines held the high ground, and their artillery forced the North Vietnamese to use their own artillery from a much greater distance. Air Force planes had flown 9, tactical sorties and dropped 14, tons of munitions on targets within the Khe Sanh area. Marine Corps planes had flown 7, missions and dropped 17, tons of munitions. Navy planes, many of which had been redirected from the Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against North Vietnam , flew 5, sorties and dropped 7, tons of ordnance on the enemy. Many of the flights operated by the French Air force to evacuate casualties had female flight nurses on board. A total of 15 women served on flights to Dien Bien Phu. She remained on the ground providing medical services in the field hospital until the surrender. She was later referred to as the "Angel of Dien Bien Phu". However, historians disagree regarding this moniker, with Martin Windrow maintaining that de Galard was referred to by this name by the garrison itself, but Michael Kenney and Bernard Fall maintaining it was added by outside press agencies. The French forces came to Dien Bien Phu accompanied by two bordels mobiles de campagne , "mobile field brothels" , served by Algerian and Vietnamese women. This wiki. This wiki All wikis. Sign In Don't have an account? 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