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Employment Governance for People with Disabilities: Comparative Study Between Indonesia and Malaysia

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Employment Governance for People with Disabilities: Comparative Study Between Indonesia and Malaysia Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 401 International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019) Employment Governance for People with Disabilities: Comparative Study Between Indonesia and Malaysia Utami Dewi Dwi Harsono Kurnia Nur Fitriana Public Administration Department Public Administration Department Public Administration Department Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, Indonesia Yogyakarta, Indonesia Yogyakarta, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Nor Hafizah Mohamed Harith Abdul Jalil Mohamed Ali Faculty of Administrative Science Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies and Policy Studies Universiti Teknologi MARA University Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia Shah Alam, Malaysia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— People with disabilities in both Indonesia PWDs tends to grow each year especially as people and Malaysia are facing difficulties in attaining proper getting older. However, they are excluded from the jobs and salaries. This paper aims to examine society including from the workforce. In Indonesia, employment governance in Indonesia and Malaysia in people with disabilities are also less likely to be comparative perspective. Descriptive qualitative employed. Having a mild disability gives a person only research method was employed to gather and analyze the data. To gather data, the researcher used focus a 64.9 percent chance of being employed relative to a groups discussions, depth interview, observation and nondisabled person. For people with more serious documentation while interactive model of Miles and disabilities, that drops to barely more than 10 percent. Hubermas was employed in analyzing the data. The They are also more likely to be self-employed, even informants in this research were the Indonesian though they report difficulties in obtaining access to Ministry of Social agency staff, the Ministry of Labour credit in order to establish businesses [1]. Moreover, agency staff, Rehabilitation Center Manager, Yayasan for those who have had rehabilitation training in Saujana staff and disability community. Meanwhile, government or community- based training centers, they data of employment governance in Malaysia were often do not achieve good salary in comparison to obtained by documentations and literature reviews. The research result shown that both Indonesian and nondisabled person. The after-care service evaluation Malaysian government have implemented several shows that PWDs only get approximately Rp 400.000 policies and program to increase the equal participation to Rp 700.000 per month, or about 1/3 of the minimum of people with disabilities in job market. Indonesia have standard of salary for labour in Indonesia [2]. This is launched Law No 8/2016 and People with Disabilities also experienced by Malaysians disabilities who only Act 2008 in Malaysia, as the basic guidance for earn about RM 800 when their colleagues get RM providing inclusive employment. However, the lack of 2000 in a month [3]. Hence, people with disabilities in law enforcement and negative assumptions among Indonesia and Malaysia still find discrimination and employer toward disabled workers were becoming the unequal rights in the work places. main hindrances. Malaysia stakeholders were leading in providing Job Coach and placement for PWDs in Based on Survey Penduduk Antar Waktu/SUPAS comparison to their Indonesia’s counterparts. (2015), it is about 8.56 % of the Indonesian population or about 22 millions have any form of disability. Keywords: employment, governance, people with Further, the population of the working age of the disabilities national disability is 21.930.529 and about 414. 222 I. INTRODUCTION are unemployed [4]. Meanwhile the actual proportion of people with disability in Malaysia is not known. The In South East Asian country, the wellbeing of most recent statistics available from the Department of people with disabilities (PWDs) are still marginalized Social Welfare Malaysia (DSW), regarding the though several policies have been implemented to categorical number of registered persons with ensure their equal rights. In Indonesia the number of disabilities, indicates that 1.16% of the total population Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 232 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 401 lives with disability, that is, about 314,247 people [5]. people can access this online application, but According to Ta and Leng [6], in Malaysia, kerjabilitas may be beneficial for those who are approximately 8% of the working population live with internet and media literate. Hence, to provide equal disabilities, and they are mainly employed in the opportunities for people with disabilities to gain jobs, private sector. In 2008, the Malaysian Government the active participation from all stakeholders should be decided that the civil services must allocate 1% of the maintained. Not only the government, but also private available jobs to people with disabilities. With this 1% sectors, non-governmental organization and people quota policy, it was expected that approximately with disabilities communities have to work together in 14,000 job opportunities in the government sector enhancing people with disabilities participation in the would have been opened for people with disabilities in labour market. Malaysia [5]. However, 5 years later, this 1% quota has Active participation of people with disability in the not been met. The statistics available from the workforce is beneficial to both individuals and society. Department of Social Welfare Malaysia reveals that in Equal employment opportunities for people with the government sector only 581 people with disability would improve their quality of life and disabilities have been employed since 2008 [6]. This enable them to integrate into society, thereby failure in integrating people with disabilities into the contributing to feelings of self-worth and self- Malaysian workforce has resulted in an estimated loss assurance [8]. Furthermore, being able to work and in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that ranges support themselves and their families would empower between USD $1.68 and US $ 2.38 million [7]. them with a sense of self-sustenance. Enforcing Both Indonesia and Malaysia government inclusion policies for people with disability would particularly the Ministry of Social Welfare have translate into better performance and creativity among attempted to implement policies to encourage equal employees at work. opportunities for people with disabilities to involve in The available research indicates that people with the job market. However, these policies are not enough disability who are given fair job opportunities are able in ensuring people with disabilities to obtain proper to perform well and contribute meaningfully towards jobs and salaries since employment for PWDs is a the organizations’ productivity [9]. However, the data complex problem. Employment relates to internal also shows that the proportion of people with disability factors that come from the PWDs and external factors who have access to job opportunities is lower in that may depend on family matters, government comparison to people without disability [10]. policies and their implementations, private Similarly, in Malaysia, the proportion of people with organizations/ industries, school and rehabilitation or disabilities in the workforce is significantly lower than training institutions, labour markets, and community that of people without disability [6]. assumptions. Internally, disabled people have difficulty finding jobs because they are not confident This paper will examine the governance for of their capability. Some PWDs think that they cannot promoting inclusive employment for people with be accepted by the labour market due to their physical disabilities in Indonesia and Malaysia. To provide or mental conditions. This problem is even more inclusive employment, all of stakeholders should play complex because families do not let their disabled active roles based on their tasks. Employment family members live far away from the family in order governance requires active participation of to find work. Externally, employment for PWDs is a stakeholders to ensure that policies and programs can complicated problem since they are often socially be implemented effectively including quota policies in excluded from labour market and industrial policies. both Indonesia and Malaysia. The paper will be divided into four sections to elaborate the employment In Indonesia, some people with disabilities governance for PWDs in Indonesia and Malaysia. In reported success in obtaining employment but found the first part, the writers will describe the characteristics current laws and programs not very helpful. There was of people with disabilities while the second part will no systematic effort to make governmental training discuss the affirmative policies and programs in both programs effective or to enforce Indonesia’s laws on Indonesia and Malaysia to promote inclusive disability and employment. Many people with employment. The third section will provide analysis of disabilities experienced a lack of training, education, current policy implementation and stakeholder
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